以人為本的可持續(xù)發(fā)展：丹麥奧爾胡斯公共圖書館館長訪談

訪談對象：瑪麗·奧斯特加德（Marie Oestergaard），丹麥奧爾胡斯公共圖書館和Dokk1館長。她從2001年開始圖書館職業(yè)生涯，2017年起擔(dān)任現(xiàn)職，負(fù)責(zé)Dokk1（主圖書館）和18個分館的監(jiān)管工作。2005—2015年，瑪麗是Dokk1建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的負(fù)責(zé)人。她也是Next Library這一高度互動型國際會議的共同創(chuàng)始人。她廣泛參與了世界各地關(guān)于圖書館發(fā)展、宣傳和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的國際對話和合作，是PL2030①董事會主席，ALA商業(yè)咨詢小組的成員，并在丹麥圖書館館長協(xié)會（Danish Association of Library Directors）和丹麥國家數(shù)字圖書館協(xié)會（Danish National Association of Digital Library）任職。

本刊：新冠疫情對我們的工作和生活都造成了很大的影響，您和您的圖書館是如何應(yīng)對疫情的挑戰(zhàn)的？您覺得新冠疫情是否催化了公共圖書館在某些方面的轉(zhuǎn)型？

瑪麗·奧斯特加德：由于新冠疫情的影響，我們關(guān)閉了圖書館，這可能是50多年來奧爾胡斯的公共圖書館首次關(guān)閉。關(guān)閉圖書館在全球的大部分地區(qū)都是一件不經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事。因此，我們幾乎沒有可以遵循的先例。我們每個人都只能居家辦公。幸運(yùn)的是，丹麥的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)普及率非常高，所以人們還是可以在家里工作并保持聯(lián)系。

很快我們就意識到，我們需要嘗試為市民提供新形式的服務(wù)，那就是在線服務(wù)和在線活動。在這方面，不論是市民還是我們的工作人員都沒有特別的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

在奧爾胡斯，我們多年來一直采用設(shè)計思維的方法來開發(fā)新服務(wù)。我們也將這一方法應(yīng)用到了應(yīng)對新冠疫情的挑戰(zhàn)中——通過原型設(shè)計，測試，與市民在線交流獲取反饋，最終開發(fā)出適合在線訪問的新服務(wù)。我們尤其關(guān)注我們稱之為的“關(guān)系圖書館”——通過圖書館的活動和項(xiàng)目，在線上幫助人們建立聯(lián)系并創(chuàng)建社區(qū)，尤其是針對那些以前不習(xí)慣在線會面或者學(xué)習(xí)的人。

這一年來，我們?yōu)椴煌娜巳洪_發(fā)了許多新的活動和項(xiàng)目：面向孤獨(dú)的老年群體的、面向年輕人的、以及面向兒童的創(chuàng)客活動等。我們還將現(xiàn)有的一些線下活動轉(zhuǎn)換成了線上的形式，比如作家工作坊、編織小組、閱讀小組等。圖書館重新開放之后，其中的許多項(xiàng)目還將繼續(xù)推出線上服務(wù)，因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)看到，與線下活動相比，線上活動可以接觸到不一樣的目標(biāo)人群，建立起不同人群間更廣泛的連接。另外一些活動會回歸到線下，因?yàn)槲覀冋J(rèn)為這些活動在線下的效果會更好。我們會繼續(xù)同步推動這兩種活動形式的開發(fā)，包括線上線下融合的形式（我的一個同事稱之為“物理數(shù)字化”）。我們計劃在今年6月舉辦一個大型的文學(xué)節(jié)——LiteratureXchange——這一項(xiàng)目就將以線上線下相結(jié)合的方式進(jìn)行，在奧爾胡斯舉行線下的對話和研討活動，外國作家以線上的方式參與其中。

在電子書借閱方面，過去一年的借閱量呈現(xiàn)出了飛躍式的增長。丹麥數(shù)字公共圖書館協(xié)會是丹麥的國家數(shù)字圖書館，由多家圖書館共同運(yùn)作。這意味著無論你身處何處，都可以訪問圖書館的電子書和數(shù)字資源。在圖書館關(guān)閉期間，電子書的借閱量激增，這一點(diǎn)也不奇怪，但更有趣的現(xiàn)象是，在圖書館重新開放后，電子書的借閱數(shù)量仍然保持高位。這些數(shù)字告訴我們，越來越多的人在繼續(xù)借閱實(shí)體資源的同時已經(jīng)開始有了借閱數(shù)字資源的習(xí)慣。很大程度上，COVID-19 成為了人們更廣泛接受電子資源的推動力——這是圖書館多年來一直試圖在做的事。因此，我們必須重新考慮我們的資源采購預(yù)算，確保購買的電子書可以滿足用戶的需求。

瑪麗·奧斯特加德

本刊：丹麥圖書館和信息科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的專家曾經(jīng)引入了一個由靈感空間、學(xué)習(xí)空間、聚會空間和表演空間四個不同的重疊“空間”組成的模型（見圖1），來描述公共圖書館從以收藏為主的空間向更加活躍的體驗(yàn)和靈感空間以及當(dāng)?shù)亟粎R點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了未來圖書館體驗(yàn)、參與、賦能、創(chuàng)新四個方面的目標(biāo)，您是怎么理解這一模型的？從現(xiàn)在的觀點(diǎn)來看，這一模型仍然適用嗎？

