【關(guān)鍵詞】引導(dǎo)策略;閱讀教學(xué);實(shí)踐應(yīng)用
【中圖分類號(hào)】G633.4? 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼】A? 【文章編號(hào)】1005-6009(2021)45-0064-03
【作者簡介】何留鳳,江蘇省泰興市第一高級(jí)中學(xué)(江蘇泰興,225400)教師,高級(jí)教師,泰興市學(xué)科帶頭人。
A beginners guide to exercise選自譯林版牛津高中英語教材必修第二冊(cè)第二單元?;凇叭伺c社會(huì)”的主題語境,該語篇以“指南”的形式對(duì)入門級(jí)體育鍛煉者進(jìn)行指導(dǎo),語言直接明了,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單清晰,具有典型的應(yīng)用文體的語言特征。本文主要闡述教學(xué)中的引導(dǎo)策略。
1.創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,引導(dǎo)探究興趣。
讀前階段是教師滲透文本主題和激發(fā)學(xué)生閱讀興趣的階段。教師應(yīng)創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,激活學(xué)生的背景知識(shí),引導(dǎo)其發(fā)散思維,為快速進(jìn)入閱讀狀態(tài)做好準(zhǔn)備。本節(jié)課上,筆者設(shè)計(jì)了兩個(gè)導(dǎo)入活動(dòng):
Activity 1: Appreciation of a video about the tug-of-war competition.
Activity 2: Free talk.
① After the competition,I felt very tired. My bones and muscles all ached badly. Could you guess the reasons?
② What might prevent people from starting exercise?
教師以本校教師參加拔河比賽的視頻創(chuàng)設(shè)情境,極大地激發(fā)了學(xué)生的興趣。Free talk的兩個(gè)問題基于視頻提出,學(xué)生根據(jù)已有的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)暢所欲言。
基于導(dǎo)入階段的兩個(gè)活動(dòng),教師引出本節(jié)課的主題“A beginners guide to exercise”并要求學(xué)生展開預(yù)測:What might be discussed in this passage? 學(xué)生的發(fā)言非?;钴S,如:I think it will talk about the benefits of exercise. / I assume it will offer some tips on making an exercise plan./ It is supposed to advise us on what to eat and what to wear for exercise. 至此,教師通過讀前活動(dòng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生完成了對(duì)文本內(nèi)容的預(yù)測,并形成了閱讀期待。
2.解讀語篇,引導(dǎo)技能習(xí)得。
閱讀是一個(gè)信息解碼的過程,在這個(gè)過程中,閱讀者與文本不斷進(jìn)行對(duì)話和協(xié)商,教師需要設(shè)計(jì)多個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)和理解活動(dòng),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生解讀文本、挖掘內(nèi)涵,進(jìn)行有意義的建構(gòu)。
教師首先要求學(xué)生快速瀏覽文本以了解其結(jié)構(gòu),并引導(dǎo)學(xué)生歸納出指南類文體的行文特征之一:Using subtitles to organize the contents.接著,教師對(duì)文本進(jìn)行了四個(gè)小節(jié)的分塊解讀。
(1)學(xué)生閱讀第一小節(jié)并完成圖1內(nèi)容的填寫:
在完成內(nèi)容填寫的基礎(chǔ)上,教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生總結(jié)出指南類文體的行文特征之二:Using examples to prove an argument.
(2)學(xué)生閱讀文章的第二小節(jié),并回答兩個(gè)問題:a.What three types of exercise are mentioned in this paragraph? b.As a beginner to exercise,I dont know how to improve my muscle strength. What suggestions can you give me?
(3)學(xué)生閱讀文章的第三小節(jié),并完成下列任務(wù):
a. Fill in the chart.
b.I hope to repair my muscles after exercise. What do you advise me to eat?
(4)學(xué)生閱讀文章的第四小節(jié),并回答問題:After the tug-of-war competition,my bones and muscles all ached badly.What do you advise me to do before exercise and after exercise?
