[摘要] 近年來,表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)和間變性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)基因雙突變共存的非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)病例或小樣本研究陸續(xù)有報道,但其治療策略尚無定論,尤其是靶向藥物的選擇。本文報告1例EGFR和ALK基因雙突變共存男性肺腺癌病人臨床資料,并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),以期為該類病人的治療提供臨床借鑒。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 癌,非小細(xì)胞肺;基因,erbB-1;間變性淋巴瘤激酶;病例報告
[中圖分類號] R734.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] B [文章編號] 2096-5532(2020)01-0146-03
[ABSTRACT]Cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutations and related small-sample studies have been constantly reported in recent years; however, no consensus has been reached on treatment strategy, especially the selection of targeted drugs. This article reports the clinical data of a male lung adenocarcinoma patient with EGFR and ALK mutations and reviews relevant literature, so as to provide a reference for the treatment of such patients.
[KEY WORDS]carcinoma, non-small-cell lung; genes, erbB-1; anaplastic lymphoma kinase; case reports
全球統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示,2018年新增癌癥病人1 810萬,死于癌癥的病人數(shù)量達(dá)960萬,肺癌位居惡性腫瘤第一位,肺癌的發(fā)病率為11.6%,死亡率為18.4%[1]。其中非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)占原發(fā)性肺癌的80%~85%[2]。近年來,肺癌的分子遺傳學(xué)研究取得了顯著進展,NSCLC的治療進入靶向治療時代。表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)和間變淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)是肺腺癌靶向治療的主要分子靶點,早期研究認(rèn)為ALK陽性與EGFR基因突變相互排斥,不能共存[3-4]。但近幾年EGFR和ALK基因雙突變共存的NSCLC病例或小樣本研究陸續(xù)有報道。我院收治1例EGFR和ALK雙基因突變共存病人,本文對其臨床資料進行分析并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),探討其治療策略。
1 病例報告
病人,男,69歲,因“間斷性咳嗽3月,發(fā)現(xiàn)右肺占位病變5 d”于2018-10-15就診我院。既往病人有糖尿病病史10年,血糖濃度最高達(dá)11 mmol/L,目前口服二甲雙胍,血糖控制良好;吸煙史10年,每日2支,目前已戒煙;否認(rèn)家族腫瘤病史。2018-10-15于我院行全身PET/CT檢查:右肺上葉示高代謝占位病變,考慮肺癌;右肺門、縱隔及右鎖骨上多發(fā)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,右肺淋巴道轉(zhuǎn)移,雙側(cè)葉間胸膜轉(zhuǎn)移,右側(cè)胸腔積液(少量),多發(fā)骨轉(zhuǎn)移。2018-10-19行右肺占位穿刺活檢,病理診斷為腺癌;擴增阻滯突變系統(tǒng)多聚酶鏈?zhǔn)綌U增(ARMS-PCR)檢測顯示EGFR21外顯子L858R突變、ALK突變(+)。
治療及轉(zhuǎn)歸:2018-11-05開始口服吉非替尼250 mg每日1次治療,期間無明顯不良反應(yīng)。每4周給予唑來膦酸治療骨轉(zhuǎn)移。2019-04-23行PET/CT檢查,根據(jù)RESIST 1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評價療效為疾病部分緩解(PR)。2019-05-05病人開始出現(xiàn)頭暈伴活動不穩(wěn),顱腦CT、MR平掃檢查均未發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移灶。后癥狀呈進行性加重,逐漸出現(xiàn)左側(cè)嘴角歪斜。2019-06-17強化顱腦MR檢查示:右側(cè)顳葉、雙側(cè)頂葉、右枕葉及雙側(cè)小腦半球見斑片狀或條片狀輕度強化灶,直徑lt;5 mm,邊界欠清晰,考慮為肺癌顱腦轉(zhuǎn)移。行顱腦調(diào)強放療,DT為40 Gy/20次;口服克唑替尼,癥狀好轉(zhuǎn)。