運河文化走向世界

馬克強

近日，兩名從歐洲來中國杭州旅游的年輕人，憑著一張意大利報紙上的三孔石拱橋照片，一路尋覓至標有“京杭大運河南端”的石碑前，一睹千年運河上這座名叫“拱宸橋”的老石拱橋的風采。

今年以來，在中國大運河位于拱墅區(qū)30多公里長的遺產(chǎn)河道上，一批運河文化地標正在陸續(xù)“上新”，杭州市拱墅區(qū)全面打造的運河大劇院、運河中央公園、上塘古運河夜游等20個文化地標已開放6處，大部分將于明年亞運會前亮相。

在北京市通州區(qū)城市綠心森林公園里，50支騎行隊伍的400余名騎行愛好者共同參加了2021年“世界無車日”全民健身健康騎行月活動。在此之前的北京市大運河國際交流季上，相關中外專家學者以這場跨越南北的大運河對話為契機，為運河沿線自然、生態(tài)等方面的發(fā)展出謀劃策。

一個個鏡頭、一幅幅畫面，定格了“保護好、傳承好、利用好”大運河文化的城市故事。這既是日常，更是2021年“中國大運河文化帶京杭對話”活動的預熱和深化。今年，第三屆“中國大運河文化帶京杭對話”將在杭州舉行，這一跨越千里的牽手，將再次出發(fā)，京杭兩地將共同守護中華文明的“精神密碼”、共同當好歷史文化遺產(chǎn)的“薪火傳人”、共同譜寫運河開發(fā)利用的“精彩范式”。

京韻流芳：一直進取 責無旁貸

2017年，北京成立推進全國文化中心建設領導小組。在此基礎上，包含大運河文化帶建設組在內的8個專項工作組成立。此后，重點文物騰退、文物保護修繕、重大公共文化設施建設、歷史風貌恢復等工作扎實推進，北京正努力走出一條傳承弘揚運河文化的特色之路。

大運河北京段共有現(xiàn)存遺產(chǎn)資源40處，運河文化深深嵌入水道、碼頭、倉場、閘壩、官署等各處。到通州區(qū)北運河源頭瞧瞧1400多年歷史的燃燈佛舍利塔，運河古韻撲面而來;再看看東四十條600歲的南新倉，這座全國僅有的皇家倉廒，漕運文化被展現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致。

運河水的靈秀滋養(yǎng)著運河兩岸人們的生活，形成了一大批具有濃郁地區(qū)特色的非物質文化遺產(chǎn)。據(jù)北京市文化部門統(tǒng)計，大運河北京段所涉6個區(qū)共有國家級非遺代表性項目86項，市級非遺代表性項目107項，運河的文化符號生長在了北京的各個角落。

去年，大運河沿線8省市文化廳（局）在京共同主辦大運河文化帶非遺大展暨第四屆京津冀非遺聯(lián)展，匯聚近3000件非遺精品。大展以“流動的文化”為主題，通過見人、見物、見生活的非遺精品折射運河文化的魅力。此外，北京市還持續(xù)開展“我身邊的運河故事”征集工作，同時在北京市方志館的京華講壇開設了中國大運河歷史文化講座。

通州是北京運河文化遺產(chǎn)分布最集中、最豐富的地區(qū)，它的規(guī)劃建設結合大運河文化帶的保護建設，彰顯藍綠交織、水城共融的城市特色，打造運河博物館、路縣故城遺址博物館等文化設施，讓大運河文化帶成為北京城市副中心的標志性文化品牌。

通州區(qū)還挖掘歷史文化，編輯出版《大運河文化帶 · 通州故事叢書》，從通州水系、漕運碼頭、運河民俗等方面講述通州與大運河的故事。在大運河文化帶建設中，通州區(qū)形成了“一線四區(qū)多點”的文物保護格局，即以保護大運河為主線，打造通州古城、張家灣古城、漷縣古城、路縣故城遺址“四大片區(qū)”，挖掘多點遺存，彰顯運河文化底蘊。

保護之外，如何讓大運河浸潤如今人們的生活？其精髓在于結合，一是把不可移動的運河文化遺存和傳統(tǒng)技藝、非物質文化遺產(chǎn)相融合，滿足群眾多元化需求，促進文化消費;二是把文化和旅游相結合，目前通州區(qū)的重點放在了“三廟一塔”景區(qū)，不斷完善旅游服務業(yè)的硬件條件。

