熊焰,韓瑞,胡純?nèi)A,王靜,肖春
化學(xué)與物理刺激對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾產(chǎn)卵行為的影響
熊焰1,韓瑞1,胡純?nèi)A2,王靜1,肖春1
1云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物保護(hù)學(xué)院,昆明 650201;2云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)職業(yè)與繼續(xù)教育學(xué)院,昆明 650201
【】通過(guò)行為觀察揭示物理與化學(xué)因素聯(lián)合作用對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾()產(chǎn)卵行為的影響,為馬鈴薯塊莖蛾行為調(diào)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展提供依據(jù)。將新鮮馬鈴薯塊莖分別用藥液(庚醛、桉葉油醇)浸泡后晾干、用紗布或浸透塊莖汁液的紗布包裹塊莖,之后在溫度(27±2)℃,相對(duì)濕度50%—70%,光周期L﹕D=14﹕10環(huán)境條件下,于暗期(光照強(qiáng)度1.0—1.5 lx)觀察馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)在馬鈴薯塊莖上產(chǎn)卵行為表現(xiàn)(包括滯留時(shí)間、降落次數(shù)、試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)和落卵量)。當(dāng)用低濃度庚醛溶液(0.5 mg·L-1)處理塊莖后,可顯著延長(zhǎng)雌蛾在塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間,導(dǎo)致總落卵量(塊莖上落卵量+塊莖外落卵量)增加,但是不會(huì)引起試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)和降落次數(shù)的明顯變化。當(dāng)用庚醛溶液(30 mg·L-1)處理塊莖后,能夠引起滯留時(shí)間、降落次數(shù)和試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)的顯著降低,并導(dǎo)致總落卵量顯著增加。當(dāng)用低濃度桉葉油醇(6 mg·L-1)處理塊莖后,可導(dǎo)致塊莖上落卵量顯著增加,但滯留時(shí)間、降落次數(shù)及試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)均無(wú)顯著差異。當(dāng)用高濃度桉葉油醇溶液(30 mg·L-1)處理塊莖后,可顯著降低雌蛾在塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間、降落次數(shù)和試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù),同時(shí)引起塊莖外的落卵量顯著增加,但不會(huì)引起總落卵量的明顯變化。當(dāng)用紗布包裹塊莖后,會(huì)顯著降低雌蛾的降落次數(shù)、試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù),但不會(huì)顯著改變滯留時(shí)間,塊莖上的落卵量以及總落卵量均顯著增加。當(dāng)用浸有塊莖汁液的紗布包裹新鮮塊莖后,亦獲得類(lèi)似結(jié)果。當(dāng)用含有庚醛(0.5 mg·L-1)的紗布處理塊莖后,與空白對(duì)照相比,可顯著增加雌蛾在塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間和塊莖上的落卵量,同時(shí)顯著減少雌蛾的試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)、降落次數(shù);與單一使用庚醛(0.5 mg·L-1)相比,可顯著減少雌蛾的試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)、降落次數(shù),同時(shí)顯著增加雌蛾在塊莖上的落卵量和總卵量;與單一使用紗布處理相比,在各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)上均無(wú)顯著性差異。庚醛能夠刺激已交配雌蛾在更加密集的時(shí)間產(chǎn)卵;在濃度為30 mg·L-1時(shí),庚醛對(duì)已交配雌蛾具有驅(qū)趕作用;在濃度為0.5 mg·L-1時(shí),庚醛對(duì)已交配雌蛾具有吸引作用。桉葉油醇溶液濃度為30 mg·L-1時(shí),對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾產(chǎn)卵僅有驅(qū)趕作用。紗布包裹、紗布浸透塊莖汁液、6 mg·L-1桉葉油醇溶液僅有刺激已交配雌蛾在更加密集的時(shí)間產(chǎn)卵的作用。化學(xué)刺激(0.5 mg·L-1庚醛)結(jié)合物理刺激(紗布)是紗布刺激產(chǎn)卵作用和0.5 mg·L-1庚醛吸引作用的疊加作用。
