新課標(biāo)、新高考、新教材背景下教育質(zhì)量檢測(cè)工具的跨區(qū)域研發(fā)項(xiàng)目成果展示

黑龍江 王 瑩 河北 李 燕

【閱讀理解】

Older adults often suffer from mild cognitive impairment（MCI）（輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙）.It is defined as the stage between cognitive decline that comes naturally with aging and the more serious decline in brain performance（dementia）（癡呆）.MCI affects many aspects of cognition,such as memory,language,judgment and thinking.

Modern treatments for MCI and dementia involve mostly medications that are yet to be proven effective.But there are natural ways for individuals with MCI to improve their condition.Cognitive training,for instance,can help them develop their remaining cognitive skills.Improving their cardiovascular fitness can also lower their risk of further brain damage caused by blockage of blood vessels.

But in a recent study,researchers at RMIT University in Australia found yet another way to boost cognitive function without using modern medications.By evaluating clinical evidence presented by multiple studies,the researchers found that traditional Chinese medicines（TCM）can cause positive changes in the brains of adults with MCI.They reported their findings in an article published in The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment（MoCA）is a sensitive measure used to evaluate changes in cognitive function.MoCA is often used to test the effects of TCM on people with MCI.The researchers selected a total of 19 studies,16 of which contributed to data analyses.Three studies were placebocontrolled（安慰劑對(duì)照）,while nine compared a TCM herb with conventional medication.Three studies combined a TCM with a modern drug,and one study combined a known TCM with cognitive training.In two of the placebo-controlled studies,which lasted for 24 weeks,TCM herbs produced favorable results at the end of treatment.Overall,results suggested that certain TCM formulations can improve MoCA scores by 1.76 to 2.34 points.

Based on these findings,the researchers concluded that TCM herbs,owing to their active components,can improve cognitive function in people with MCI.

1.What’s the main reason why the elderly suffer from MCI?

A.Mental decline. B.Aging.

C.Cancer. D.Hearing loss.

2.Which is the natural way to improve MCI in the elderly?

A.Cognitive training.

B.Traditional Chinese medicines.

C.TCM with cognitive training.

D.The Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

3.What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 4?

A.Describe the function of TCM.

B.Prove the effectiveness of TCM.

C.Point out the importance of TCM.

D.Show the history of TCM.

4.What can be the best title for the text?

A.How to Treat Dementia Effectively

B.Effective Ways to Treat MCI and Dementia

C.TCM Can Improve Memory and Cognition

D.Modern Treatments Can Cure MCI and Dementia

一、答案及解析

【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了中藥可以改善輕度認(rèn)知障礙患者的認(rèn)知功能。

1.B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段第二句“It is defined as the stage between cognitive decline that comes naturally with aging and the more serious decline in brain performance（dementia）（癡呆）.”可知，老齡化是老年人患上輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙的主要原因。故選B。

2.A 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第二、三句“But there are natural ways for individuals with MCI to improve their condition.Cognitive training,for instance,can help them develop their remaining cognitive skills.”可知，認(rèn)知訓(xùn)練是一種可以改善老年人輕度認(rèn)知障礙的自然方法。故選A。

3.B 推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容尤其是最后一句“Overall,results suggested that certain TCM formulations can improve MoCA scores by 1.76 to 2.34 points.”可知，作者介紹第四段的內(nèi)容是為了證明中藥的有效性。故選B。

4.C 標(biāo)題概括題。

【解題思路】通讀全文尤其是根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹了中藥可以改善輕度認(rèn)知障礙患者的認(rèn)知功能。故選C。

二、命題依據(jù)

【學(xué)科型專業(yè)依據(jù)】本題與2020 年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷Ⅰ閱讀理解D 篇的體裁、語(yǔ)篇類型一致，命題角度和考查知識(shí)點(diǎn)等接近。說(shuō)明文閱讀為高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的必考體裁，人與自然的素材話題為高考英語(yǔ)高頻話題。