圖1 丹麥圖書情報學(xué)家設(shè)計的公共圖書館理想模型

瑪麗·奧斯特加德：我們相信，四個空間的模型仍然具有重要意義。它既是圖書館物理空間建設(shè)和服務(wù)的指南，也是思考我們?nèi)绾螢楣娊M織服務(wù)、如何圍繞這一模型構(gòu)建自身以及我們的機(jī)構(gòu)需要具備哪些能力的重要工具。它反映了圖書館的品牌建設(shè)、能力發(fā)展、空間構(gòu)建和項(xiàng)目設(shè)計。最重要的是，它強(qiáng)調(diào)了以市民為中心保持圖書館作為一個活躍空間的重要性——人是圖書館的關(guān)鍵組成部分，我們必須確保創(chuàng)造條件并建立框架來支持這一點(diǎn)。

本刊：Dokk1是一座非常有特點(diǎn)的圖書館，曾經(jīng)獲得國際圖聯(lián)2016年度最佳公共圖書館獎，被譽(yù)為是“一座真正的未來圖書館”，您覺得在空間設(shè)計上，這種未來性主要體現(xiàn)在哪些方面？開放性和多功能性是它最重要的特點(diǎn)之一嗎？

瑪麗·奧斯特加德：在Dokk1的空間設(shè)計中，最重要的一個方面是空間與人融合的尺度問題。圖書館是我們社會中唯一一個可以跨越性別、年齡、政治或宗教信仰、社會背景以及經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的非商業(yè)空間，我們希望我們的圖書館可以完美地呈現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)。或許你可以把它想象成一個古老的鄉(xiāng)村廣場，只是上面有個屋頂。我們相信圖書館是一個民主的空間，它的空間設(shè)計和服務(wù)應(yīng)該能夠促進(jìn)社會公平、擁抱多樣性并激發(fā)凝聚力。為此，我們需要一個高度多元化的空間來滿足不同類型的需求，在這里，你可以一個人獨(dú)處，或者跟其他人聚在一起——甚至這些人是你不認(rèn)識的。圖書館必須提供這樣的空間，它讓我們感到足夠安全，可以與那些可能與我們持有不同觀點(diǎn)的人會面，讓我們勇于探索。

空間設(shè)計中的人性化尺度很難言述。但我相信，一旦身處一個環(huán)境中，你就能感受到那是什么。圖書館空間必須要讓人有呼吸和活動的自由。建筑雖然很大，但不能讓處于建筑中的人有渺小的感覺。它不應(yīng)該只是讓人敬畏，而要能給人輕松的感受，讓人有愿意進(jìn)來并且長時間待在這里的沖動。

在設(shè)計公共圖書館時，我們的首要任務(wù)是確保市民知道圖書館是他們的空間，而不是屬于圖書館的空間。因此，空間設(shè)計必須讓市民感到他們可以棲息于此，可以擁有、觸摸和使用其中的一切，而不需要征得允許或者擔(dān)心違反規(guī)定?？臻g設(shè)計必須傳達(dá)空間的意圖，易于調(diào)整，以方便人們自己使用。

Dokk1開放式的空間設(shè)計，建筑內(nèi)眾多不同類型的空間和環(huán)境，以及沒有使用規(guī)則限制的充分自由，不僅可以讓人們感到舒適和安全，也使人們更容易對彼此以及對圖書館內(nèi)發(fā)生的事產(chǎn)生好奇。通過這樣的方式，人們會更樂于分享、愿意參加和深度參與，從而成為 Dokk1社區(qū)情感的一部分。

本刊：在丹麥圖書館的未來規(guī)劃中，提到要把數(shù)字化發(fā)展作為重中之重，并且不斷地與時俱進(jìn)。Dokk1在這方面做了哪些工作？未來的重點(diǎn)將會放在哪些方面？

瑪麗·奧斯特加德：在Dokk1中，人永遠(yuǎn)是第一位的。所有技術(shù)的使用都是為了讓人們能夠更好地訪問信息、獲得個性化體驗(yàn)以及擁有在技術(shù)世界中表達(dá)自己和把握方向的能力。我認(rèn)為可以將Dokk1中的技術(shù)應(yīng)用大致分為三類：效率、表達(dá)和探索。

在效率方面，我們正在使用多種技術(shù)來改善訪問并提供自助服務(wù)。通過智能館藏系統(tǒng)、嵌入式導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、基于應(yīng)用程序的圖書館系統(tǒng)和自動化自助服務(wù)解決方案，圖書館的所有業(yè)務(wù)都實(shí)現(xiàn)了數(shù)字化和自動化。在不違反個人數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)規(guī)則的前提下，不斷完善這些解決方案并利用數(shù)據(jù)來改善用戶體驗(yàn)，將會是我們持續(xù)關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)。

我們正在進(jìn)一步開發(fā)基于丹麥數(shù)字公共圖書館協(xié)會的電子書借閱平臺。下一步是為兒童創(chuàng)建一個平臺，在這個平臺上，孩子們可以通過應(yīng)用程序直接訪問和當(dāng)?shù)貓D書館處于同一級別水平的電子書和實(shí)體書。數(shù)字圖書館和實(shí)體圖書館之間的無縫鏈接將會是未來關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)。