馬鈴薯塊莖蛾;物理因素;化學(xué)因素;產(chǎn)卵行為
【研究意義】化學(xué)和物理因素對(duì)植食性懷卵雌蟲(chóng)尋找合適的產(chǎn)卵位置尤為重要,物理因素在植食性昆蟲(chóng)接受或拒絕產(chǎn)卵介質(zhì)中起到一定作用,而化學(xué)因素在植食性昆蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵寄主選擇和定位中發(fā)揮重要作用[1-2]。不同植物揮發(fā)物組分在植食性懷卵雌蟲(chóng)的產(chǎn)卵行為中表現(xiàn)出不同的作用,有的兼具吸引和刺激產(chǎn)卵作用,部分僅有其中一種作用。因此,確定不同植物揮發(fā)物在產(chǎn)卵選擇中的作用對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)用于害蟲(chóng)控制的行為調(diào)控技術(shù)非常重要[3]。馬鈴薯塊莖蛾()是危害馬鈴薯()的主要害蟲(chóng)之一[4]。據(jù)報(bào)道,在管理不善的存儲(chǔ)倉(cāng)庫(kù)中,馬鈴薯塊莖蛾種群可造成高達(dá)100%的損失[5]。因此,可通過(guò)利用產(chǎn)卵位置所存在的物理或化學(xué)因素來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾的產(chǎn)卵行為,以減少其對(duì)儲(chǔ)藏期馬鈴薯的危害?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】當(dāng)雌性棉鈴蟲(chóng)()產(chǎn)卵時(shí),更多的卵粒會(huì)沉積在葉片表面富含腺毛的棉花(spp.)品種上,因?yàn)橄倜梢源碳ご菩缘穆殉练e行為[6]。但是,在自然條件下淡褐蘋(píng)果蛾()的雌性更喜歡將卵產(chǎn)在寄主植物(蘋(píng)果、梨等)的光滑表面上[7]。馬鈴薯塊莖蛾在田間更喜歡將卵產(chǎn)于裸露的塊莖,而不是葉片,在儲(chǔ)藏期,其偏好于在眼芽或傷疤上產(chǎn)卵,而不是在存儲(chǔ)倉(cāng)庫(kù)中光滑的塊莖表面[8],且馬鈴薯塊莖蛾偏好于在粗糙的紗布上產(chǎn)卵[9]。此現(xiàn)象說(shuō)明物理刺激(粗糙度)的改變可以調(diào)控馬鈴薯塊莖蛾產(chǎn)卵選擇行為。相較于化學(xué)防治所帶來(lái)的嚴(yán)重的“3R”問(wèn)題[1,10],行為調(diào)控由于其安全無(wú)毒受到越來(lái)越多的重視[11-13]。但作為一種夜蛾,該害蟲(chóng)依靠揮發(fā)性氣味來(lái)尋找宿主[14]?;瘜W(xué)因素在馬鈴薯塊莖蛾產(chǎn)卵選擇中發(fā)揮非常重要的作用[15-17]??梢钥隙ǖ氖牵捎隈R鈴薯塊莖揮發(fā)物對(duì)將要產(chǎn)卵的雌蛾具有很強(qiáng)的吸引力[18],雌蛾可以移動(dòng)超過(guò)100 m并在田間找到破損的馬鈴薯塊莖[19]。桉葉油醇(1, 8-cineole)和庚醛(heptanal)是許多植物精油中的常見(jiàn)成分,劉燕等研究顯示桉葉油醇和庚醛均對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾的產(chǎn)卵行為具有很強(qiáng)的調(diào)控作用,當(dāng)兩種揮發(fā)物分別在較低濃度時(shí),更多的卵沉積在塊莖上,而在較高濃度時(shí),較少的卵在塊莖上沉積[20]。但是,目前尚不清楚這兩種化學(xué)物質(zhì)在低濃度時(shí),是將雌蛾從遠(yuǎn)處吸引到塊莖,還是刺激著陸雌蛾在塊莖上產(chǎn)卵,以及這兩種化學(xué)物質(zhì)在高濃度時(shí),是將雌蛾驅(qū)離塊莖以減少卵沉積,還是抑制著陸雌蛾在塊莖上產(chǎn)卵?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】現(xiàn)已報(bào)道的關(guān)于物理和化學(xué)刺激對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾產(chǎn)卵方面的影響只是某種或多種刺激作用的結(jié)果[8,16-17,21-23]。而關(guān)于這些刺激如何影響馬鈴薯塊莖蛾產(chǎn)卵的研究未見(jiàn)報(bào)道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題】在馬鈴薯塊莖蛾的產(chǎn)卵高峰期,研究化學(xué)因素(桉葉油醇、庚醛和塊莖汁)和物理因素(塊莖表面的粗糙度)對(duì)其產(chǎn)卵行為的影響,為馬鈴薯塊莖蛾行為調(diào)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展打下基礎(chǔ)。