2019-07-10復(fù)查CT,根據(jù)RESIST 1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評價療效為疾病進展(PD)。2019-08-16行右肺占位穿刺二次活檢術(shù),病理診斷為腺癌;ARMS-PCR檢測顯示:ALK突變(+),EGFR突變(+),無T790M突變。2019-08-25病人改用ALK抑制劑色瑞替尼治療,1個月后行CT檢查,根據(jù)RESIST 1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評價療效為PD。綜合病人身體及經(jīng)濟狀況,經(jīng)與病人及家屬充分溝通,2019-09-04開始給予重組人血管內(nèi)皮抑制素聯(lián)合培美曲塞治療。2019-12-20行CT檢查,根據(jù)RESIST 1.1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評價療效,結(jié)果為肺部病灶PR。病人后因ECOG評分為3分,不能耐受化療,于當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院行對癥支持治療。隨訪病人于2020-03-12死亡。
2 討 論
EGFR為一種跨膜受體酪氨酸激酶,參與多種信號通路的調(diào)節(jié),包括細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移和凋亡等[5]。EGFR基因突變主要集中在亞裔、女性、無吸煙史、腺癌等人群,在亞裔NSCLC病人中其突變率為30%~50%[6]。國外NSCLC病人中ALK陽性者占3%~7%[4,7],我國約為5.1%[8],主要集中在不吸煙的年輕腺癌病人[9]。ALK融合基因通過產(chǎn)生融合蛋白促使ALK受體持續(xù)自磷酸化,從而激活下游信號通路引起細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化[10]。既往的研究認(rèn)為,EML4-ALK融合型基因可能是EGFR對TKI耐藥的原因之一[7],理論上兩者的突變激活應(yīng)該是絕對互斥的[3,11]。但是,EGFR和ALK基因雙突變作為罕見分子事件,陸續(xù)有個案報道,有研究顯示其發(fā)生率約為1%[12-13]。目前,此類病人臨床病理特點尚不清楚。
分子遺傳學(xué)分析顯示,肺癌具有高異質(zhì)性[14],雙基因突變共存的現(xiàn)象可能與腫瘤高異質(zhì)性有關(guān)[15-17]。究其原因:①腫瘤組織的不同細(xì)胞可能出現(xiàn)不同的基因突變;②腫瘤組織的同一個細(xì)胞可能出現(xiàn)不同的基因突變;③腫瘤組織的原發(fā)灶和轉(zhuǎn)移灶可能出現(xiàn)不同的基因突變。EGFR與ALK基因雙突變共存NSCLC病人的靶向治療藥物選擇策略尚無定論。LOU等[18]回顧性分析11例EGFR和ALK基因雙突變陽性病人,一線使用表皮生長因子酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(EGFR-TKIs)治療10例,其中9例生存獲益。曾珠等[19]回顧性分析5例EGFR和ALK基因雙突變病人一線應(yīng)用EGFR-TKIs治療,結(jié)果均為PR。提示對于EGFR和ALK基因雙突變晚期NSCLC病人,一線使用EGFR-TKIs可能是有效選擇之一。另有少數(shù)研究顯示,一線應(yīng)用EGFR-TKIs療效不佳[20]。目前,EGFR與ALK基因雙突變的晚期NSCLC病人一線治療多首選EGFR-TKIs藥物,EGFR-TKIs治療進展后,換用ALK-TKIs較常見。LOU等[18]報道5例EGFR和ALK基因雙突變病人一線應(yīng)用EGFR-TKIs治療進展后,二線給予克唑替尼治療,其中1例PR,1例疾病穩(wěn)定(SD),3例出現(xiàn)PD,提示EGFR和ALK基因雙突變病人EGFR-TKIs序貫ALK-TKIs療效可能不佳。本文病人一線應(yīng)用吉非替尼達(dá)到PR,但一線使用EGFR-TKIs無進展生存期(PFS)為5個月,顯著低于單一EGFR基因突變病人一線應(yīng)用EGFR-TKIs治療的中位PFS(9個月)[21]。提示EGFR和ALK基因雙突變病人對一線應(yīng)用EGFR-TKIs的反應(yīng)差別較大。ALK基因突變通常被認(rèn)為是一個小概率、大意義的分子事件。SOLOMON等[22]研究結(jié)果顯示,一線應(yīng)用克唑替尼治療ALK基因突變病人中位PFS為10.9個月。本文病人二線更換ALK-TKIs后效果差,出現(xiàn)快速進展,盡管本例病人兩次活檢均顯示存在ALK基因突變,但一代、二代ALK-TKIs藥物療效均不佳,考慮可能與本例病人ALK基因突變豐度較低有關(guān),還可能與該例病人的磷酸化EGFR水平高于ALK有關(guān)[16]。本文報道EGFR和ALK基因雙突變病人靶向治療整體效果較差,與相關(guān)研究結(jié)果一致[23-24]。另外,病人后線行抗血管生成藥物重組人血管內(nèi)皮抑制素聯(lián)合培美曲塞治療,獲得影像學(xué)PR,PFS達(dá)5個月。
綜上所述,目前對EGFR和ALK基因雙突變共存病人治療尚缺乏大型臨床數(shù)據(jù)的支持,有許多問題有待思考和進一步研究,比如應(yīng)用靶向藥物的先后順序、EGFR和ALK-TKIs雙藥及抗腫瘤血管生成藥物聯(lián)合使用是否可能達(dá)到更佳療效等。
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(本文編輯 黃建鄉(xiāng))