【摘要】 喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(LSCC)是頭頸部常見的原發(fā)惡性腫瘤;喉癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展的分子機(jī)制是探索有效診斷方法及治療策略的關(guān)鍵。尋找對(duì)喉癌早期診斷和干預(yù)有臨床意義的癌癥標(biāo)志物一直是學(xué)術(shù)界熱門領(lǐng)域。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的研究證實(shí)MicroRNA與喉癌的發(fā)病和進(jìn)展密切相關(guān);本文系統(tǒng)地論述了國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),總結(jié)分析與喉癌相關(guān)miRNA的相關(guān)分子機(jī)制及臨床意義并予以綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 喉腫瘤;微RNAs;生物標(biāo)記,腫瘤;分子靶向治療
【中圖分類號(hào)】 R 739.65 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】 A
Research Progress of MicroRNA in Regulation of Laryngeal Cancer ZHAO Zhenzhen1,CHANG Miao1,HUANG Fuhui2*
1.The First Clinical Medicine College of Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030000,China
2.Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030000,China
*Corresponding author:HUANG Fuhui,Doctoral supervisor
【Abstract】 Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma(LSCC)is a common primary malignant tumor of the head and neck. The molecular mechanism of laryngeal cancer is the key to explore effective diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies. Searching for cancer markers with clinical significance for early diagnosis and intervention of laryngeal cancer has always been a hot field in the academic world. In recent years,more and more studies have confirmed that MicroRNA is closely related to the pathogenesis and progression of laryngeal cancer. In this paper,relevant domestic and foreign literatures were systematically reviewed,and the molecular mechanism and clinical significance of laryngeal cancer-related mirnas were summarized and analyzed.
【Key words】 Laryngeal neoplasms;MicroRNAs;Biomarkers,tumor;Molecular targeted therapy
喉鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(LSCC)是頭頸部常見的原發(fā)惡性腫瘤,全球每年發(fā)病人數(shù)約為27.6萬(wàn)人[1];早期喉癌的治愈率約80%,而晚期喉癌的5年生存率僅有50%左右[1];喉癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展的分子機(jī)制是探索有效治療策略的關(guān)鍵。尋找對(duì)喉癌早期診斷和干預(yù)有臨床意義的癌癥標(biāo)志物一直是學(xué)術(shù)界熱門領(lǐng)域;第一個(gè)miRNA發(fā)現(xiàn)于1993年[2]。近年來(lái),隨著基因測(cè)序、轉(zhuǎn)錄和生物信息學(xué)的發(fā)展,越來(lái)越多的研究證實(shí)MicroRNA(miRNA)與喉癌的發(fā)病和進(jìn)展密切相關(guān)[3];表達(dá)異常的miRNA有望作為喉癌的早期診斷的新標(biāo)志物,部分miRNA可能是喉癌治療的直接靶點(diǎn)。
1 miRNA概述
miRNA是由約22個(gè)核苷酸組成的單鏈非編碼RNA,其作用于mRNA,降解miRNA或阻止其轉(zhuǎn)錄、翻譯、調(diào)節(jié)其基因表達(dá),可調(diào)節(jié)約1/3人類基因的表達(dá)[4]。miRNA可穩(wěn)定存在于人體血清或血漿中,且表達(dá)模式、調(diào)控功能高度保守[5]。miRNA參與許多重要的生物學(xué)過(guò)程,如細(xì)胞增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移、凋亡等[3]。miRNA的表達(dá)失調(diào)是喉癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中一關(guān)鍵調(diào)控機(jī)制。
