江寧錢家渡村建筑和景觀改造更新，南京，中國

錢家渡村位于南京市江寧區(qū)湖熟街道，塘田交錯，景色宜人。2017年，錢家渡入選江蘇首批特色田園鄉(xiāng)村試點，率先啟動村莊的整治建設。

基于良好的自然生態(tài)條件，設計以水為脈，圍繞渡口的水資源環(huán)境，開展濱水建筑及周邊景觀的整治設計。該項目在結(jié)合功能需求、現(xiàn)狀場地，以及可更新建筑條件的基礎(chǔ)上，進行進一步的鄉(xiāng)村改造與更新設計，形成村落的整體形態(tài)格局。其中包括村民書屋、水邊餐廳、濱水民宿、水上清吧、土地廟等各種類型建筑，以強調(diào)水上村莊的整體的集群特性。大部分公共建筑在原民宅基礎(chǔ)上進行改造，而特定節(jié)點建筑出于功能的要求，采用了相對集中的布局方式。濱水民宿改造保留了原始布局，而水上餐廳和清吧則通過重塑場地肌理延續(xù)村莊集體記憶。鄉(xiāng)村書屋的設計中強化了傳統(tǒng)空間氛圍和屬性，采用了稍具異質(zhì)特征的空間組織和設計手法，適應了村民新的文化需求，現(xiàn)已成為農(nóng)村基層組織活動的中心場所。在鄉(xiāng)村生活館的設計中，傳統(tǒng)材料的全新利用展現(xiàn)出鄉(xiāng)土材料和建造方式的更新，而民宿服務中心則是嘗試采用工業(yè)材料轉(zhuǎn)譯鄉(xiāng)村形態(tài)。

在鄉(xiāng)村整體風貌改造中，設計堅持以農(nóng)為基的原則，充分發(fā)揮現(xiàn)有鄉(xiāng)村資源，以打造田園風格的鄉(xiāng)村與大地景觀。設計從模式、樣式、材料、細部做法出發(fā)，通過專業(yè)指導和自主建設結(jié)合的方式進行農(nóng)舍整治與翻新，并結(jié)合食、住、游，進行重點建筑改造和大量房屋的導則化引導，承接城市功能的外溢，發(fā)展近郊鄉(xiāng)村旅游，展現(xiàn)渡上田居風貌，提升鄉(xiāng)村居住與外來的旅游體驗，為鄉(xiāng)村注入新的活力。□

1 鳥瞰/Aerial view（攝影/Photo: 侯博文/HOU Bowen）

2 鳥瞰效果圖/Aerial view rendering

Qianjiadu village is located in Hushu Subdistrict of Jiangning District, Nanjing, where ponds and fields are intertwined and the scenery is delightful.In 2017, Qianjiadu village was selected as one of the first batch of characteristic rural demonstration villages in Jiangsu, and took the lead in launching the renovation of the village.

Based on the excellent ecological conditions,the design is based on the water as the vein, and the waterfront buildings and surrounding landscapes are designed around the ferry port. Considering the combination of functional requirements, existing site,renewable building conditions, the rural transformation and renewal project aims to coordinate with the site,reforming the overall morphological pattern of the village. Consisting of several types of architecture such as villagers' reading room, waterside restaurant, homestay,music bar and village temple, the design emphasises overall clustering characteristics of the waterside village. Most of the public buildings are renovated on the basis of the original residential buildings, while specific buildings adopt relatively centralised layout for functional requirements. Renovation of the waterside homestay stick to the original layout, yet the waterfront restaurant and bar carry the villager's collective memory by reshaping the fabric of site. In the design of village reading room which has now been an activity hall for rural organisation, traditional atmosphere and attributes are highlighted by a slightly heterogeneous manner in terms of spatial organisation and design approach in order to meet the new cultural demands of villagers.Renovation of vernacular material and construction methods are demonstrated in the reconstruction of village life hall, while the homestay service centre is an attempt for translating rural forms with industrial materials.

Referring to the transformation of the overall style of the village, based on the agricultural system,the design team gives full play to the existing farmland resources and creates a rural landscape.Starting from the mode, style, materials and details, the farmhouses are renovated through the combination of professional guidance and independent construction, to accommodate the urban function and to develop suburban rural tourism as well. Major building renovation and farmhouse decoration guidance are carried out in terms of food,accommodation and travel. Aiming to undertake the overflow of urban functions and develop rural tourism in the suburbs, the design shows the features of waterside village, enhances tourists' experience,and brings new vitality to the countryside.□

項目信息/Credits and Data

設計團隊/Design Team: 王建國，朱淵，王曉俊，殷偉韜等/WANG Jianguo, ZHU Yuan, WANG Xiaojun, YIN Weitao, et al.