故宮博物院原院長單霽翔表示，大運河蘊含著豐厚的傳統(tǒng)文化遺產(chǎn)和驅動國家“一直進取”的文化基因，讓文化遺產(chǎn)“活起來”，華夏兒女責無旁貸。

目前，北京正帶頭落實《大運河文化保護傳承利用規(guī)劃綱要》，真正使大運河文化帶成為北京建設全國文化中心的示范工程、滿足人民群眾日益增長的多樣化精神文化需求的民心工程、建設國際一流的和諧宜居之都的標志工程。

杭城盛放：樂享惠民 文化盛宴

杭州是京杭大運河的南端，若想體驗感知中國大運河文化，位于杭州拱墅區(qū)、大運河之南的拱宸橋提供了一種適宜的觀察視角。

“船由滬來，先經(jīng)拱宸，過省城，乃達江干，深入內地。”如《清季外交史料》中所言，1908年以前，拱宸橋是經(jīng)運河北上滬、蘇、寧、津、京等地的必經(jīng)之路，也是自北入杭的要隘。如今，拱宸橋邊，老廠房、舊倉庫改建而成的博物館里，文化活動和互動體驗精彩不斷。

“扇動風發(fā)——杭州雅扇文化月”活動期間，一場扇文化主題表演在中國扇博物館舉行，復原傳統(tǒng)的繪畫、書法、烙燙等制扇場景，漢服、古琴、書畫與團扇等元素共同演繹“中國扇子”的前世今生。

“與工藝美術大師面對面”活動中，杭州工藝美術博物館的大師工作室最近推出的西湖綢傘、皮影、麥稈剪貼扇、陶瓷捏塑、剪紙等手工藝體驗項目，格外受青少年觀眾和國外游客的歡迎。

運河兩岸不獨戲曲聲悠揚，歌聲、樂聲、歡笑聲亦長年不斷。僅據(jù)拱墅區(qū)的統(tǒng)計，運河邊的群眾文體活動團隊就有380多個，常態(tài)化舉辦詩歌吟詠、揮毫潑墨、吹拉彈唱等文化活動和展示。

與其他單一古建筑、古遺址的保護不同，大運河是仍在流淌、仍在使用的“活態(tài)文化遺產(chǎn)帶”，更需要活化的保護、傳承和利用。

《大運河文化保護傳承利用規(guī)劃綱要》提出，深入挖掘和豐富大運河文化內涵，充分展現(xiàn)大運河遺存承載的文化，活化大運河流淌伴生的文化，弘揚大運河歷史凝練的文化。

為此，拱墅區(qū)當前正在高標準推進大運河文化帶拱墅段建設，各級各部門深入學習貫徹浙江省委文化工作會議精神，聚力抓研究、抓傳播、抓轉化，以高質量供給服務高品質生活，努力讓運河真正成為人民和游客的運河。

拱墅區(qū)正把運河文化的活化保護和開發(fā)利用結合起來，以大運河文化帶建設為主線，謀劃“拱墅區(qū)大運河文化資源分布圖”，開展“拱墅區(qū)建設大運河國家文化公園樣板區(qū)”課題研究，推動文旅融合地標建設。今年7月開始試運營的《如夢上塘》夜游項目，就是以創(chuàng)新形式保護與展示上塘河遺產(chǎn)河道、重現(xiàn)古運河繁華、讓市民游客樂享惠民“文化盛宴”。

當前，依托運河兩岸已有的博物館、工業(yè)遺存等，拱墅區(qū)正在打造“全域沒有圍墻的博物館”，同時以社區(qū)為單位打造“運河書房”“微博物館”等170余處公共文化設施，把運河元素積極融入社區(qū)文化家園、杭州書房等基層文化陣地建設，全域構建10分鐘文化生活圈。拱墅區(qū)相關部門負責人表示，接下來拱墅區(qū)還將進一步提高大運河文化帶相關設施的普惠面，讓文化更加深度融入群眾生活。

作為中國大運河文化帶經(jīng)典案例之一，杭州是大運河文化帶建設的先行者之一。早在2017年，經(jīng)過世界休閑組織評審委員會的評審，杭州“橋西歷史街區(qū)綜保工程：棚戶區(qū)到休閑遺產(chǎn)高地的蛻變”項目，從全球10多個國家30多個項目中脫穎而出，摘得2017世界休閑組織國際創(chuàng)新獎。通過運河主城區(qū)段對老城區(qū)的改造，讓運河沿線老城區(qū)和周邊的新城區(qū)融合共贏，這也成了運河沿岸城市綜合保護利用的典范。