【教育測(cè)量學(xué)依據(jù)】本題以黑龍江省齊齊哈爾市依安縣第一中學(xué)高三年級(jí)學(xué)生為測(cè)試樣本，難度系數(shù)為0.6，符合高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解題的難度要求。

【教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)型依據(jù)】

三、命題意圖

【考查意圖】本語(yǔ)篇的預(yù)設(shè)難度為中等，出題角度多樣，包含2 道細(xì)節(jié)理解題、1 道推理判斷題和1 道標(biāo)題概括題。主要考查考生通過(guò)閱讀文章獲取某些特定的信息，理解文中具體信息，做出判斷和推理，理解主旨要義。本題的設(shè)誤點(diǎn)為老年人產(chǎn)生輕度認(rèn)知障礙的具體信息間的互相干擾，如老年人產(chǎn)生輕度認(rèn)知障礙的原因、改善老年人輕度認(rèn)知障礙的自然方法及可能有限的藥物治療措施等。

（作者單位：黑龍江省齊齊哈爾市依安縣第一中學(xué)）

【“七選五”】

Studies have shown that children who grow up in the care and guidance of their fathers are more sympathetic and have greater control over their lives.1 Here are some valuable lessons you,as a father,can teach your son:

Develop the strength to face life.Life won’t always be easy.2 The pressures to succeed at work,support the family,etc.will not be easy to handle without proper guidance.So your son can take all the advice you can offer.Also help your son build self-confidence early in life.Remind him that while it is okay to fail,it is not okay to give up.

Teach him what is right.Sometimes the wrong path looks profitable but can lead you to the bottom quickly.So teach yourson to choose the right path no matter how hard things get.Model for him the power of honesty and share your personal experiences.3

Teach him the importance of family.If you have always put your family first,and are consistently there for them,you are teaching your son the importance of family.4 Teach him the importance of spending quality time with family.

5 Your son could face several dilemmas in life.So teach him not to be afraid to take the road less traveled.For example,you could be a baseball player,and your son might be into the arts.Rather than forcing him to do something you like,give your support and encourage him to pursue his passion.

A.Confirm his choices.

B.Provide your choices.

C.There are challenges boys have to face when they grow up.

D.They also tend to do better in school and have more motivation.

E.Make sure to offer encouragement when he makes correct decisions.

F.He will learn to respect the women and build his healthy future family.

G.Your son will adopt many of your attitudes about how to lead a family.

一、答案及解析

【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了父子關(guān)系的重要性以及父親可以教給兒子的一些寶貴的人生經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

1.D 邏輯關(guān)系題。

【解題思路】本題考查考生理解上下文，建立段內(nèi)連貫語(yǔ)義的能力?？崭袂疤岬健把芯勘砻?，在父親的關(guān)愛和指導(dǎo)下長(zhǎng)大的孩子更富有同情心，對(duì)生活的掌控力更強(qiáng)”，是在說(shuō)明父親參與孩子的成長(zhǎng)的好處，D 選項(xiàng)“他們往往在學(xué)校也表現(xiàn)得更好，并且更有動(dòng)力”能夠承接此句。故選D。

2.C 邏輯關(guān)系題。

【解題思路】本題考查考生理解段落主旨和識(shí)別句間關(guān)鍵信息的能力。本段的主旨是培養(yǎng)面對(duì)生活的勇氣，段落結(jié)構(gòu)是先列出困難，后提出建議。本空設(shè)在第二段第三句，應(yīng)該起承上啟下的作用?？崭袂耙痪湔f(shuō)生活不易，后一句列出了孩子長(zhǎng)大后所面臨的事業(yè)和家庭等方面的壓力，C 選項(xiàng)“男孩長(zhǎng)大后會(huì)面對(duì)諸多挑戰(zhàn)”符合此處語(yǔ)境。故選C。