試驗(yàn)于2017—2018年在云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物保護(hù)學(xué)院完成。
馬鈴薯塊莖蛾種群是于2017年4月從云南省曲靖市的馬鈴薯田中采集幼蟲(chóng)建立的,按照Ma等[23]的方法飼養(yǎng),新孵化幼蟲(chóng)用馬鈴薯塊莖按照20頭/塊莖((130± 2)g)的密度進(jìn)行飼養(yǎng)。然后,將被侵害的塊莖放入帶網(wǎng)的飼養(yǎng)籠中(35 cm×35 cm×35 cm),并以沙作為幼蟲(chóng)化蛹的介質(zhì)。室內(nèi)飼養(yǎng)條件為溫度(27±2)℃,光周期L﹕D=14 h﹕10 h,相對(duì)濕度50%—70%。當(dāng)成蟲(chóng)羽化后,將20對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾放入一個(gè)塑料圓柱形容器(φ=13 cm,h=14.5 cm)中進(jìn)行交配,并以10%的蜂蜜水為馬鈴薯塊莖蛾提供能量。用網(wǎng)狀紗布封閉容器的開(kāi)口端,在其上放置一張濾紙以沉積卵粒。
將供試馬鈴薯塊莖蛾在蛹期時(shí)挑至玻璃瓶中(φ=2 cm,h=4 cm),每瓶1個(gè)蛹。待其羽化后,將雌、雄蟲(chóng)(♀﹕♂= 1﹕2)放入塑料圓柱形容器中進(jìn)行交配24 h,并以10%的蜂蜜水為馬鈴薯塊莖蛾提供能量,然后將2日齡的已交配雌蟲(chóng)用于產(chǎn)卵行為觀察。
溶液配制:將桉樹(shù)油醇(95%,Acros Organics,http://www.acros.com)溶于等體積乙醇(99%)和等質(zhì)量的Tween-80(>99%,Sigma-Adrich,http:// www. sigmaaldrich.com),并用蒸餾水稀釋至30和6 mg·L-1兩個(gè)濃度。以只含等量的乙醇、Tween-80的水溶液為對(duì)照。使用上述同樣方法配制30和0.5 mg·L-1的庚醛(99%,TCI America,http://www. tcichemicals.com)溶液和只含等量的乙醇、Tween-80的水溶液。在試驗(yàn)前1 d準(zhǔn)備每種溶液。此外,將250 g塊莖切碎,電動(dòng)榨汁機(jī)研磨,最終獲得終濃度為250 g/500 mL的馬鈴薯汁。在觀察之前,將一塊紗布浸入馬鈴薯汁中5 s,風(fēng)干1 h,然后用紗布包裹塊莖(約250 g)進(jìn)行測(cè)試。
在特定的設(shè)備中觀察馬鈴薯塊莖蛾的產(chǎn)卵行為(圖1)。將一個(gè)馬鈴薯塊莖放在紙杯(φ=5.5 cm,h=8.5 cm)的上端,在杯中使用軟布作為填充物來(lái)支撐塊莖,以保持≈1/3的塊莖裸露在杯子外,塊莖的裸露部分表面有3—4個(gè)眼芽。然后將杯子+塊莖的組合置于圓柱形玻璃容器的中心(φ=12.5 cm,h=15 cm)。該容器的底端用鋼篩網(wǎng)(20目)密封,以承載紙杯。將篩環(huán)(20目,φ1=5.5 cm,φ2=12.5 cm)放置在塊莖的暴露部分周?chē)?,以阻止被觀察的雌蛾逃出觀察區(qū)域。容器的上端用均勻刺穿的透明薄膜密封。最后,將一只已交配雌蟲(chóng)放置在觀察區(qū)域以觀察其產(chǎn)卵行為。
觀察開(kāi)始于暗期(光強(qiáng)在1.0—1.5 lx[24-25])的第30分鐘,并在150 min結(jié)束觀察。行為觀察集中在以下參數(shù):(1)滯留時(shí)間,指雌蟲(chóng)從塊莖著陸到離開(kāi)塊莖的總持續(xù)時(shí)間;(2)降落次數(shù),指在觀察過(guò)程中雌蟲(chóng)在塊莖上著陸的次數(shù);(3)試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù),指雌蟲(chóng)在產(chǎn)卵前將產(chǎn)卵器擠出以感測(cè)塊莖表面;(4)卵量,包括塊莖上卵的數(shù)量、觀察區(qū)域中塊莖外卵的數(shù)量和總卵量。解剖每只雌蟲(chóng)以確定在測(cè)試后卵巢中是否存在精子。
圖1 馬鈴薯塊莖蛾產(chǎn)卵觀察示意圖