不論是現(xiàn)在還是未來，表達(dá)的數(shù)字化呈現(xiàn)都將是一個強(qiáng)大的發(fā)展領(lǐng)域。我們需要通過各種技術(shù)提高人們在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上和物理空間中表達(dá)自己的可能性。我們正在開發(fā)基于新技術(shù)的在線公民身份系統(tǒng)，用戶可以在同一平臺上以數(shù)字和物理的方式參與。我們專注于如何將實(shí)體圖書館中的體驗(yàn)以無縫的方式在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上全面呈現(xiàn)。在Dokk1，市民可以訪問建筑物周圍的屏幕。如果您在Instagram上#Dokk1，您的帖子或圖片就會在屏幕上出現(xiàn)。這是一種讓人們分享經(jīng)驗(yàn)的方式。但我們希望能更進(jìn)一步，讓數(shù)字參與也有可能影響社會決策，或者成為一種能夠提供更多接觸彼此的機(jī)會并創(chuàng)建小型興趣社區(qū)的方式。

通過數(shù)字開發(fā)來支持和鼓勵探索也是我們投入大量精力的一個領(lǐng)域。這非常具有實(shí)驗(yàn)意義，我們勇于嘗試使用新的方法將現(xiàn)有技術(shù)應(yīng)用到圖書館領(lǐng)域中，也愿意深入研究那些我們尚不知道會在圖書館環(huán)境中產(chǎn)生哪些相關(guān)性的新技術(shù)。我們看到了這些技術(shù)如何成為連接人和人、連接人和知識以及激發(fā)好奇心和改變?nèi)藗冃袨榈墓ぞ?。例如，?dāng)孩子們進(jìn)入我們的互動學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)游戲時，他們需要彼此間更高的關(guān)注度，并且能夠在不用語言交流的情況下一起工作；或者我們可以使用增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)，激發(fā)人們對一些影響了他們生活的特定氣候問題的關(guān)注。好奇心、實(shí)驗(yàn)和探索的沖動可以幫助成人，也可以幫助兒童，以他們自己的方式嘗試新的發(fā)現(xiàn)和體驗(yàn)，并且學(xué)習(xí)新的技術(shù)。我堅(jiān)信，作為圖書館，我們必須始終堅(jiān)持對這些技術(shù)的開發(fā)試驗(yàn)，推動數(shù)字化發(fā)展，研究如何將它們嵌入并應(yīng)用在圖書館中，即使它們最初是為其他目的而開發(fā)的。

本刊：虛假信息泛濫是當(dāng)下社會非常嚴(yán)重的一個問題，我們看到Dokk1最近也有在舉辦“玻璃屋”展覽，針對這一問題，您覺得可行的解決方案是什么？公共圖書館應(yīng)該或者可以做些什么工作？

瑪麗·奧斯特加德：我認(rèn)為加強(qiáng)人們的媒體素養(yǎng)是圖書館目前最重要的任務(wù)之一。在我們的社交和職業(yè)生活中，大量使用的各種媒體和數(shù)據(jù)扮演了重要的角色，這要求現(xiàn)代社會中的我們必須理解和掌握算法、虛假信息、數(shù)據(jù)、監(jiān)視等，它們影響了我們的選擇和信仰。這不僅僅是一個告訴人們這意味著什么的問題——我們必須確保每個人都有能力做出自己知情的選擇。讓人們免費(fèi)平等地獲取信息和學(xué)習(xí)是圖書館的一貫宗旨，在提升公眾媒體素養(yǎng)方面，我們也應(yīng)該秉持同樣的原則。在Dokk1，我們已經(jīng)圍繞這個主題工作了三年，我們對員工和市民開展培訓(xùn)，使其成為圖書館學(xué)習(xí)和辯論項(xiàng)目的一部分。在我們開發(fā)的“數(shù)據(jù)民主”項(xiàng)目中，我們嘗試了多種方法，使數(shù)據(jù)和媒體素養(yǎng)成為兒童和成人圖書館服務(wù)和活動的一個組成部分。我們還在嘗試將媒體素養(yǎng)融入我們的創(chuàng)客活動中，我們正在Dokk1建立IRIS——一個面向兒童的新媒體學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，在那里他們可以學(xué)習(xí)并掌握多種不同類型的媒體制作方法，并了解其背后的系統(tǒng)。作為大型STEAM 項(xiàng)目（科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程、藝術(shù)、數(shù)學(xué)）的一部分，它創(chuàng)新了一種更好的學(xué)習(xí)和生產(chǎn)技能培訓(xùn)方法。

本刊：丹麥?zhǔn)且粋€非常重視教育的國家，為人類貢獻(xiàn)了不少著名科學(xué)家。在丹麥的教育體系中，公共圖書館承擔(dān)了怎樣的角色？公共圖書館應(yīng)該怎樣保持其作為終身學(xué)習(xí)社區(qū)的功能和社會發(fā)展的同步？

瑪麗·奧斯特加德：圖書館的作用可能因國家/地區(qū)而異，這取決于不同的教育制度。在丹麥，圖書館關(guān)注非正式教育，并幫助有共同興趣的人建立聯(lián)系，以便他們可以互相學(xué)習(xí)并相互啟發(fā)。