3.E 邏輯關(guān)系題。

【解題思路】本題考查考生理解段落主題和支撐主題的具體信息的能力。本段的主題是教會(huì)他判斷什么是對(duì)的，強(qiáng)調(diào)無(wú)論遇到多少困難，父親都要教兒子選擇正確的道路。本空設(shè)在段尾，應(yīng)承接主題，E 項(xiàng)中的correct（正確的）一詞和主題句中的right 為同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，且E 選項(xiàng)“務(wù)必在他做出正確的決定時(shí)給予鼓勵(lì)”為前文提供了信息的支撐。故選E。

4.G 邏輯關(guān)系題。

【解題思路】本題考查考生理解段落主旨和識(shí)別句間關(guān)鍵信息的能力。本段的主旨是教導(dǎo)他家庭的重要性，強(qiáng)調(diào)如果父親一直將家庭放在首位，那么他就是正在教導(dǎo)兒子家庭的重要性。G 選項(xiàng)“您的兒子如何領(lǐng)導(dǎo)家庭會(huì)受到父親許多態(tài)度方面的影響”符合本段主旨，且G 項(xiàng)中的family 為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，是解題的關(guān)鍵詞。故選G。

5.A 主旨大意題。

【解題思路】本題考查考生概括段落大意和把握段內(nèi)銜接關(guān)系的能力。本空設(shè)在段首句的位置，考查本段 的主旨大意。根據(jù)上文段首句的格式可知，本題答案會(huì)在A 項(xiàng)和B 項(xiàng)中產(chǎn)生。后文提到“您的兒子在生活中可能會(huì)面臨一些難題。因此，教導(dǎo)他不要害怕走少有人走的路。例如，您可能是棒球選手，而您的兒子可能是藝術(shù)愛好者。與其強(qiáng)迫他做您喜歡的事情，不如鼓勵(lì)、支持他追求自己的熱衷之事”。所以，A 選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)可他的選擇”符合題意。故選A。

二、命題依據(jù)

【學(xué)科型專業(yè)依據(jù)】本題與2020 年7 月高考英語(yǔ)浙江卷“七選五”的題材一致，體裁和語(yǔ)篇類型與2020 年新高考Ⅰ卷（供山東省使用）“七選五”一致，命題角度和考查能力等也基本與這兩套試卷接近。本語(yǔ)篇的主題語(yǔ)境為“人與自我”，家庭教育中的親子關(guān)系也是歷年高考英語(yǔ)的熱點(diǎn)話題。

文本詞數(shù)248，選項(xiàng)詞數(shù)66，總共314 詞，基本符合高考英語(yǔ)“七選五”300 左右詞匯的要求。

【教育測(cè)量學(xué)依據(jù)】本題以河北省張家口東方中學(xué)高三年級(jí)學(xué)生為測(cè)試樣本，難度系數(shù)為0.63，符合高考英語(yǔ)“七選五”題型的難度要求。

【教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)型依據(jù)】

三、命題意圖

【考查意圖】本語(yǔ)篇的預(yù)設(shè)難度為中等，出題角度多樣，其中包括考查段首句一處，段中句三處，段尾句一處。主要考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)的整體理解能力、對(duì)上下文邏輯關(guān)系的把握能力和對(duì)話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記建立連貫性語(yǔ)篇的識(shí)別能力。這對(duì)考生的語(yǔ)篇理解能力提出了更高層次的要求，即考生在保證閱讀速度的前提下，要快速地對(duì)所讀文章的主旨和邏輯關(guān)系有所了解，尤其要注意文章的語(yǔ)義連貫性，并使用各種閱讀策略將鎖定的選項(xiàng)回填到文本中，準(zhǔn)確地選出答案。本題的設(shè)誤點(diǎn)為識(shí)別句子強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)不同和句間邏輯的互相干擾，如是“認(rèn)可兒子的選擇”還是“提供父親自己的選擇”，以及“父親教導(dǎo)兒子家庭的重要性”和“兒子受父親對(duì)家庭的態(tài)度的影響”等具體信息之間的互相干擾。