建筑的知性與永久性

張利/ZHANG Li

作者單位：清華大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院/《世界建筑》

又到了《世界建筑》聚焦一位文革后接受建筑教育的中國建筑師的時(shí)刻。這一次，我們的主角是王建國教授。

在國際現(xiàn)代建筑的歷史上，跨越城市與建筑、連接知識(shí)與詩意、兼具責(zé)任心與匠心的建筑師形成了一個(gè)令人敬重的鏈條：從勒·柯布西耶到路易斯·賽特，從巴克馬到赫茲伯格，從阿爾多·羅西到保羅·波多蓋希。他們共同的特點(diǎn)是拒絕建筑學(xué)中偏執(zhí)的二元論，拒絕技術(shù)與藝術(shù)、倫理與美學(xué)、批評(píng)與實(shí)踐、浩瀚與精致的簡單對(duì)立。他們的作品是用建成空間書寫的論斷，對(duì)建筑所固有的知性與永久性給予深入人心的詮釋。

在王建國的身上，我們看到這一優(yōu)雅傳統(tǒng)在中國當(dāng)代建筑師中的延續(xù)。他既是建筑師又是城市規(guī)劃師， 既是實(shí)踐者又是教育者，既是技術(shù)科學(xué)的推動(dòng)者又是博雅人文的倡導(dǎo)者。

在王建國的建筑作品中，我們能夠閱讀出一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的知性探尋過程：它們始于一個(gè)被明確定義的問題，成于研究——判斷——推演——建構(gòu)——再研究——再判斷的系列循環(huán)，最終抵達(dá)一個(gè)指向清晰、取舍分明的答案。設(shè)計(jì)的問題閾因項(xiàng)目的尺度、地域、類型與文化特性可以截然不同：有的是對(duì)發(fā)展資源的預(yù)判，有的是對(duì)自然系統(tǒng)的縫合，有的是對(duì)歷史文化的傳承，有的是類型學(xué)邊界的開拓，有的是結(jié)構(gòu)體系的嘗試，有的是關(guān)于材料工法的新解。但無論是對(duì)于哪種問題閾，理性的設(shè)計(jì)求解過程————它毫不回避地堅(jiān)守以破題為目的的方法論————總是可以在設(shè)計(jì)答案形成的同時(shí)對(duì)相關(guān)的知識(shí)體進(jìn)行全新的梳理和歸位，從而給予同類項(xiàng)目啟發(fā)性的參考。如果說這種知性的設(shè)計(jì)過程在本世紀(jì)初還被那些激進(jìn)的個(gè)人主義建筑師————他們傲慢地自詡為凌駕于社會(huì)之上的獨(dú)行天才————所攻擊的話，在今天它已經(jīng)成為不僅被建筑學(xué)與城市研究、也被其他多個(gè)領(lǐng)域所廣泛推崇的思維范式，即“設(shè)計(jì)思維”。 它也使“設(shè)計(jì)可以是獲取新知識(shí)的方式”這一判斷得到了越來越多的認(rèn)可。應(yīng)該說，對(duì)當(dāng)今國際上包括王建國團(tuán)隊(duì)在內(nèi)的很多人的長期堅(jiān)守而言，這是一種公平的報(bào)答。

在王建國的建筑作品中我們還能夠體察出一種揮之不去的情結(jié)————尋覓那種深植于東方文化傳統(tǒng)的、建成空間與自然環(huán)境的永久性均衡。這種對(duì)永久性的追尋在宏觀的城市規(guī)劃中表現(xiàn)為對(duì)不定性變化所呈現(xiàn)出的韌性與適應(yīng)性，在中觀的城市建筑群設(shè)計(jì)中表現(xiàn)為對(duì)有機(jī)聚落生長的臨摹，在微觀的院落和街道中表現(xiàn)為與自然片段的時(shí)間性互融。在垂直的城市建筑中我們會(huì)看到不遺余力的、對(duì)立體的袖珍園林的吸納，在水平的郊野、特別是鄉(xiāng)間建筑中，我們則看到返璞歸真的、未經(jīng)雕飾的鄉(xiāng)愁情感的流露甚至是綻放————在山水之間的人工痕跡的謙恭介入，及凝聚在層疊屋檐之下的裊裊炊煙與朗朗書語。不經(jīng)意間，王建國和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)已經(jīng)回到了哺育他們、亦將始終伴隨他們的令其魂繞夢牽的江南文人精神之中。

貝特蘭·羅素在比較東西方文明時(shí)曾經(jīng)說，在歷史上，西方的“批判理性”與東方的“創(chuàng)造性直覺”形成了兩條平行演進(jìn)的線索。我們是否可以認(rèn)為， 在今天的全球化語境下，這兩條線索可能不再是簡單的平行，而是會(huì)出現(xiàn)局部的交匯呢？我們是否可以認(rèn)為，王建國的建筑實(shí)踐，即是這種東西并蓄、文理兼容交匯的一個(gè)范例呢？□

This time every year, we focus on one contemporary Chinese architect. ThisWAissue is on Professor WANG Jianguo.

We have been witnessing a chain of dominant figures in modern architecture that cross boundaries between urban planning and architecture, producing knowledge and making poetics at the same time: Le Corbusier, Sert,Bakema, Hertzberger, Aldo Rossi, and Paolo Portoghesi, to mention a few.