我們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為圖書館不屬于正規(guī)教育體系，而是屬于基于學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展愿望的終身學(xué)習(xí)體系。它讓每個公民都有機(jī)會在他們的生活和他們熱愛的領(lǐng)域中成長并保持競爭力。有些人來圖書館是為了學(xué)習(xí)更多特定的知識，但更多的人需要圖書館在更廣泛的層面上以一種更有趣的方式來滿足他們對知識的好奇心。一個全國性的例子是，丹麥所有圖書館的館長共同制定了一項(xiàng)戰(zhàn)略協(xié)議，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注兒童的閱讀興趣。孩子們在學(xué)校里學(xué)習(xí)閱讀的技能，但所有的研究都表明，學(xué)校教育并不足以讓他們愛上閱讀或者成為一個具有良好閱讀能力的人。這就是需要圖書館介入的地方。我們必須更多地關(guān)注如何激發(fā)孩子們自己的閱讀興趣——這種興趣與正式的技能或課程無關(guān)，而是著眼于喚醒孩子的好奇心和閱讀熱情。他們想閱讀是因?yàn)殚喿x這件事本身很有趣，而不是其他原因。這完全不等同于把孩子們放在一張擺了書的桌子面前，我們需要一些其他的方法。

兒童和成年人并沒有什么不同，在所有的這些領(lǐng)域，圖書館都必須研究如何激發(fā)他們的好奇心和渴望去學(xué)習(xí)并探索更多知識的熱情。圖書館需要鼓舞人心。

本刊：Dokk1提供有一系列的公民服務(wù)，包括信息和指南、健康保險、護(hù)照、駕照、婚禮以及為其他數(shù)字資助服務(wù)提供幫助等，在為弱勢群體和多元人群服務(wù)方面，Dokk1還有哪些具體舉措？

瑪麗·奧斯特加德：我們與負(fù)責(zé)弱勢群體事務(wù)的市政部門以及奧爾胡斯和丹麥關(guān)注弱勢群體工作的專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)建立了牢固的合作伙伴關(guān)系。圖書館是服務(wù)每個人的，我們知道某些人群在使用圖書館時會存在障礙，所以我們需要打破這些障礙。困難之一是，直接處理某一類弱勢人群的服務(wù)問題可能會造成給其打上特定烙印的污名化風(fēng)險。因此，我們始終堅(jiān)持與優(yōu)秀的社會機(jī)構(gòu)合作，他們會指導(dǎo)我們?nèi)绾胃玫靥幚硖厥馊巳旱姆?wù)問題，并且確保始終將重點(diǎn)放在內(nèi)容上。我們致力于服務(wù)那些孤獨(dú)的人群——無論是年輕的還是年老的、具有閱讀障礙的還是心理脆弱的。當(dāng)然，我們還要確保我們的圖書館不論在身體上還是心理上都是親切的、易于接近的。

無論是對弱勢人群還是多元人群的關(guān)注，我們都希望確保我們的活動和項(xiàng)目可以反映社會的多樣性，因?yàn)樽尭黝惾巳憾寄軌虮豢吹绞且患饬x重大的事。我們相信圖書館應(yīng)該是一個你可以去了解各種問題的地方，比如精神疾病、結(jié)構(gòu)性種族主義、性別問題等。在這里，你可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)其他人正在為和你一樣的問題苦苦掙扎，但更重要的是，這是一個安全和包容的環(huán)境，在圖書館你可以做自己，并且遇到和你相似的人。

本刊：丹麥?zhǔn)鞘澜缟献罹哂袆?chuàng)造力的國家之一，奧爾胡斯公共圖書館可以說也是一個以創(chuàng)新為己任的公共圖書館，創(chuàng)造了非常靈活開放的“next library”會議形式，鼓勵圖書館員的互動和知識共享，不斷突破邊界并做出改變，以支持下一個世紀(jì)的學(xué)習(xí)。您覺得未來圖書館員最重要的素養(yǎng)是什么？我們又應(yīng)該以怎樣的形式來培育面向未來的、更加靈活的圖書館員，建立公共圖書館的未來領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力量？

瑪麗·奧斯特加德：這些年來，我們越來越明顯地感受到，在像Dokk1這樣的公共圖書館工作，更需要的是全面的工作能力，而不是基于某一特定專業(yè)的教育。

當(dāng)然，要成為圖書館需要的人，員工的多樣性也是必不可少的。好奇心、開放性、愿意嘗試并且不害怕失敗等品質(zhì)，以及對世界的人文主義的態(tài)度，是當(dāng)今圖書館員必備的素質(zhì)。

在奧爾胡斯，我們在服務(wù)、建筑設(shè)計以及新理念的開發(fā)方面都大量運(yùn)用了設(shè)計思維。要成為一名出色的設(shè)計思維者，需要能夠傾聽、觀察、反思和分析，并且要敢于在不確定是否有效的情況下進(jìn)行嘗試。這些可能是你在與人合作或者探索創(chuàng)新時需要擁有的一些最重要的技能。這也意味著圖書館員需要有勇氣和好奇心去做決定，并且去做自己想做的事。這同樣需要愿意鼓勵這種精神的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層。它要求組織中突破等級觀念，有明確的組織文化，在這種文化中，如果你嘗試但是失敗了，你的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)還是會支持你。這并不像聽起來那么容易。但越來越明顯的是，做不到這一點(diǎn)，就不會有創(chuàng)新，我們只會因?yàn)楹ε率《磺啊?/p>