使用上述方法,以不同處理(30、6 mg·L-1的桉樹(shù)油醇;30、0.5 mg·L-1的庚醛;紗布、浸泡馬鈴薯汁的紗布;0.5 mg·L-1庚醛結(jié)合紗布)及對(duì)照的馬鈴薯塊莖在環(huán)境條件(同飼養(yǎng)條件)下各測(cè)試20只雌蟲(chóng)。
單一的物理或化學(xué)刺激的數(shù)據(jù)分析采用SPSS17.0獨(dú)立樣本T檢驗(yàn),<0.05為差異顯著,<0.01為差異極顯著;物理刺激組合化學(xué)刺激的數(shù)據(jù)分析在顯著水平為0.05下采用SPSS17.0單因素方差分析(AVONA)及Tukey多重比較分析。
對(duì)照組馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)在馬鈴薯塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間為1 432.2 s,處理組馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)在庚醛(0.5 mg·L-1)處理的塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間顯著增至2 008.0 s(=2.597,=38,=0.013)。庚醛(0.5 mg·L-1)處理組與對(duì)照組之間,雌蟲(chóng)在降落次數(shù)、試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)上均無(wú)顯著差異(=1.649,=38,=1.107;=1.149,=29.075,=0.260)。處理組塊莖上和塊莖外的卵量與對(duì)照組的對(duì)應(yīng)卵量之間均無(wú)顯著差異(=2.009,=38,=0.052;=1.892,=26.297,=0.070),但處理組的總卵量顯著多于對(duì)照組總卵量(=2.626,=38,=0.012)(表1)。
對(duì)照組馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)在馬鈴薯塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間1 318.7 s,處理組馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)在庚醛(30 mg·L-1)處理的塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間極顯著降至317.3 s(=5.651,=25.501,<0.001)。馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)在庚醛(30 mg·L-1)處理的塊莖上降落次數(shù)和試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)均極顯著性低于對(duì)照組(=4.043,=25.668,<0.001;=3.790,=23.730,=0.001)。相對(duì)于對(duì)照組的平均總卵量18.9粒,處理組的平均總卵量顯著增至26.6粒(=2.628,=38,=0.012);處理組和對(duì)照組在卵量分布上顯示出相反的趨勢(shì):對(duì)照組的卵量90%以上(18.4粒/18.9粒)產(chǎn)在塊莖上,而處理組塊莖上的卵量顯著降至19.1%(5.1粒/26.6粒)(=6.501,=38,<0.001);處理組的塊莖外卵量極顯著多于對(duì)照組塊莖外的卵量(=11.607,=19.592,<0.001)(表2)。
表中數(shù)據(jù)為平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤,*:<0.05;**:<0.01(獨(dú)立樣本T檢驗(yàn),=20)。下同
The data in table are expressed as mean±standard error (SE). *:<0.05; **:<0.01 (Independent-Sample T test,=20). The same as below
桉葉油醇(6 mg·L-1)處理組與對(duì)照組之間,馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)在塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間(1 469.5、1385.7 s)無(wú)顯著差異(=0.360,=38,=0.721);降落次數(shù)和試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)也無(wú)顯著差異(=0.241,=38,=0.811;=0.290,=38,=0.773);處理組塊莖上的卵量和總卵量顯著或極顯著高于對(duì)照組的對(duì)應(yīng)卵量(=2.166,=38,=0.037;=2.757,=38,=0.009),而塊莖外的卵量之間無(wú)顯著差異(=2.034,=22.322,=0.054)(表3)。