其中值得一提的是,(2)(3)兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中的問題b和環(huán)節(jié)(4)中的問題都是對(duì)學(xué)生應(yīng)用文本知識(shí)解決實(shí)際問題的能力的考查,學(xué)生不僅要從文本中提取有用的信息,而且要用相關(guān)的知識(shí)解決問題并用恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z言將其表達(dá)出來。
3.語言賞析,引導(dǎo)思維提升。
為了讓學(xué)生清楚地了解指南類文本的語言風(fēng)格,教師設(shè)計(jì)了以下活動(dòng):
Activity 1: How do you feel about the underlined parts in the sentences?
①It has also been proven that active people tend to have better immune systems.
②Above all,choose activities you enjoy because,in this way,youre more likely to stick with them.
③ In general,you should have your meal an average of 1.5 to 2.5 hours before exercising.
Activity 2: Read the beginning and ending of the passage and try to find the characteristics of the language used.
Beginning:You want to start doing exercise?Congratulations!You have just taken your first step.
Ending: So,now you know the benefits of exercise and how to do it safely and effectively. What are you waiting for?
通過第一個(gè)活動(dòng),教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生總結(jié)出指南類文本的語言特征之三:Using cautious language to avoid overgeneralizing.在第二個(gè)活動(dòng)中,教師不僅要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注語言,還要關(guān)注標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用,進(jìn)而總結(jié)指南類文本的語言特征之四:Using persuasive language to encourage readers.
對(duì)語言的賞析是學(xué)生內(nèi)化目標(biāo)語言不可或缺的催化劑,是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從“知其然”到“知其所以然”的過程,在思維的提升中讓語言的工具性和人文性達(dá)到和諧統(tǒng)一。
4.應(yīng)用實(shí)踐,引導(dǎo)遷移創(chuàng)新。
閱讀教學(xué)中,僅僅靠語言輸入是不可能形成綜合語言運(yùn)用能力的,還需要通過口頭和書面表達(dá)來檢驗(yàn)、促進(jìn)語言的吸收和思維能力的發(fā)展。教師設(shè)計(jì)了以下兩個(gè)教學(xué)活動(dòng):
Activity 1: Discuss the following question and try to form a passage.
Do you think exercises can help build up your body or get over negative feelings?Back up your opinion with your own experiences.
讓學(xué)生討論鍛煉對(duì)身體和精神健康帶來的好處,并用親身經(jīng)歷給自己的觀點(diǎn)提供支撐,旨在讓學(xué)生在文本內(nèi)容與生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)之間建立聯(lián)系。這是一個(gè)將經(jīng)驗(yàn)與文本進(jìn)一步融合的過程,學(xué)生聯(lián)系實(shí)際進(jìn)行思考,理性表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。
Activity 2:Try to work out your own exercise plan,using the techniques learned in the text.
本環(huán)節(jié)要求學(xué)生制訂自己的鍛煉計(jì)劃,旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生概括出結(jié)構(gòu)化知識(shí),并嘗試使用和內(nèi)化所學(xué)語言和信息,加深對(duì)主題意義的理解。教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生從what sports to choose,what food to eat,what to wear以及how to avoid injury入手建構(gòu)語篇,學(xué)生將在閱讀中獲得的信息、技能、策略等遷移應(yīng)用到新的情境,進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性地表達(dá),從而在有意義的表達(dá)中實(shí)現(xiàn)語言能力和思維品質(zhì)的融合發(fā)展。
英語閱讀教學(xué)是發(fā)展學(xué)生閱讀素養(yǎng)和核心素養(yǎng)的重要場域,教師要基于主題意義、文本內(nèi)容、語篇知識(shí)等方面設(shè)計(jì)閱讀活動(dòng),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生解讀文本、賞析語言、習(xí)得技能并進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新表達(dá)。在此過程中,學(xué)生不僅能從語篇中獲得信息,還能應(yīng)用其解決問題,思維也得到從低階向高階的發(fā)展。