員工是我們對圖書館最重要的投資。作為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，我們需要能夠提供給他們繼續(xù)發(fā)展?jié)撃艿臋C(jī)會，考驗(yàn)他們的能力，幫助他們從周圍的世界中獲得靈感。我們應(yīng)該始終歡迎比我們更聰明、更有經(jīng)驗(yàn)或更靈活的員工，并鼓勵他們有勇氣挑戰(zhàn)他們的界限。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者同樣也需要傾聽、反思和分析。

本刊：Dokk1中有非常多的藝術(shù)品，為什么考慮將這些藝術(shù)品放置在公共圖書館空間中？這些藝術(shù)品和公共圖書館服務(wù)之間是怎樣的關(guān)系？

瑪麗·奧斯特加德：藝術(shù)是Dokk1建筑項(xiàng)目的一部分。在丹麥，公共建筑項(xiàng)目必須將1%的建設(shè)資金用于公共藝術(shù)。在建造過程中，我們舉辦了三場國際藝術(shù)競賽，與建筑師一起確定了Dokk1中藝術(shù)品的放置位置，在這些地方，藝術(shù)可以與圖書館的視覺和建筑更好地結(jié)合，形成最佳的用戶體驗(yàn)。就像我們對圖書館及其建筑抱有的極高期望一樣，我們希望Dokk1的藝術(shù)品同樣具有非凡的品質(zhì)，能夠引發(fā)人們的興趣。我們寧愿擁有三個優(yōu)秀的藝術(shù)品，也不愿擁有100個無關(guān)緊要的東西。

所有的藝術(shù)品都被放置在“十字路口”，它們讓你停下來思考，那些你先入為主的信念或者是你對周圍環(huán)境的看法，就像圖書館一樣。

本刊：“成為奧爾胡斯可持續(xù)發(fā)展的標(biāo)桿”是Dokk1的核心價值觀之一，您覺得Dokk1成功地做到了這一點(diǎn)嗎？在可持續(xù)發(fā)展方面，公共圖書館還可以做哪些努力？

瑪麗·奧斯特加德：在可持續(xù)發(fā)展方面，我認(rèn)為我們怎么努力都不為過。我們的建筑本身完全符合環(huán)境和社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展的嚴(yán)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（可參見鏈接中的文件：https://dokk1.dk/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/dokk1_baeredygtighed_a5_6s_web_0.pdf），但建筑和空間設(shè)計還不足以成為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的標(biāo)桿。

奧爾胡斯圖書館的四年戰(zhàn)略是基于聯(lián)合國可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)（SDG）制定的。所有主題和舉措都與特定的目標(biāo)相關(guān)聯(lián)。這一戰(zhàn)略已經(jīng)由市議會通過，這為將可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)納入奧爾胡斯市其他領(lǐng)域的戰(zhàn)略鋪平了道路。

2020 年，我們決定將可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)列入一項(xiàng)為期兩年的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略倡議。這意味著我們需要深入研究我們的圖書館應(yīng)該如何與可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)相融合，如何實(shí)施原型設(shè)計、設(shè)計思維、用戶參與、建立網(wǎng)絡(luò)和合作伙伴關(guān)系。我們已經(jīng)任命了一個涵蓋了19家圖書館的大型工作組來開展這方面的工作，以確保我們可以從更廣泛的角度關(guān)注可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)，而不僅僅是氣候可持續(xù)性。氣候可持續(xù)性當(dāng)然是必不可少的組成部分，但社會可持續(xù)性、教育、平等、健康、信息獲取、創(chuàng)新等都將是圖書館發(fā)展新服務(wù)和新角色的核心。

我們重點(diǎn)關(guān)注了三個方面的內(nèi)容：①我們機(jī)構(gòu)自身可以做些什么來加強(qiáng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)? ②圖書館如何加強(qiáng)社會各界對可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)的認(rèn)識?③我們?nèi)绾纬蔀橐粋€中心，幫助那些希望通過各種行動加強(qiáng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)的人。

為此，我們專門設(shè)置了一些實(shí)體空間——其中最重要的兩個空間是“在圖書館里種植”和“可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)實(shí)驗(yàn)室”。

“在圖書館里種植”以里斯科夫圖書館分館的社區(qū)花園為中心，特別關(guān)注可持續(xù)性。社區(qū)利用了花園的一部分來種植蔬菜，圖書館圍繞這一項(xiàng)目為周圍的社區(qū)提供便利，包括播種、收獲等活動。此外，圖書館還開展其他與可持續(xù)發(fā)展相關(guān)的項(xiàng)目，并支持當(dāng)?shù)爻h。

“可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)實(shí)驗(yàn)室”是Dokk1中的一個大型物理空間，主要是基于第17個可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)——建立合作關(guān)系。在這里，我們嘗試跨知識領(lǐng)域和各個部門建立合作網(wǎng)絡(luò)和伙伴關(guān)系，探討如何在地方、國家和全球?qū)用婕訌?qiáng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)。它也是圖書館兩年戰(zhàn)略計劃的試驗(yàn)室，既是一個研討空間，也是一個工具圖書館，還是一個與其他致力于可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)的人交流會面的中心。

最后，在圖書館的活動和交流中有策略地應(yīng)用可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)。作為關(guān)注重點(diǎn)之一，我們強(qiáng)調(diào)并加強(qiáng)了針對普通公眾以及學(xué)校和幼兒園兒童的可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標(biāo)相關(guān)活動。在交流活動中，我們特別強(qiáng)調(diào)那些基于這一框架之下的活動，它們通常由我們的合作伙伴單獨(dú)或和我們共同開展。

以下為訪談的英文原文：

The People-oriented Sustainable Development:An Interview with the Library Director Aarhus Public Libraries and Dokk1

COVID-19 has been seriously impacting our daily work and life, how are you and your library reacting to the challenges coming with the pandemic? What changes have your library made to continue serving the public during the pandemic?