2 miRNA與喉癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展
細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡之間的不平衡是致癌的一個(gè)重要原因。細(xì)胞凋亡是一種程序性細(xì)胞死亡,維持細(xì)胞存活和死亡的平衡,而miRNA是參與維持平衡的重要調(diào)控因子[6-7]。喉癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展涉及一種或多種miRNA的表達(dá)調(diào)控;近來(lái)許多研究證實(shí),某些miRNA在喉癌中表達(dá)上調(diào)(表1),促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡[8-14];而部分miRNA在喉癌中表達(dá)下調(diào)(表2),抑制細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡[15-45]。
2.1 促進(jìn)喉癌細(xì)胞增殖進(jìn)展、抑制喉癌細(xì)胞凋亡的miRNA miR-892a在患者喉癌標(biāo)本和喉癌細(xì)胞系中表達(dá)上調(diào),Dicer作為核糖核酸Ⅲ,用于成熟miRNA的制備,在調(diào)控細(xì)胞發(fā)育中起關(guān)鍵作用。DONG等[7]在小鼠模型中敲除miR-892a基因,通過(guò)CCK-8實(shí)驗(yàn)和集落形成實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),miR-892a的表達(dá)減少可抑制喉癌細(xì)胞的增殖和生長(zhǎng),Dicer在人喉癌樣本以及喉癌細(xì)胞系中的表達(dá)下調(diào);生物信息學(xué)和雙熒光素酶報(bào)告基因分析發(fā)現(xiàn)Dicer 3'-utr是miR-892a的直接靶點(diǎn),miR-892a可通過(guò)對(duì)Dicer的靶向抑制作用,促進(jìn)喉癌細(xì)胞增殖和抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,發(fā)揮其致癌基因的作用。這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)為研究喉癌的生物學(xué)分子機(jī)制提供了新的思路,為發(fā)現(xiàn)臨床新的診斷指標(biāo)和靶向治療藥物提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。
miR-196b位于7p15.2染色體上HoxA9和HoxA10基因之間,屬miR-196家族,對(duì)胚胎發(fā)育和腫瘤發(fā)生至關(guān)重要;有研究表明,在頭頸部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(HNSCC)患者的唾液和組織樣本中miR-196b的水平顯著升高,CHENG等[46]對(duì)比了腫瘤和正常組織之間的miRNAs水平,以及健康組和HNSC組唾液樣本中的miRNAs水平,結(jié)果顯示HNSCC組中唾液腺miR-196b含量顯著高于健康個(gè)體,是一個(gè)突出的診斷生物標(biāo)志物;LU等[47]發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-196b在鼻咽癌、口腔癌和食管癌患者中顯著升高;以上研究表明,miR-196b是頭頸部鱗癌的重要致癌miRNA。LUO等[8]基于qRT-PCR檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),與相鄰正常組織比較,LSCC組織中miR-196水平上調(diào)、PCDH-17水平下調(diào);Pearson相關(guān)分析顯示,miR-196b與PCDH-17的表達(dá)呈明顯的負(fù)相關(guān)(Plt;0.05);DLRA結(jié)果表明,轉(zhuǎn)染miR-196b mimic+PCDH-17 3'UTR的細(xì)胞中熒光素酶活性可顯著降低;轉(zhuǎn)染PCDH-17 3'UTR + miR NC的細(xì)胞熒光素酶活性未見下降,說(shuō)明miR-196b可靶向結(jié)合PCDH-17 3'UTR使其表達(dá)下調(diào);隨著組織學(xué)分級(jí)、T、N、M分期的增加,miR-196b和PCDH-17的表達(dá)趨勢(shì)更為明顯。miR-196b可能通過(guò)靶向抑制PCDH-17,促進(jìn)Hep-2細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲,抑制Hep-2細(xì)胞凋亡。
除了上述基因可促進(jìn)喉癌細(xì)胞增值、抑制細(xì)胞凋亡外,miR-503可直接靶向抑制PDCD4基因及其編碼蛋白,促進(jìn)喉癌腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和侵襲[11];在波蘭人群中,miR-196a2單核苷酸多態(tài)性基因型rs11614913在喉鱗癌中過(guò)表達(dá),可能是LSCC發(fā)生的潛在易感因素[12];miR-155-5p可直接結(jié)合SOX10的3'非編碼區(qū)促進(jìn)LSCC細(xì)胞的增殖和腫瘤的發(fā)生[13]。