表3 低濃度桉葉油醇(6 mg·L-1)對(duì)已交配雌蛾產(chǎn)卵行為的影響
馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)在桉葉油醇(30 mg·L-1)處理組塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間(718.2 s)、降落次數(shù)(16.1)、試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)(56.3)均極顯著低于對(duì)照組(=2.961,=38,=0.005;=2.796,=38,=0.008;=3.214,=30.076,=0.003)。相對(duì)于對(duì)照組的平均總卵量17.8粒,處理組的平均總卵量增至21.8粒,但兩者無(wú)顯著差異(=1.581,=38,=0.122);在卵量分布上,處理組和對(duì)照組顯示出相反的分布趨勢(shì):對(duì)照組的卵量90%以上(17.2粒/17.8粒)產(chǎn)在塊莖上,而在處理組塊莖上的卵量顯著降至44%(9.6粒/21.8粒)(=2.495,=34.545,=0.018);處理組塊莖外的卵量極顯著多于對(duì)照組塊莖外的卵量(=2.495,=19.780,<0.001)(表4)。
表4 高濃度桉葉油醇(30 mg·L-1)對(duì)已交配雌蛾產(chǎn)卵行為的影響
相對(duì)于對(duì)照組馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)在馬鈴薯塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間1 358.8 s,處理組雌蟲(chóng)在紗布包裹的馬鈴薯塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間增至1 505.0 s,但兩者之間無(wú)顯著差異(=0.640,=38,=0.526);處理組降落次數(shù)和試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)這兩個(gè)參數(shù)值均極顯著低于對(duì)照組(=3.421,=24.707,=0.002;=2.994,=27.738,=0.006);處理組塊莖上的卵量、塊莖外的卵量和總卵量顯著或極顯著多于對(duì)照組的對(duì)應(yīng)卵量(=4.122,=38,<0.001;=2.599,=19.292,=0.017;=5.139,=38,<0.001)(表5)。
相對(duì)于對(duì)照組馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)在馬鈴薯塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間1 365.0 s,處理組馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)在紗布(浸泡馬鈴薯汁)包裹的馬鈴薯塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間增至1 592.7 s,但兩者之間無(wú)顯著差異(=0.916,=38,=0.365);處理組降落次數(shù)和試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)這兩個(gè)參數(shù)值均極顯著低于對(duì)照組(=5.175,=24.195,<0.001;=3.033,=24.544,=0.006);處理組塊莖上的卵量和總卵量均極顯著多于對(duì)照組的對(duì)應(yīng)卵量(=5.911,=38,<0.001;=7.223,=38,<0.001),而處理組塊莖外的卵量與對(duì)照組的塊莖外的卵量之間無(wú)顯著差異(=0.858,=38,=0.396)(表6)。
表5 紗布對(duì)已交配雌蛾產(chǎn)卵行為的影響
表6 浸泡塊莖汁液的紗布對(duì)已交配雌蛾產(chǎn)卵行為的影響