As we closed down our libraries due to the restrictions in connection to the spread of COVID-19 this was the first time in probably more than 50 years that public libraries had been shut down in Aarhus.Thus, there was no script or recipe to follow. And as for many around the world it seemed so unlikely a thing to happen. Everybody was sent home working –luckily Denmark has a very high internet penetration,so people were able to work and connect from home.

Very quickly we realized that we needed to experiment with new ways of doing services and programming online for the citizens – something that neither citizens nor staff had any particular experience with.

In Aarhus we have worked for many years with design thinking when developing new services,and we put this to use in this case too – prototyping and experimenting, talking online to citizens and developing new types of services and formats that could be accessed online. We focused highly on what we called “the relational library” – to see how we might create programs that would connect people and create communities even when it was online, with citizens that were unaccustomed with meeting or learning online before.

Throughout the year we have developed numerous new types of programming for various target groups:lonely elderly, young adults, maker-activities online for kids etc. as well as transformed existing physical formats into digital ones e.g., writer workshops,knitting groups, reading groups etc.). Many of these programs will continue after the libraries have again re-opened, as we have seen that the digital format can reach different target groups and connect different people than programs in the physical library. Other formats will be transformed back to physical ones, as we see it working better in that arena. And we will continue to develop on both types, as well as combined formats with both a physical and a digital component(I heard a colleague name it “phygital” formats). We are right now planning a big literature festival in June– LiteratureXchange – that will draw upon both in the program to include foreign authors digitally in conversations and workshops that take place physically in Aarhus.

In terms of lending of e-books the past year has seen a massive leap in borrowings. In Denmark we have a national digital library – the Danish Digital Public Library Association- that the libraries run together. This means that no matter where you live you have access to e-books and digital material.Borrowing of e-books has exploded during the times the libraries have been closed down, which is of course not surprising, but what is perhaps more interesting is that they numbers have stayed high even after libraries have re-opened. Basically, now we are looking at numbers telling us that more and more people have begun borrowing digital material as well as continued to borrow physical material. In many ways COVID-19 became the digital push that made people embrace e-books on a much broader scale than before – something that libraries have tried to do for many years. As a consequence, we have to re-think our budget for materials to make sure that the selection of e-books satisfies the need.

Danish LIS-scientists introduced a model to describe the transformation of the public library from a passive collection based space to a more active space for experience and inspiration and a local meeting point. The model consists of four different overlapping ‘spaces’: the inspiration space, the learning space, the meeting space and the performative space (see figure 1). What is your point of view about this model? Is it still applicable in nowadays?

We believe that the four-space model is a relevant as ever. It can be a guide for both the physical spaces as well as services, and it is an important reflection tools on how we organize our services for the citizens as well as how we organize ourselves around it and what competences our organization must have. It reflects on both branding, competences, spaces and programming. Most importantly it highlights the continuous importance of insisting on the library being an active space where the citizens are in the center of everything – people are the key component of libraries,and we must ensure that we create opportunities and framework to support that.

As we know Dokk1 is a very distinctive library, won the IFLA Public Library of the Year Award 2016, and recognized as "a true library of the future". Could you please share with us about how the “future” is expressed through the space design? Are openness and versatility the two most significant characteristics?

One of the most important aspects of the space design in Dokk1 is the open integration of spaces and its human scale. We wanted to create a library that reflects that the library is the only place in our society where you meet across gender, age, political or religious belief, social background or financial means, in a noncommercial space. Perhaps it can be seen a little like the old village square, just with a roof on it. We believe that the library is a democratic space that with its space design as well as the services should promote societal equity, embrace diversity and stimulate cohesion. To do so a high level of space plurality is needed – different spaces that meets different types of needs – where you can come alone or come together – or even be together with someone you don’t know. And it must offer spaces where we meet people with opinions and thoughts that might not resemble our own, in an environment that feels safe enough for us to dare to investigate it.

The human scale in space design is much more difficult to describe. But I believe we all feel it when we meet it – or when we meet the opposite. The space design must make you feel that you have space to breath and move freely, and although a building is large it must not make you feel small. It should not fill you with respectful awe – it should make you at ease and fill you with the urge to engage and inhabit.

When designing public libraries our first and foremost job is to make sure that the citizens know that the library is their space. It is not owned by the library. Therefore, space design must make them feel that they can own, inhabit, touch and use everything without being afraid that they break rules or have to ask permission. The space design must communicate the intentions of the spaces as well as make them easily adjustable for people’s own usage.

The open space design of Dokk1 as well as the many different types of spaces and environments in the building and the absence of rules make people feel comfortable and safe, as well as curious towards each other and what goes on in the building. That way they become more inclined to share, participate and engage and by that become part of the community feeling in Dokk1.

It is noted that the digital development would be the top priority in the plan of the library in Denmark and to be kept up with the times. What has Dokk1 done in this regard? What will be your focus in the future?

In Dokk1 people always come first and all usage of technology is about better access, personalized experiences and the ability to express oneself and navigate in a technological world. I believe it might be possible to roughly categorize technology in Dokk1 in three categories: efficiency, expression, and exploration.