In WANG Jianguo, we see the proof of elegant tradition touching contemporary China. He is both an architect and an urbanist, both an educator and a practitioner, both a prophet of technolgical advances and an advocate of liberal arts.

Behind WANG Jianguo's works we find a recurring procedure of knowledge seeking. It starts with a welldefined problem. It develops in the investigating – judging –deducing – constructing – re-investigating cycles. Finally it concludes in a clear, unapologetic decision. The primary design problem in WANG Jianguo's work varies from one situation to another: it can be social development,or nature conservation, or historic preservation, or typological reinvention, or structure, or material. In spite of what problem a design faces, the same problem-solving process always is capable of achieving answers, while adding new slice to the body of existing knowledge at the same time. It is true that this problem-solving design thinking was attacked at the turn of 21st century by radical individualists, arrogantly arguing that their outlandish ideas save our cities once and for all. It is equally true that getting into the 3rd decade of this century, this problemsolving design thinking is regaining its strength and dominance, not only in architecture, but also in economics,social studies, and marketing. This has to be a well-deserved reward to the tenacity of WANG Jianguo and his team.

In WANG Jianguo's works we find a lingering preoccupation: the pursuit of perpetual balance between the built environment and nature, something ancient Chinese architecture had done so well. This faith in perpetuality finds different representations in different scales: at the urban scale it is flexibility and resilience of the system, at the medium scale it is the mimicking of organic clusters, and on the microcosm scale it is the cocktail of natural fragments and the built spaces. In the WANG's vertical city we see the relentless use of pocketsized gardens. In his horizontal work, particular those sitting in the rural, we see a determined and melancholic return to the poetics of agricultural Chinese architecture:humility in rooflines and restraint in the use of the landscape. Here, WANG is virtually talking to the ancient Chinese intellectuals who have shaped the cultural tradition that he grew up in and has never left from.

During his stay in China in early 20th century,Bertrand Russell talked about the "conscious reasoning" of the West, and the "creative impulse" of the East, expecting these two lines maintaining parallel to each other. In the global context today, we may expect these two lines to intersect. WANG Jianguo and his colleagues have certainly provided a good example of how this intersecting may inspire an architecture where science and art meet.□

王建國

東南大學(xué)教授，中國工程院院士。1989年起先后在東南大學(xué)建筑研究所和建筑系、建筑學(xué)院任教，歷任東南大學(xué)建筑研究所副所長、建筑系副系主任，2001-2003年任建筑系主任、2003-2014年任建筑學(xué)院院長?，F(xiàn)任東南大學(xué)城市設(shè)計(jì)研究中心主任，兼任中國建筑學(xué)會(huì)副理事長、中國規(guī)劃學(xué)會(huì)副理事長、教育部高等學(xué)校建筑類專業(yè)教學(xué)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)主任、住建部城市設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)委員會(huì)主任、《建筑學(xué)研究前沿》（FoAR）主編等學(xué)術(shù)職務(wù)。

他長期從事建筑學(xué)、城市設(shè)計(jì)、建筑遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)等領(lǐng)域的前沿研究和工程實(shí)踐并取得突出成就。著有《城市設(shè)計(jì)》《現(xiàn)代城市設(shè)計(jì)理論和方法》《后工業(yè)時(shí)代時(shí)代產(chǎn)業(yè)建筑遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)更新》等專著。主持完成牛首山游客中心、第十屆江蘇省園博會(huì)博覽園主展館、廣州總體城市設(shè)計(jì)、南京總體城市設(shè)計(jì)等建筑設(shè)計(jì)和城市設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目，獲全國優(yōu)秀建筑設(shè)計(jì)和優(yōu)秀規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)一等獎(jiǎng)7項(xiàng)、二等獎(jiǎng)7項(xiàng)，部省級(jí)設(shè)計(jì)一等獎(jiǎng)20余項(xiàng)，國際獎(jiǎng)多項(xiàng)。

WANG Jianguo

Professor of Southeast University, Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering. Since 1989,he has been teaching at the Research Institute of Architecture, the Department of Architecture and the School of Architecture in Southeast University. He served as Deputy Director of the Research Institute of Architecture, Deputy Dean of the Department of Architecture, Dean of the Department of Architecture from 2001 to 2003,Dean of the School of Architecture from 2003 to 2014. He is now the Director of the Urban Design Research Centre of Southeast University, while holding several academic positions including the Vice President of Architectural Society of China, the Vice President of Urban Planning Society of China,the Director of the Ministry of Education's Steering Committee on the Teaching of Architecture, the Director of the Urban Design Expert Committee of Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development,and the Editor-in-chief ofFrontiers of ArchitecturalResearch (FoAR).

His research is focused on architecture, urban design and architectural heritage conservation,covering both frontier and engineering practice. His works includeUrban Design,Theory and Method of Modern Urban Design,Protection and Renewal of the Industrial Heritage Buildings in Post-industrial Era, etc. He has directed several architectural design and urban design projects such as the Tourist Centre of Niushou Mountain Scenic Area, the Main Exhibition Pavilion of the Expo Park for the 10th Jiangsu Horticultural Exposition, the integrative urban design of Guangzhou and the integrative urban design of Nanjing, and has gained 7 first prizes and 7 second prizes of the National Excellent Architectural Design Awards and Urban Planning Awards, more than 20 first prizes of ministerial and provincial design awards, and several international awards.