安達(dá)森洋行舊址 戰(zhàn)火中曾存放故宮國寶

楊艷 楊濱瑞

在開埠時(shí)期和抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，重慶迎來近代對外開放的兩個(gè)歷史高潮，重慶與外國在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、外交、文化等領(lǐng)域活動中交流、互動、合作，形成了大量具有重要?dú)v史意義和價(jià)值的代表性建筑，主要包括洋行、外事機(jī)構(gòu)、名人舊居等。

1891年3月1日，重慶海關(guān)建立，標(biāo)志著重慶正式開埠。此后，西方商人開始在重慶建立洋行和貿(mào)易公司，沿江做買賣。位于南岸區(qū)海獅路2號的安達(dá)森洋行就建造于那個(gè)時(shí)期，為重慶開埠時(shí)期代表性建筑。其主人安達(dá)森是一位瑞典商人，主要經(jīng)營中國的土特產(chǎn)進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易。依山而建的安達(dá)森洋行舊址，面朝長江，與渝中半島隔江而望，與慈云寺一墻之隔。

安達(dá)森洋行曾作為瑞典貿(mào)易公司的辦公場所和倉庫，包含8棟建筑，占地面積約10000平方米，建筑面積約2700平方米，是具有倉儲式特點(diǎn)的洋行建筑群。一坡長長的石梯將倉庫連為一體，形如堡壘。各倉庫均采用人字坡小青瓦屋面，大梁穿斗結(jié)構(gòu)，筑土為墻、石質(zhì)基座。在部分建筑屋頂增加了開窗，以增強(qiáng)倉庫的通風(fēng)與采光。2019年2月，安達(dá)森洋行舊址被列為市級重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位。

但和其他老城建筑不一樣的是，該建筑雖是一座普通洋樓，沒有精致的雕梁畫棟，而它與眾不同之處則在于一段特殊的往事。

1933年1月31日山海關(guān)失陷后，故宮博物院理事會決定將故宮部分文物分批運(yùn)出北平（北京舊稱），2月6日夜，當(dāng)夜北平全城戒嚴(yán)，故宮博物院第一批南遷文物從午門出發(fā)，人類歷史上一次最大規(guī)模的文物大遷徙—故宮文物南遷正式拉開序幕。

1938年5月，在故宮文物南遷過程中，9000多箱故宮文物幾經(jīng)輾轉(zhuǎn)從漢口運(yùn)往重慶，分三處地址存放，其中一處便是重慶南岸安達(dá)森洋行的4個(gè)倉庫，共在此存放文物3694箱。

1939年4月，日軍飛機(jī)反復(fù)轟炸重慶，每當(dāng)天空出現(xiàn)飛機(jī)，洋行老板安達(dá)森就會安排將瑞典國旗掛上房頂旗桿以求安全，最終安達(dá)森洋行幸免被炸，藏于此洋行的故宮文物因此完好無損。1946年1月至1947年3月，存放于巴縣、樂山、峨眉的三路文物陸續(xù)集中到重慶南岸。1947年5月至12月，全部南遷文物從南岸海棠溪碼頭運(yùn)返南京。

故宮博物院研究館員馮賀軍表示，選擇安達(dá)森洋行倉庫，除了因?yàn)槠涿娣e大、空間高，有便利的水運(yùn)交通外，更重要的是因?yàn)檫@里的建造者安達(dá)森是瑞典人。瑞典在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中是中立國，安達(dá)森洋行倉庫被視為中立國的商民資產(chǎn)，不易遭到日軍轟炸。

安達(dá)森洋行舊址見證了故宮文物南遷史，基于這樣的歷史沿革，以“故宮文物南遷”為歷史文脈，保護(hù)故宮文物南遷舊址為使命，故宮文物南遷紀(jì)念館今天得以落戶重慶市南岸區(qū)南濱路安達(dá)森洋行舊址。2016年，建筑受損嚴(yán)重的安達(dá)森洋行舊址開始啟動修繕與改造工程，大部分仍保留原有的結(jié)構(gòu)特征。根據(jù)建筑風(fēng)貌延續(xù)和更新，歷史遺存在現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的加持下，安達(dá)森洋行舊址重現(xiàn)百年榮光，現(xiàn)已賦予新的功能與使命，面向公眾開放。正在此處展出的“近代開放視野下的重慶”歷史遺址圖片展覽，是對重慶近代開埠和抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期對外開放歷史的回望。

據(jù)了解，故宮文物南遷紀(jì)念館內(nèi)8棟建筑分別容納了數(shù)字故宮、故宮課堂、故宮出版社書吧、故宮文物南遷紀(jì)念館、故宮文創(chuàng)、角樓咖啡等文化業(yè)態(tài)，結(jié)合獨(dú)特的巴渝風(fēng)貌與山水景觀，這里成為值得一游的人文勝景。

During the port opening period and the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression， Chongqing ushered in two historical upsurges of modern opening up. With the exchanges， interaction， and cooperation in political， economic， military， diplomatic， cultural and other fields between Chongqing and foreign countries， a myriad of representative buildings with historical significance and value， mainly foreign firms， foreign affairs institutions， celebrities' former residences， etc， were formed.