建筑面積/Floor Area: 9500 m2

設計時間/Design Period: 2017-2018

竣工時間/Completion Time: 2019

攝影/Photos: 侯博文，王建國，魏羽力/HOU Bowen,WANG Jianguo, WEI Yuli

3 總平面/Site plan

4 民舍導則/Guideline of rural house reconstruction

5 民舍/Rural house

6.7 濱水視景/Waterfront view（5.6 攝影/Photos: 侯博文/HOU Bowen; 7 攝影/Photo: 王建國/WANG Jianguo）

評論

楊志疆：在特色田園鄉(xiāng)村的改造中，錢家渡是一個具有樣本意義的案例，體現(xiàn)在以下兩個方面。

首先，延續(xù)了鄉(xiāng)村田園風光氛圍。水系、村落和農(nóng)田相結(jié)合的田園風光是江南地區(qū)普遍存在的鄉(xiāng)村氛圍。在整體上，無論是大的交通梳理，水系岸線的整理，景觀提升以及村落建筑的提質(zhì)改造，都試圖保留和進一步提升這種田園風光的氛圍。“田園風光”雖是一個非理性的、很難量化的目標，但就鄉(xiāng)村而言卻又是非常重要的。它是自然、農(nóng)事、建筑以及生活的綜合體，看似簡單卻又需要謹慎對待，在這一點上錢家渡的設計無疑處理得非常成熟。

第二，改造中體現(xiàn)了建筑類型學思想。錢家渡的村落建筑改造主要有兩種類型，一種是在廢棄農(nóng)舍原址上的新建，如水上清吧、濱水餐廳等。還有一種是對原有村民建筑的改擴建，如游客中心、村民書屋、水邊民宿、鄉(xiāng)村生活館等。但無論哪種類型，設計師都充分尊重了原有村落的自構(gòu)肌理和建造邏輯，并運用類型學的思想從村落形態(tài)和材料運用等方面展開研究。通過提煉，總結(jié)出一些基本的類型要素運用于設計當中。這樣就避免了鄉(xiāng)村改造中常常出現(xiàn)的兩種不良傾向：要么改造建筑自成體系，與村落原有風貌格格不入，要么簡單復原或者涂描粉畫。這是一種理性的、具有可操作性的改造和設計方法，它使改造后的鄉(xiāng)村既有歷史記憶的延續(xù)，又有新的活力呈現(xiàn)，從這個意義上講，錢家渡的方法和策略是具有樣本價值的。

Comments

YANG Zhijiang: In the reconstruction of characteristic rural villages, Qianjiadu village is a significant case of sample, which is reflected in the following two aspects:

First of all, it continues the rural pastoral atmosphere. The rural scenery that combines water system, village and farmland is a common rural atmosphere in Jiangnan area. Whether it is the organisation of the transportation system, the arrangement of the shoreline, the enhancement of the landscape or the improvement of the quality of the village buildings,the reconstruction of Qianjiadu as a whole preserved and further enhanced the atmosphere of this pastoral scenery. "Rural scenery" is an irrational goal that is difficult to accurately quantify, but also one of the most significant considerations to the rural villages. It is a complex of nature, agriculture, architecture and life, that seems simple but needs to be treated with caution. In this regard, Qianjiadu's reconstruction design showcases a mature approach,undoubtedly.

Second, the reconstruction reflects architectural typology. There are two major architectural transformation types in Qianjiadu, one is the new construction on the original site of the abandoned farmhouse, such as the waterfront bar and restaurant. The other one is the conversion and expansion of the original villagers' buildings, such as the visitor centre,the villagers' library, the waterside homestay, and the country life museum. But no matter which type it is, the designer followed the self-constructed texture and constructive logic of the original village carefully, and used the typological idea to carry out research from the aspects of the village form and the use of materials. Then through refining and summarising,some basic types, elements and patterns are used in actual design. In this way, some undesirable tendencies that often appear in reconstruction of rural areas are avoided, such as the renovation buildings that are incompatible with the original style of the village, rough and simple restoration, or wall painting, etc. This is a rational and operable transformation and design method which makes the transformed villages not only have the continuation of historical memory, but also present new vitality. From this perspective, Qianjiadu's methods and strategies are of great sample value.

8 鄉(xiāng)村書屋/Villagers' Reading Room（攝影/Photo: 王建國/WANG Jianguo）

9 書屋平面/Plan of Reading Room

10 書屋軸測圖/Axonometric drawing of Reading Room

11 書屋西側(cè)/West view of Reading Room

12 書屋入口/Entrance of Reading Room

13 書屋內(nèi)景/Interior view of Reading Room

14 土地廟/Temple of Land God

15 土地廟平面/Plan of Temple of Land God

16 土地廟軸測/Axonometric drawing of Temple of Land God

17 土地廟外景/Exterior view of Temple of Land God（攝影/Photo: 魏羽力/WEI Yuli）

18 土地廟入口/Entrance of Temple of Land God

19 土地廟內(nèi)景/Interior view of Temple of Land God（11-14, 18-19 攝影/Photos: 侯博文/HOU Bowen）

20-22 鄉(xiāng)村生活館/Village Life Hall（20.21攝影/Photos: 侯博文/HOU Bowen, 22攝影/Photo: 王建國/WANG Jianguo）

23-25 水邊餐廳/Waterside Restaurant

26-27 水上清吧/Waterfront Bar（23-27攝影/Photos: 侯博文/HOU Bowen）