有關(guān)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的五大重難點(diǎn)突破

周雪蘭

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在閱讀和寫(xiě)作中都非常重要，我們一定要把該項(xiàng)語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容掌握好。本文和大家一起復(fù)習(xí)以下五項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。

一、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

在語(yǔ)法填空中，如果所給提示詞是動(dòng)詞，解題時(shí)首先要判斷是填謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如：

1.（a）He?was?reading?a?book___________（write）by?Shakespeare.

（b）He?was?reading?a?book?which?___________（write）?by?Shakespeare.

2.（a）Suddenly，?a?tall?man___________（drive）a?motorbike?took?away?a?beautiful?ladys?handbag.

（b）Suddenly，?a?tall?man?who___________（drive）a?motorbike?took?away?a?beautiful?ladys?handbag.

3.（a）The?teacher?got?into?the?office，?___________（follow）?a?group?of?students.

（b）The?teacher?got?into?the?office?and?___________（follow）a?group?of?students.

4.（a）?___________（not?know）what?to?do，?she?asked?her?friends?for?advice.

（b）She___________（not?know）what?to?do，?so?she?asked?her?friends?for?advice.

5.?Just?___________（make）the?effort?to?control?shyness?can?have?many?rewards.

6.（a）We?went?to?the?street，?bought?a?lot?of?things?and?___________（meet）?many?friends?yesterday.

（b）We?went?to?the?street，?buying?a?lot?of?things?and?___________（meet）many?friends?yesterday.

參考答案：

1.（a）written??（b）was?written??2.（a）driving??（b）was?driving??3.（a）following??（b）followed??4.（a）Not?knowing??（b）didnt?know??5.?making??6.（a）met??（b）meeting

小結(jié)：當(dāng)句中已有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞的橫線(xiàn)前又沒(méi)有連詞（并列連詞和引導(dǎo)從句的連詞），所給動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如果有連詞，那就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。注意，所給動(dòng)詞的空格前有連詞，但連接的是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所給詞也用相應(yīng)的非謂語(yǔ)形式，如上述第6題（b）句。

二、注意“連詞+非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)

請(qǐng)思考，下面給出的提示詞用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞？如果是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，是用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過(guò)去分詞？

1.（a）When?___________（complete），?the?museum?will?be?open?to?the?public?next?year.

（b）When?it?___________（complete），?the?museum?will?be?open?to?the?public?next?year.

2.（a）Scientists?think?that?warbles（鳴禽），when___________?（fly）in?daylight，?use?the?sun?for?guidance.

（b）When?he?___________（enter）?the?university?at?the?age?of?18，?he?had?learned?more?than?5，000?English?words.

3.（a）He?wont?go?to?the?party?unless?he?___________（invite）

（b）He?wont?go?to?the?party?unless___________（invite）

參考答案：

1.（a）completed??（b）is?completed??2.（a）flying??（b）entered?3.（a）is?invited??（b）invited

小結(jié)：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有時(shí)也帶連詞，但連詞與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)，即“連詞+非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”，當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)用現(xiàn)在分詞，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)用過(guò)去分詞。

強(qiáng)化練習(xí)

請(qǐng)說(shuō)出所給動(dòng)詞應(yīng)填謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞？然后用正確的形式填空。

Will?it?be?matter?if?you?dont?take?breakfast？?Recently，?a?test?was?given?in?the?USA.?Those?1_________（test）included?different?ages?from?12?to?83.?During?the?experiment?people?2_________（give）all?kinds?of?breakfast.?Special?tests?were?set?up?3_________（see）how?well?their?bodies?worked?when?they?4_________（eat）certain?kind?of?breakfast...

參考答案：1.?非謂語(yǔ);tested??2.?謂語(yǔ);were?given??3.?非謂語(yǔ)（表目的）;to?see??4.?謂語(yǔ);had?eaten

三、用現(xiàn)在分詞還是過(guò)去分詞

請(qǐng)用括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空。

1.?The?meeting?_________（hold）yesterday?is?of?great?importance.

2.?Peter?received?a?letter?just?now?_________（say）his?grandma?would?come?to?see?him?soon.

3.?The?speaker?raised?his?voice?but?still?couldnt?make?himself?_________（understand）.

4.?She?kept?us?_________（wait）here?for?an?hour.

5.?The?murderer?was?brought?in，?with?his?hands?_________（tie）behind?his?back.

6.?I?couldnt?do?my?homework?with?all?that?noise?_________（go）on.

7.?_________（turn）around，?she?saw?an?ambulance?driving?up.

8.?_________（move）by?their?speech，?I?was?at?a?loss?what?to?say.