On March 1， 1891， the establishment of Chongqing Customs marked the official opening of Chongqing as a port. Since then， Western businessmen began to set up foreign firms and trading companies in Chongqing to do business along the river. Anderson & Co.， located at No.2 Haishi Road， Nan'an District， was built at that time as a representative building of Chongqing during the port-opening period. Its owner Anderson， a Swedish businessman， was mainly engaged in the import and export trade of Chinese local specialties. Built along the mountains， the former site of Anderson & Co.， faces Yuzhong Peninsula across the Yangtze River and neighbors Ciyun Temple.

Once offices and warehouses of a Swedish trading house， Anderson & Co. is a typical foreign firm building complex with warehousing characteristics. With eight buildings， it covers an area of about 100，000 square meters and a floor area of about 2，700 square meters. A long stone ladder connects into the warehouse like a fortress. All warehouses adopt herringbone slope small grey tile roof with Chuan-dou-styled beam， earth wall and stone foundation. Windows were added to the roofs of some buildings to enhance the ventilation and lighting of the warehouses. In February 2019， the former site of Anderson & Co. was designated as a municipal-level core historic preservation unit.

Unlike other old city buildings， this building， though an ordinary Western style building without exquisite carved beams and painted buildings， differentiates itself with a special past.

After the fall of Shanhaiguan on January 31， 1933， the Council of Palace Museum decided to ship some cultural relics out of Beiping City in batches. On the night of February 6， Beiping City was imposed a curfew. The first batch of Palace Museum's south-moving cultural relics left from the Meridian Gate as the largest cultural relics relocation in human history.

In May 1938， in the process of southward relocation of cultural relics， over 9，000 boxes of cultural relics of the Forbidden City were secretly transported from Hankou to Chongqing and stored in three places. One of the secret hideouts consisted of four warehouses， properties of the Anderson & Co.， stored 3，694 boxes of artifacts.

In April 1939， when Japanese aircraft bombed Chongqing repeatedly， every time an enemy plane appeared in the sky， Anderson， the owner of the foreign firm， would raise the Swedish flag for safety. Fortunately， Anderson & Co. survived the bombing， so did treasures preserved there. From January 1946 to March 1947， cultural relics previously stored in Ba County， Leshan and Emei， were successively centralized in the Nan'an District of Chongqing. From May to December 1947， all the cultural relics moving to the south were shipped back to Nanjing from Haitangxi Wharf in Nan'an District of Chongqing.

Feng Hejun， a research librarian of the Palace Museum said that in addition to its large area， elevated space and convenient water transportation， the reason for choosing Anderson & Co.'s warehouses is that Anderson， the owner， was a Swede. Sweden was a neutral country amid the Second World War. Anderson & Co.'s warehouses were therefore deemed as the commercial and civilian assets of the neutral country and thus immune from the bombing of the Japanese army.

The former site of Anderson & Co. witnessed the history of the southward relocation of the cultural relics of the Forbidden City. Based on this historical evolution， taking "the southward relocation of the cultural relics of the Forbidden City" as the historical context and protecting the former site of the southward relocation of the cultural relics of the Forbidden City as the mission， Southward Relocation of Forbidden City s Artifacts Memorial and Forbidden City Gallery （Chongqing） was seated in the former site of Anderson & Co.， Nanbin Road， Nan'an District， Chongqing. In 2016， the repair and adaptation project of the former site of Anderson & Co. started. Most of the original structural features were still preserved. According to the continuation and renewal of the architectural style， relying on cutting-edge technologies， the former site of Anderson & Co. regained its centennial splendor. Having been given new functions and missions， now it is open to the public. The historic relic photo exhibition of "Chongqing in the view of modern opening-up" on display here offers a retrospect of Chongqing's port opening in modern times and during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggregation.

It is reported that eight buildings in the Southward Relocation of Forbidden City s Artifacts Memorial and Forbidden City Gallery （Chongqing） respectively incorporate the corner tower coffee， the digital Forbidden City， the Forbidden City classroom， the book bar of the Forbidden City Press， the memorial hall of cultural relics southward relocation of the Forbidden City， the cultural creativity of the Forbidden City and other cultural forms. Combined with the unique Bayu style and landscape， it can be called a cultural attraction worth visiting.