2.2 抑制喉癌細(xì)胞增殖進(jìn)展、促進(jìn)喉癌細(xì)胞凋亡的miRNA 在眾多的腫瘤抑制因子中,miR-139-3p、miR-506在喉癌中的調(diào)控作用引起了人們的關(guān)注。miR-139-3p是miR-139家族的成員,被認(rèn)為是一種潛在的腫瘤抑制因子;有報(bào)道稱miR-139-3p在乳腺癌、食管癌等腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中具有顯著抑制作用[48-49]。rab5a的過(guò)表達(dá)與腫瘤的惡性程度和轉(zhuǎn)移程度高度相關(guān)。近期,MA等[15]檢測(cè)了30例喉癌組織中miR-139-3p的表達(dá)水平;qRT-PCR結(jié)果顯示與癌旁組織相比,miR-139-3p在喉鱗癌中的表達(dá)下調(diào);當(dāng)SNU46細(xì)胞中的miR-139-3p表達(dá)上調(diào)時(shí),rab5a的表達(dá)立即下調(diào);上調(diào)miR-139-3p的表達(dá)后,SNU46細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲均明顯受到抑制,同時(shí)加快了細(xì)胞的周期和凋亡;利用雙熒光素酶報(bào)告基因測(cè)定法顯示rab5a是miR-139-3p的直接靶點(diǎn)。由此可得miR-139-3p通過(guò)靶向調(diào)控rab5a抑制喉鱗癌的增殖、遷移和侵襲,阻斷細(xì)胞周期,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,這為喉鱗癌的治療提供了一個(gè)潛在的治療靶點(diǎn)。
miR-506作為抑癌因子在喉癌組織中低表達(dá),上調(diào)喉癌中的miR-506水平可抑制yap1的表達(dá)使細(xì)胞周期停滯在G1期,從而抑制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)。YAP1在細(xì)胞G1期富集,是促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖和抑制細(xì)胞凋亡的轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)因子,在LSCC中具有致癌作用[17]。GAO等[16]收集了62例LSCC患者和鄰近正常組織標(biāo)本,通過(guò)qRT-PCR法分析miR-506的差異表達(dá),免疫組化染色分析YAP1的差異表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示LSCC組織中miR-506水平下調(diào),YAP1的含量明顯較高;Spearman相關(guān)性分析證實(shí),YAP1表達(dá)與miR-506表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān);TargetScan監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)YAP1是miR-506的靶向調(diào)控目標(biāo);轉(zhuǎn)染miR-506后的TU-177癌細(xì)胞中YAP1的表達(dá)量明顯下調(diào)。
miR-506作為調(diào)控喉癌進(jìn)展的上游基因,其失調(diào)可能廣泛影響LSCC發(fā)展中的許多細(xì)胞通路。這為探索喉癌發(fā)展的分子機(jī)制提供了新的思路,將促進(jìn)喉癌新的診斷和治療策略的發(fā)展。
3 miRNA與喉癌的侵襲、遷移及預(yù)后
3.1 促進(jìn)喉癌侵襲及遷移的miRNA miR- 632是一種新型癌癥相關(guān)miRNA。研究表明miR-632通過(guò)tff1依賴的方式加速血管生成,從而促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移[50];miR-632可靶向調(diào)控MYCT1的表達(dá)促進(jìn)肝癌的發(fā)生[51]。基于miR-632的這些生物學(xué)特性,越來(lái)越多的學(xué)者研究了其在喉癌組織中的作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-632可促進(jìn)喉癌Hep-2C細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲,血清miR-632可作為診斷LSCC的一個(gè)新的有價(jià)值的分子靶點(diǎn),也是喉癌總生存率的獨(dú)立預(yù)后生物標(biāo)志物。
ZHOU等[12]初步檢測(cè)了10對(duì)喉癌組織及相應(yīng)癌旁組織中miR-632的表達(dá)水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-632在喉癌組織中明顯上調(diào);功能研究結(jié)果表明,miR-632促進(jìn)喉癌細(xì)胞增殖和集落形成,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲,增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞增殖相關(guān)蛋白cyclin D1和c-myc的表達(dá);TargetScan在線軟件和雙熒光素酶報(bào)告基因檢測(cè)證實(shí)GSK3是miR-632的直接靶點(diǎn);GSK3是參與人類癌癥發(fā)生和進(jìn)展的細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路的重要匯聚點(diǎn);miR-632通過(guò)負(fù)向調(diào)控GSK3β(糖原合成激酶3β)促進(jìn)LC細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和侵襲。