When it comes to efficiency, we are using multiple technologies to improve access and self-service.Through Intelligent material systems, embedded wayfinding, app-based library systems and automatized self-service solutions all transactions in the library are digitalized and automated. It is a constant focus to keep making these solutions better and to use data to improve the experience for the users, without breaking the rules of personal data protection.

In the Danish Digital Public Library Association,we are continuously developing our e-book lending platform further. Next step is to develop a new platform for children that will create a universe where children can access both e-books and physical books through the app directly down to a local library level.The seamless connection between the digital and the physical library will be highly prioritized in the future.

Digital development in terms of expression is a strong development area now and will be in the years to come. We need to improve people’s possibilities of expressing themselves online and in the physical spaces through different kinds of technology. We are developing new methods of online citizenship where user involvement and engagement can be done both digitally and physically within the same platform. And we focus on how things experienced in the physical library can have a before- and afterlife online in a seamless way. In Dokk1 citizens can access the screens around the building. If you #Dokk1 on Instagram, your post or picture pops up on the screens. It is a way of letting people share their experiences. But we want to take this further so that digital involvement may also be possible to influence for instance societal decisions or be a way of reaching out towards each other and create smaller communities of interest.

Using digital development to support and encourage exploration is an area that we are spending a lot of energy on as well. This will and must continue to have an experimental aspect, where we dare try new ways of applying known technologies or dive into new types of technology that we do not yet know the relevance of in a library context. We see how this can be a tool to connect people, to connect people and knowledge as well as stimulate curiosity and change behavior. For instance, when children play at our interactive learning floor, they suddenly need to be more attentive to each other and are able to work together without using verbal language, or when using augmented reality, we can stimulate people’s focus on specific climate issues that they want to address in their own lives. The curiousness, experimentation and urge to explore help both adults and children to play their way into new discoveries and experiences. As well as learning about technology. I strongly believe that we as libraries must make sure to always experiment with these kinds of technology and digital development,to investigate how they can be used and embedded in a library context, even if they were developed for something else originally.

The boom of false information is a very serious phenomenon currently. As we know Dokk1 has recently held the "Glass Room Misinformation Edition", what will be the feasible solution to this issue in your opinion? What should be done or could be done by public libraries?

I believe that to strengthen people’s media literacy is one of the library’s most important tasks at the moment. The massive usage of different media and data as well as the role they play in both our social as well as our professional lives demands that we in our current society must both understand and master the way algorithms, misinformation, data and surveillance influence our choices and our beliefs. It is not only a question of teaching people what it means – we need to make sure that everyone is capable of making their own informed choices. This is exactly what the library has always been about in terms of free and equal access to information and learning and it must be the same approach we have towards media literacy. In Dokk1 we have been working for three years with this theme, training both staff and citizens and making it an integrated part of our learning programs and our debates. In our development project “Data-Democracy”we have experimented with ways to make data- and media literacy an integrated part of library services and programming for both children and adults. We are integrating it in our maker-activities, and we are currently building IRIS - a new media learning lab in Dokk1 for children, where they can learn to master many different types of media productions as well as understanding the systems behind it. It creates better learning as well as teach them production skills as part of a massive STEAM initiative (Science, Technology,Engineering, Art, Mathematics).

Denmark is a country that attaches great importance to education and there are many famous Danish scientists in the worldwide. What role does the public library play in the education system of Denmark? How should the public library promote its function as a lifelong learning community and keep up with social development?

The role of the library may differ from country to country depending on the educational system. But in Denmark it is important that the libraries focus on the informal learning and help connect people in communities of interests so that they may learn and get inspired from each other as well.

For us, it is important to insist that libraries are not part of the formal educational system but is about life-long learning based on the desire to learn and evolve. It is about giving every citizen the opportunity to grow and stay competent in their own life in the areas they desire. Some people will come to the library to learn more about something specific, but most people need the library to feed their curiosity for more knowledge perhaps on a broader level and in a more playful manner. A national example is that in Denmark all library directors came together to create a strategic agreement on focusing on children’s urge to read. Children learn the skills to read in school but all research show that this doesn’t necessarily make them good readers or make them want to read. This is where the library steps in. We must focus on how to stimulate children’s own desire to read – a desire that has nothing to do with formal skills or curriculum but instead focuses on awakening the child’s curiosity and pleasure of reading. Something they want to do because it is fun, not because they have to or to become better. And that demands something completely different than placing the child at a table with a book.

Children and adults are not that different – and in all skill sets and arenas the libraries must work with how to stimulate the curiosity and desire to learn more or to investigate further. As libraries we need to be inspirational.

Dokk1 provides a series of citizens' services,including information and guidance, health insurance, passport, driving license, marriage ceremonies and help with digital self-service amongst others, what specific measures does Dokk1 take in terms of serving vulnerable and diverse groups of people?

We have a strong partnership with both other parts of the municipality that works with vulnerable groups as well as partners around the city and country that have this focus. Libraries are for everyone and we know that there are different barriers in using libraries that we need to break down. One of the difficulties is that in order to address a specific vulnerable group directly you risk stigmatizing the people within it.Therefore, we make sure to partner up with good networks that can direct us towards the groups we want to address and make sure that our focus is always on the content. We work dedicatedly with services dealing with loneliness – both among young adults and elderly, with people with dyslexia, with psychologically vulnerable young people and of course make sure that our libraries are accessible both physically and psychologically.