攜手世界：運河文化? 熠熠生輝

京杭兩地在中國大運河文化帶建設領域各有特色，即將在杭州啟幕的2021“中國大運河文化帶京杭對話”，不僅是一場橫跨千里、縱跨千年的對話，更是運河沿線城市攜手推動運河文化保護、傳承、利用的一項創(chuàng)舉。

連續(xù)三年舉辦“京杭對話”，標志著運河沿線城市將共下“一盤棋”，攜手“齊步走”，以文化為引領促進各區(qū)域協(xié)調發(fā)展，其示范效應明顯。

保護大運河就是保護綿延千年的文化基因。穿越古今，溝通中國。

從古代到當代，能夠“讀懂”大運河的不僅僅只是中國人。據(jù)悉，全球50多個國家和地區(qū)分布著520條運河，沿線近3000座城市有著類似的運河記憶，也面臨著類似的挑戰(zhàn)與機遇。

2014年，中國大運河申遺成功后，歌劇《運之河》從瑞士日內瓦開啟了國際巡演之旅，沿途受到世界各國觀眾的歡迎。該劇以大運河的開掘、通航為經(jīng)，以隋、唐的朝代更迭為緯，呈現(xiàn)大運河賦予家國命運的現(xiàn)實思索。瑞士著名音樂家克伊奈·米歇爾看完歌劇后評價道：“《運之河》用歌劇藝術的形式呈現(xiàn)大運河貫通南北的開鑿歷史，雖然講的是中國的歷史故事，但采用現(xiàn)代音樂的表達形式，歐洲人會從這樣的演出中進一步感知中國。”

“以運河為聯(lián)系紐帶，結成全球運河共同體，為可持續(xù)發(fā)展尋找世界級的答案。”在內河航道國際組織主席大衛(wèi) · 愛德華茲 · 梅看來，這正是運河申遺的意義所在。

近十年來，世界各國駐華使節(jié)、運河管理者和專家學者共商、共建、共享運河保護與發(fā)展的探索與經(jīng)驗。到今年，合作組織的會員已經(jīng)從最初的13個發(fā)展到153個，其中國外城市會員46個，遍及五大洲。

文明因交流而多彩，文明因互鑒而豐富。在不斷擴大的中國大運河文化帶“朋友圈”里，京杭兩地正用世界語言講述運河保護的城市故事、中國智慧，讓大運河這張金名片在世界舞臺上更加熠熠生輝。

深秋的杭州，層林盡染，水碧天藍。城市北部的拱宸橋歷史文化區(qū)內，京杭大運河博物館向市民講述著大運河的底蘊和紋理。未來，這里將成為中國大運河的全線新地標，不僅留存于博物館、歷史遺跡和人們的記憶中，更鮮亮地活在當下。

（本欄目由中國新聞社浙江分社提供支持）

The Great Canal Culture Goes Global

By Ma Keqiang

A couple of young tourists from Europe visited Hangzhou simply because they had seen a photo of a three-hole stone arch bridge in an Italian newspaper. With it， they went all the way to the stone stele marked the “Southern End of the Jing-Hang Grand Canal”， just to get a glimpse of the ancient Gongchen Bridge， the three-hole stone arch bridge in their photo， on the thousand-year-old canal.

Along the 30-odd-kilometer section of the Grand Canal in Hangzhous Gongshu district， six out of 20 cultural landmarks， including the Grand Canal Theater and the Grand Canal Central Park， have been opened to the public in 2021， with the rest expected to be unveiled before the 2022 Hangzhou Asian Games.

In the Central Green Forest Park in Beijings Tongzhou district， more than 400 cycling enthusiasts from 50 cycling teams gathered for the 2021 “World Car Free Day” in the buildup to the 2021 “Beijing Hangzhou Dialogue on the Grand Canal”. Just a couple of months ago， experts and scholars from China and abroad met in Beijing in an international forum to discuss the environmental development along the Grand Canal.

These are only a few snippets of the “daily life” for the protection and inheritance of the Grand Canal. In fact， the 2021 “Beijing Hangzhou Dialogue on the Grand Canal”， held in Hangzhou this time， will further explore new ways and models to better preserve the cultural heritage of the Grand Canal.