CAO等[52]檢測(cè)了162份喉癌血清樣本,發(fā)現(xiàn)LSCC患者血清miR-632水平明顯高于健康組;ROC分析法檢測(cè)兩組的血清miR-632水平,結(jié)果提示miR-632的高表達(dá)可以作為一種有效的血清診斷方法,另外發(fā)現(xiàn)血清miR-632表達(dá)升高與晚期N期、組織學(xué)分級(jí)和TNM分期相關(guān),提示血清miR-632可能參與了疾病進(jìn)程的發(fā)展,Kaplan-Meier生存分析顯示,血清miR-632高表達(dá)對(duì)總生存期(OS)和無(wú)病生存期(DFS)均有明顯影響,單因素和多因素分析證實(shí),血清miR-632可能是LSCC患者DFS和OS和的獨(dú)立預(yù)后指標(biāo)。
3.2 抑制喉癌侵襲及遷移的miRNA MiR-379位于染色體14q32.31上,在多種癌癥中差異表達(dá)[53-54]。miR-379可能在癌癥發(fā)展中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。TCF-4是由Wnt/β- catenin信號(hào)激活通路的關(guān)鍵轉(zhuǎn)錄蛋白,與β-catenin相互作用,介導(dǎo)多種基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,調(diào)控細(xì)胞的分化、增殖、生存和凋亡[17]。有報(bào)道稱,上調(diào)TCF-4可促進(jìn)喉癌的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。WEI等[17]測(cè)定了115例喉癌組織中miR-379的表達(dá),與TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的正常組織相比,喉癌組織及HEp-2喉癌細(xì)胞系中miR-379的表達(dá)水平降低,采用CCK-8法檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)染miR-379的HEp-2細(xì)胞的體外增殖能力,發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-379顯著抑制喉癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng);熒光素酶報(bào)告實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證TCF-4是miR-379的靶基因,miRNA-379通過(guò)直接靶向TCF-4抑制喉癌細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲。
MiR-107位于10號(hào)染色體上,對(duì)應(yīng)于泛酸激酶基因的內(nèi)含子5。α2δ1蛋白是一個(gè)t型鈣通道亞基,Ca2+濃度對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖、凋亡和細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控至關(guān)重要。miR-107、CACNA2D1及其編碼蛋白α2δ1在LSCC組織中異常表達(dá),表達(dá)水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)。miR-107可能通過(guò)抑制CACNA2D1的表達(dá)來(lái)抑制LSCC細(xì)胞的增殖和侵襲。HUANG等[55]發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)染miR-107后的TU212和TU686細(xì)胞中CACNA2D1 mRNA的表達(dá)水平顯著改變,WB和qRT-PCR實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示α2δ1蛋白及其編碼基因CACNA2D1 mRNA在LSCC組織中較正常組織高表達(dá),miR-107在LSCC組織中的表達(dá)明顯降低,miR-107與CACNA2D1之間存在顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)。另外在LSCC患者中,MiR-107的表達(dá)與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、腫瘤分化和原發(fā)部位相關(guān)。
HUANG等[56]基于TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)分析了喉癌組織中差異表達(dá)的miRNA,發(fā)現(xiàn)了5種miRNA預(yù)后標(biāo)志物(miR-100、miR-99a、miR-301a、miR-105-1和miR-383),通過(guò)對(duì)miRNA預(yù)后標(biāo)志物的生存分析,篩選出關(guān)鍵的miRNA預(yù)后標(biāo)志物miR-105-5p,有助于臨床醫(yī)生預(yù)測(cè)LC患者的預(yù)后,提高治療效果。