Both in terms of vulnerable groups and when focusing on diversity we ensure that our programming and events reflects the diversity in society, because representation carries enormous weight. We believe that the library must be a place where you can go and learn about for instance mental illnesses, structural racism or gender issues, and perhaps find others struggling with some of the same issues as yourself.But just as importantly a place where you can come and be yourself no matter who you are in a safe and inclusive environment and where you meet or see others that resemble you.

Denmark is one of the most creative countries in the world, and Dokk1 is also a public library reputed for its innovation. You have created a very flexible and open conference form known as"next library", encouraging librarians’ interaction and knowledge sharing, constantly changing and breaking boundaries to support learning in the next century. What is the most important quality of future librarians in your view? How should we training future-oriented and smarter librarians,and build the future leadership for public libraries?

Through the years it has become increasingly clear that the skills needed to work in public libraries like Dokk1 is more directed at competences than anchored in a specific professional education.

But also, that diversity in staff is essential in order to be who we need to be. Qualities like curiousness,openness, willingness to try and fail as well as a general humanistic approach towards the world are essentials in order to navigate in libraries today.

In Aarhus we have worked heavily with design thinking in development of services, buildings, and new ideas. To be a great design thinker you need to be able to listen, watch, reflect and analyze. And you need to dare try something without knowing whether it will work. These are perhaps some of the most important skills you can have both working with people and working with innovation. It also means that staff needs to dare – to have courage and curiosity to make decisions and do things on their own. This demands leadership that are willing to encourage it. It demands an un-hierarchical form of thinking in an organization and an explicit organizational culture where your leader will support you if you experiment, try and fail.This is not as easy as it sounds. But nevertheless, it is becoming more and more clear that without this there will be no innovation, only stagnation because of the fear of failing.

Our staff is the most important investment that we have in libraries and as leaders we need to be able to continue to give them possibilities to grow their potential, test their abilities and get inspiration from the surrounding world. And we should always embrace having staff that are smarter, more experienced or faster than us and have the courage to challenge their own boundaries. Leadership too is about listening,reflecting and analyzing.

There are loads of artworks in Dokk1, how do you decide to place these artworks in the public space? What is the relationship between these artworks and the public library service?

The art in Dokk1 was part of the building project.In Denmark it is decided that in public building projects 1% of the construction money must be used on public art. During the building process we made three different international competitions for art. together with the architects we pointed out the important places in Dokk1 where art could engage with both library vision and architecture and form an even greater user experience. Like the building and the ambition for the library we wanted the art in Dokk1 to have an extraordinary quality that would attract interest in itself. We would rather have three important pieces than 100 insignificant ones.

All the art pieces are placed in “cross-roads”and they force you to stop and think about your preconceived beliefs or about how you perceive the surroundings. Just like a library does.

As developing to be the "Sustainable icon for Aarhus" is one of Dokk1's core values, do you think Dokk1 has successfully realized this value? In terms of sustainable development, what other efforts could public libraries carry out?

I don’t’ believe that we can ever do enough when it comes to sustainability. But we can keep trying. The building itself has been developed with strong standards for both environmental and social sustainability: https://dokk1.dk/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/dokk1_baeredygtighed_a5_6s_web_0.pdf . But the building and space design is of course not enough to continue to be a sustainable icon.

Our four-year strategy for Libraries in Aarhus is based on the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals(SDG). All themes and initiatives are attached to specific goals. The four-year strategy has been passed by the city council and has paved the way for how SDGs must be incorporated into strategies in other arenas in the municipality.

In 2020 we decided to specify the SDGs as a twoyear strategic initiative for development. This means a deep dive into how our libraries should work with the SDGs, prototyping, design thinking, user involvement,networks and partnerships. We have appointed a large working group across the 19 libraries to work on this, to ensure that we focus on the SDGs in a broad perspective and not only on climate sustainability.Climate and sustainability will of course be an essential part, but also social sustainability, education,equality, health, information access, innovation and much more will be central to the development of new services and new roles of the library.

We focus on three aspect: a. What can we do in our own institution to strengthen the SDGs? b.How can the libraries strengthen knowledge in our communities about the SDGs? And c. How can we be a hub for and help others who want to strengthen the SDGs through a diversity of initiatives?

We have dedicated a number of physical spaces for this – the two most significant being Grow Your Library and SDGLab.

Grow Your Library – revolves around a commune garden in Risskov Branch Library with a specialized focus on sustainability. The community borrows pieces of the garden and grow their own vegetables,and the library facilitates a community around it, with events around sowing, harvest etc. The library then, in addition, develops programs around sustainability and support local initiatives.

SDGlab is a large appointed a physical space in Dokk1 to work with SDG number 17 – build partnerships. Here we experiment with network and partners across knowledge arenas and sectors on how to strengthen the SDGs on a local, national, and global level. It also functions as a test space for the library’s two-year strategic initiative and is both a workshop space, a tool library and a hub for meeting others working with the SDGs.

Finally, we work strategically with this in our library programming and our communication. As part of our focus, we have highlighted and strengthened activities that evolves around the SDGs for general citizens as well as for schools and kindergartens. We highlight in our communication which activities are developed within this framework – often with or by partners.

注釋：

① PL2030 是一個非營利性歐洲組織，旨在將公共圖書館列入歐盟議程并加強(qiáng)國際合作網(wǎng)絡(luò)建設(shè)。