In 2017， a leading group promoting the establishment of national cultural center was set up in Beijing， based on which， eight special working groups， including the one on the construction of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt， were also set up. From then on， Beijing has gone from strength to strength in evacuating key cultural relics， protecting and repairing cultural relics， developing major public cultural facilities and restoring historical features.

Along the Grand Canal Beijing section， some 40 heritage sites can be found， and the canal culture is deeply embedded in waterways， wharfs， warehouses， dams and ancient official offices residences. The 1，400-year-old Randengfo Sheli Pagoda standing at the start of the Bei （North） Canal in Tongzhou district and the 600-year-old Nanxin Granary at Dongsi Shitiao in Dongcheng district are just two cases in point. According to statistics， the six districts that the Beijing section of the Grand Canal goes through boasts of 86 national representative intangible cultural heritage projects and 107 municipal representative intangible cultural heritage projects. The cultural symbols of the Grand Canal permeate every corner of Beijing.

Beijing is now taking the lead in implementing the Outline of the Plan for the Protection， Inheritance and Utilization of the Grand Canal Culture. The city aims to make the Grand Canal Cultural Belt a demonstration project in the process of building Beijing into a national cultural center， a popular project to meet the growing needs of the people and a marquee project in the process of building Beijing into a world-class harmonious and livable city.

In 2020， an exhibition， its fourth edition， with nearly 3，000 pieces of exhibits showcasing the intangible cultural heritage along the Grand Canal was held in Beijing. In addition， “Canal Stories around Me”， a campaign to collect real life stories on the Grand Canal， has continued to attract popular support， and lectures on the history and culture of the Grand Canal were also held.

As the area where the canal cultural heritage resources are most concentrated in Beijing， Tongzhou district is carrying out a series of related projects. It is planning to establish a museum on the Grand Canal as well as an archeological museum on the site of the ancient Lu county and other cultural facilities. It has also published “The Cultural Belt of the Grand Canal： Tongzhou Story Series”， presenting the Tongzhou story through its waterways， Caoyun Dock and canal folk customs.

Shan Jixiang， former director of the Palace Museum， said that the Grand Canal contains rich traditional cultural heritage and the cultural genes that drive the country to “forge ahead”， and it is the responsibility of the Chinese people to make the cultural heritage “come alive”.

Indeed， in addition to protection， how better to let the Grand Canal “walk” into peoples everyday life？ One is to integrate the immovable canal cultural heritage with traditional skills and intangible cultural heritage to meet the diversified needs of the public and promote cultural consumption. Another is to combine culture and tourism.

In Hangzhous Gongshu district， where Gongchen Bridge， the southern starting point of the Grand Canal lies， various initiatives have been proposed and taken. “Boats coming from Shanghai will pass Gongchen first， then the provincial capital， before reaching Jianggan and travel further deep into the inland，” a late-Qing document recorded. While the bridge used to be a point that one must go through to travel to Shanghai， Suzhou， Nanjing， Tianjin and Beijing via the Grand Canal， it and the surrounding area now make a vibrant cultural block.

Old factory and warehouse have been converted into museums， where cultural activities and interactive experiences take place on a daily basis. During the “Hangzhou Fan Cultural Month”， for instance， fan culture-themed performances have been held to replicate the traditional fan-making process. In “Face to Face with the Master of Arts and Crafts”， an interactive event launched by the Hangzhou Arts and Crafts Museum recently， visitors are able to try their hands on making the West Lake silk umbrella， playing puppet shows， creating pottery and doing papercutting， among others.

On both sides of the Grand Canal， melodious operas， singing， music and laughter can always be heard. Statistics from the Gongshu district show that self-organized cultural and sports groups active along the canal are numbered at more than 380， which regularly organize poetry recital， calligraphy， painting， musical instrument playing， singing and assorted cultural activities.

Beijing and Hangzhou have their own unique characteristics in the building of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt. The 2021 Dialogue on the Grand Canal， which will be held in Hangzhou， Zhejiang province， is not only a dialogue “crossing thousands of miles and spanning thousands of years”， but also a pioneering initiative for cities along the canal to jointly promote the protection， inheritance and utilization of the canal culture.

Figures indicate that there are 520 canals in more than 50 countries and regions around the world， and nearly 3，000 cities along these canals have similar “memories of canal” as the Chinese cities along the Grand Canal， and face similar challenges and opportunities.

“With the canals serving as the link， a global canal community should be formed， so that we can find answers to sustainable development that are applicable to the entire world，” this， according to David Edwards-May， president of Inland Waterways International， is the ultimate point.