綜上可知,抑制喉癌侵襲和遷移的miRNA在喉癌組織中的表達(dá)水平下降;促進(jìn)喉癌侵襲和遷移的miRNA在喉癌組織中的表達(dá)上升。有確定靶基因的miRNA有望成為藥物治療的有效靶點(diǎn);在喉癌組織和健康個(gè)體的唾液、血清中存在差異表達(dá)的miRNA,可能成為喉癌早期診斷和預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后的潛在生物標(biāo)志物。
4 miRNA與喉癌組織的血管生成
血管生成平衡參與維持組織器官的正常生理過(guò)程,由血管生成刺激因子和抑制因子共同調(diào)控,影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲、局部轉(zhuǎn)移[57]。來(lái)自腫瘤細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和周圍微環(huán)境細(xì)胞的miRNA通過(guò)調(diào)控腫瘤血管生成,起到促血管平滑肌生長(zhǎng)或抗血管平滑肌生長(zhǎng)的作用[58]。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)在血管生成的各個(gè)階段,miRNA能夠在信號(hào)通路內(nèi)靶向調(diào)控多個(gè)基因,這使得其成為開發(fā)抗血管生成藥物的理想靶點(diǎn)。
POPOV等[59]通過(guò)微陣列技術(shù)分析了36個(gè)T4期喉癌患者的樣本中2 549個(gè)miRNA的表達(dá)水平,篩選出59個(gè)表達(dá)水平存在顯著差異的miRNA,其中與腫瘤血管生成相關(guān)的miRNA有11個(gè):7個(gè)上調(diào)miR-1246,miR-181b 5p,miR-18a 5p、miR-21 3p、miR-210 3p、miR-503 5p、miR-93 5p,4個(gè)下調(diào)mir148a 5p、miR-145p、miR-204 5p,miR-125b 5p;MiR-148a 5p在晚期喉癌組織中表達(dá)顯著下調(diào),且可通過(guò)促進(jìn)喉癌組織的血管生成,加快腫瘤的增殖;POPOV還發(fā)現(xiàn)缺氧時(shí),MiR-210是最穩(wěn)定、最顯著的誘導(dǎo)microRNA,其靶向并促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)-A和VEGFR2,有趣的是其可抑制HIF-3α的生成;miR-210也受到HIF-1α/ HIF-2α的直接刺激。此實(shí)驗(yàn)中某些miRNA影響腫瘤血管生成的具體機(jī)制仍不清楚,需要更多的實(shí)驗(yàn)室結(jié)果來(lái)明確。
miR-140-5p已被證實(shí)在多種惡性腫瘤中下調(diào)或缺失。近年來(lái)有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其可調(diào)節(jié)喉癌組織的微血管生成。VEGF-A是一種強(qiáng)效血管生成促進(jìn)因子,可由腫瘤細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和支持細(xì)胞合成分泌。ZHANG等[18]研究了VEGF-A和miR-140-5p在喉癌組織中的表達(dá)譜,首次證實(shí)了miR-140-5p在喉癌中表達(dá)下調(diào);且可靶向抑制喉癌細(xì)胞VEGF-A,抑制細(xì)胞侵襲和血管生成,進(jìn)而抑制癌細(xì)胞增殖或侵襲。
SASAHIRA等[60]發(fā)現(xiàn)口腔癌中miR-126-5p水平降低可激活VEGF-A,從而促進(jìn)血管生成和淋巴管生成;ISSIN等[61]通過(guò)測(cè)定miR-126在肺癌、口腔癌、喉癌中的表達(dá)水平發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-126在喉癌中表達(dá)下調(diào);這些研究結(jié)果對(duì)探索miR-126在喉癌的血管生成的機(jī)制提供了新的思路。
5 miRNA與喉癌的診斷
HMGA2基因位于染色體12q13-15上,編碼含有109個(gè)氨基酸的HMGA2蛋白,其已被認(rèn)為是一種促進(jìn)染色體易位和上調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)錄的致癌基因,有助于腫瘤的發(fā)生、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。有臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),喉癌組織中l(wèi)et-7a與HMGA2的表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān),說(shuō)明let-7a對(duì)HMGA2可能具有靶向抑制作用;MA等[62]通過(guò)體內(nèi)及體外實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),喉癌組織中的miRNA let-7a可與HMGA2相互結(jié)合并抑制喉癌Hep-2細(xì)胞的增殖與遷移;let-7a的表達(dá)與LSCC患者的臨床TNM分期和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移呈負(fù)相關(guān)。并且ZHOU等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)喉癌患者較健康人血清中l(wèi)et-7a水平下調(diào),且喉癌患者血清let-7a與癌組織let-7a表達(dá)水平呈正相關(guān)。