參考答案：1.?held??2.?saying??3.?understood??4.?waiting??5.?tied??6.?going??7.?Turning??8.?Moved

小結(jié)：用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過(guò)去分詞，主要看邏輯主語(yǔ)與分詞的關(guān)系，主動(dòng)關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。邏輯主語(yǔ)如何找？

作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)是被修飾的詞。如第1題，邏輯主語(yǔ)是the?meeting，與hold（舉行）是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去分詞held;第2題，邏輯主語(yǔ)是a?letter，與say是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞saying。

作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)是賓語(yǔ)。如第3題，邏輯主語(yǔ)是himself，與understand是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，填過(guò)去分詞understood，指讓自己被別人理解;第4題的邏輯主語(yǔ)是us，與wait是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，填現(xiàn)在分詞waiting;第5題，邏輯主語(yǔ)是his?hands，與tie（捆綁）是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，填tied;第6題，邏輯主語(yǔ)是noise，與go是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，填going。

作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主句。如第7題，邏輯主語(yǔ)是she，與turn是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填turning;第8題，邏輯主語(yǔ)是Ⅰ，與move（感動(dòng)）是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填Moved。

四、分詞短語(yǔ)與從句或并列成分的轉(zhuǎn)化

請(qǐng)用分詞短語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)化下列從句或并列成分。

1.?They?sat?there?and?talked?happily.

=They?sat?there，?________?happily.

2.?When?they?heard?the?bad?news，?they?couldnt?help?crying.

=?________?the?bad?news，?they?couldnt?help?crying.（表???????）

3.?As?I?had?spent?all?night?reading?the?documents，?I?was?very?tired?the?next?day.

=?________________________?all?night?reading?the?documents，?I?was?very?tired?the?next?day.（表?????）

4.?If?I?had?been?given?a?little?more?time，?I?would?have?worked?out?the?problem.

=?_______?a?little?more?time，?I?would?have?worked?out?the?problem.（表???????）

5.?We?set?off?very?early，?so?we?arrived?there?ahead?of?time.

=?We?set?off?very?early，?________?there?ahead?of?time.（表???????）

6.?Although?they?were?tired，?they?went?on?working.

=?Although?______?，?they?went?on?working.（表???????）

答案：1.?talking表伴隨??2.?Hearing表時(shí)間??3.?Having?spent表原因??4.?Given表?xiàng)l件??5.?arriving表結(jié)果??6.?tired表讓步

五、不定式在句中的作用

動(dòng)詞不定式在句中可以做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)和目的狀語(yǔ)等。請(qǐng)指出下列各句中不定式在句中所作成分。

1.?For?you，?to?drop?out?of?school?is?a?pity.

2.?They?decided?to?have?a?rest.

3.?The?teacher?urged?his?students?to?prepare?for?the?exam.

4.?He?came?to?China?to?learn?Chinese?twenty?years?ago.

參考答案：1.?做主語(yǔ)??2.?做賓語(yǔ)??3.?做賓補(bǔ)??4.?做目的狀語(yǔ)

強(qiáng)化練習(xí)?請(qǐng)用括號(hào)中所給詞的正確形式填空，并說(shuō)明理由。

1.（2020年新高考全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）?These?days，it?is?not?unusual?for?10-to?12-year-olds?to?publish?their?own?websites?or?for?second?and?third?graders_________?（begin）computer?classes.

2.（2019年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）Modern?methods?...?have?been?employed?only?since?the?mid-1980s，?and?are?expensive?____________?（perform）consistently?over?a?large?area.

3.（2019年全國(guó)Ⅱ卷）Picking?up?her“Lifetime?Achievement”award，proud?Irene?declared?she?had?no?plans?__________（retire）from?her?36-year-old?business.

4.（2019年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷）On?our?way?to?the?house，?it?was?raining?so?hard?that?we?couldnt?help?wondering?how?long?it?would?take?__________?（get）there.

5.（2018年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）You?dont?have?to?run?fast?or?for?long?_______（see）the?benefit.

6.（2018年全國(guó)Ⅲ卷）Once?his?message?was?delivered，he?allowed?me________（stay）and?watch.

參考答案：1.?to?begin?這是its?+?adj.+?for?sb?to?do?sth句型，it為形式主語(yǔ)，for?sb?to?do?sth是真正的主語(yǔ);2.?to?perform?在形容詞后做狀語(yǔ)只能用不定式;3.?to?retire?計(jì)劃是未來(lái)的情況，用不定式;4.?to?get?這是it?takes?sb?some?time?to?do?sth句型，it為形式主語(yǔ)，to?do?sth是真正的主語(yǔ);5.?to?see?做目的狀語(yǔ)要用不定式;6.?to?stay?這是allow?sb?to?do句型，不定式做賓補(bǔ)。

“騏驥一躍，不能十步。駑馬十駕，功在不舍”，語(yǔ)言能力的提升并非一朝一夕之功，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的學(xué)習(xí)也是如此，但有目的地堅(jiān)持不懈地訓(xùn)練一定會(huì)讓我們“柳暗花明”、“一覽眾山小”的。希望本文對(duì)同學(xué)們對(duì)掌握非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有所幫助。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青