由此可見,miRNA let-7a可能成為診斷喉癌的新的血清學(xué)標(biāo)志物,且對(duì)喉癌的分期及預(yù)后的判定有重要的臨床意義。然而,目前對(duì)于血清let-7a具體作用機(jī)制尚不清楚可能是未來(lái)研究的重點(diǎn)。
6 miRNA與喉癌的靶向治療
LSCC治療通常以手術(shù)、放療和化療相結(jié)合為基礎(chǔ),這些策略的優(yōu)化可提高喉功能的保存率和早期腫瘤的5年生存率[63]。LSCC患者的常規(guī)化療是基于5-氟尿嘧啶、順鉑和多西他賽等藥物的聯(lián)合治療。然而,腫瘤耐藥性的出現(xiàn)加快了患者的早期復(fù)發(fā)和死亡。所以,除了識(shí)別腫瘤預(yù)測(cè)標(biāo)志物外,還需要尋找新的藥物靶點(diǎn)來(lái)優(yōu)化治療方案。miRNA可以調(diào)節(jié)與編碼耐藥性相關(guān)藥物靶蛋白的特定基因[64]。
阿霉素和順鉑目前已應(yīng)用于LSCC臨床化療,LIN等[20]利用不同濃度的阿霉素或順鉑處理miR-936過(guò)表達(dá)的Hep-2指示細(xì)胞,Hep-2細(xì)胞的增值率與對(duì)照組相比顯著降低;驗(yàn)證了miR-936的過(guò)表達(dá)提高了LSCC細(xì)胞對(duì)阿霉素和順鉑的藥物敏感性;此外,計(jì)算機(jī)算法預(yù)測(cè)得出GPR78是miR-936的直接下游靶點(diǎn),過(guò)表達(dá)miR-936可以有效降低LSCC細(xì)胞中GPR78蛋白的表達(dá)。
此前有研究報(bào)道,LSCC中存在miR-21-5p和PDCD4之間的負(fù)性調(diào)控[65]。這種相互作用與5-氟尿嘧啶、順鉑、紫杉醇和多西他賽耐藥有關(guān)[66],提示喉癌患者對(duì)順鉑的耐藥可能也與這種調(diào)節(jié)關(guān)系相關(guān),但需進(jìn)一步的研究來(lái)證實(shí)。LAPA等關(guān)于miRNA藥物靶點(diǎn)預(yù)測(cè)分析(Pharmaco-miR)揭示了目前用于LSCC治療的藥物靶點(diǎn),包括順鉑和紫杉醇作用于由miR-21-5p調(diào)控的PDCD4,阿霉素作用于PDCD4和伊馬替尼靶向作用于分別由miR-181a-5p和miR-204-5p調(diào)控的FOS和SNAI2[67-69]。ACVR1C/ALK7低表達(dá)與許多惡性腫瘤的不良預(yù)后和化療耐藥有關(guān)(Principe);LAPA等[67]通過(guò)檢測(cè)喉癌組織中ACVR1C的表達(dá)水平,得出ACVR1C與miR-376c表達(dá)水平呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示miR-376c可能通過(guò)影響喉癌組織中ACVR1C的表達(dá)水平,降低順鉑治療的耐藥性。
另外,LSCC中TOP2A與miR-139-5p之間的表達(dá)水平呈負(fù)相關(guān)[67],TOP2A異常調(diào)控與卵巢癌和乳腺癌中的蒽環(huán)類藥物耐藥性有關(guān),這為探究喉癌治療中蒽環(huán)類藥物耐藥的機(jī)制提供了新的方向。
目前與喉癌相關(guān)的表達(dá)異常的miRNA種類較多,現(xiàn)將近年來(lái)的研究情況分別總結(jié)在表1和表2。
7 挑戰(zhàn)及展望
目前對(duì)于喉癌的早期診斷,一個(gè)主要的挑戰(zhàn)是識(shí)別敏感的、具有特異性的生物標(biāo)志物,這些生物標(biāo)志物有可能用于篩查、診斷和提供治療決策的價(jià)值。然而,將這些分子研究結(jié)果在臨床中直接使用仍存在一些挑戰(zhàn)。在miRNA家族中,個(gè)體成員表現(xiàn)出不同水平的miRNA表達(dá),上述許多研究確實(shí)測(cè)試了使用miRNA的差異表達(dá)譜作為喉癌早期診斷的生物標(biāo)志物的可行性,并篩選出了有前景的候選基因,這些結(jié)果可能最終有助于優(yōu)化生物標(biāo)志物列表,以便在早期階段簡(jiǎn)單而準(zhǔn)確地篩查疾病。
喉癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展涉及多個(gè)miRNA及靶基因的失調(diào),使用miRNA簇作為治療靶點(diǎn),可以糾正整個(gè)通路或多種信號(hào)機(jī)制,理解miRNA簇調(diào)控的復(fù)雜性和生物學(xué)功能對(duì)于明確miRNA的臨床價(jià)值至關(guān)重要;對(duì)不同miRNA之間是否存在相互調(diào)控作用,是未來(lái)研究喉癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展機(jī)制的新方向。此外,在喉癌的機(jī)制研究中不僅要識(shí)別和驗(yàn)證miRNA及其靶點(diǎn),更重要的是發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)化療耐藥有效的miRNA模擬物或拮抗劑并應(yīng)用于喉癌的治療。
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(本文編輯:楊允利)