物理刺激結(jié)合化學(xué)刺激(0.5 mg·L-1庚醛結(jié)合紗布)對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵行為的影響是由物理刺激與化學(xué)刺激共同作用的結(jié)果,雌蟲(chóng)在0.5 mg·L-1庚醛結(jié)合紗布處理塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間與單獨(dú)0.5 mg·L-1庚醛或紗布處理均無(wú)顯著差異(=5.020,=3,76,>0.05),但數(shù)值上與單獨(dú)0.5 mg·L-1庚醛處理更為接近;在降落次數(shù)和試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)這兩個(gè)參數(shù)上,0.5 mg·L-1庚醛結(jié)合紗布處理與單獨(dú)紗布處理之間均無(wú)顯著差異(=35.783,=3,76,=0.736;=25.597,= 3,76,=0.988),但均顯著少于0.5 mg·L-1庚醛單獨(dú)處理(<0.001);在塊莖上卵量和總卵量這兩個(gè)參數(shù)上,0.5 mg·L-1庚醛結(jié)合紗布處理與單獨(dú)紗布處理之間均無(wú)顯著差異(=11.709,=3,76,>0.05;=13.323,=3,76,>0.05),但顯著多于0.5 mg·L-1庚醛處理的馬鈴薯塊莖上卵量和總卵量(<0.05)。
植食性昆蟲(chóng)可以從寄主植物中獲得生長(zhǎng)所需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),并在寄主植物上產(chǎn)卵以繁衍后代。因此,植食性昆蟲(chóng)能夠適時(shí)尋找合適的取食、產(chǎn)卵寄主在其生命歷程中尤為重要[1]。植食性昆蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵位置的選擇首先必須有利于后代個(gè)體的存活和生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,因此雌成蟲(chóng)一般將卵直接產(chǎn)于寄主植物或近距離周邊,以便初孵幼蟲(chóng)取食[2]。植食性昆蟲(chóng)尋找和定位產(chǎn)卵位置主要由化學(xué)因素(植物次生代謝揮發(fā)物)和物理因素(產(chǎn)卵基質(zhì)、顏色等)決定,化學(xué)因素在植食性昆蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵定位中發(fā)揮作用,而物理和化學(xué)因素則在產(chǎn)卵位置識(shí)別和選擇中起作用[14,26-30]。因此,可利用產(chǎn)卵位置所存在的物理和化學(xué)因素來(lái)調(diào)控植食性昆蟲(chóng)產(chǎn)卵行為,以減輕其危害。
表7 浸泡庚醛(0.5 mg·L-1)的紗布對(duì)已交配雌蛾產(chǎn)卵行為的影響
表中數(shù)據(jù)為平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤,同列數(shù)據(jù)后標(biāo)有不同小寫(xiě)字母表示處理間差異顯著(<0.05,單因素方差分析,=20)
Data in the table are expressed as mean±SE. Different lowercases after the data in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments (<0.05, ANOVA,=20)
馬鈴薯塊莖蛾雌蟲(chóng)在產(chǎn)卵過(guò)程中同樣受到產(chǎn)卵位置所包含的物理和化學(xué)因素的影響[17,21,31-32],且產(chǎn)卵位置物理或化學(xué)因素的改變能夠引起雌蟲(chóng)的產(chǎn)卵行為[8,15-16,20,22-23]。本研究通過(guò)滯留時(shí)間、降落次數(shù)、試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)和落卵量的分布這4個(gè)參數(shù)來(lái)揭示產(chǎn)卵位置的物理或化學(xué)因素對(duì)產(chǎn)卵行為的影響,其中紗布包裹塊莖處理顯著增加了卵量,這與Fenemone[21]馬鈴薯塊莖蛾偏好產(chǎn)卵于粗糙的介質(zhì)上的研究結(jié)果一致。馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蟲(chóng)在紗布包裹的塊莖上的滯留時(shí)間基本保持不變,但降落次數(shù)和試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)顯著降低,說(shuō)明雌蛾在單次降落時(shí)在紗布上的滯留時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),紗布上適合產(chǎn)卵的位置更多;雌蛾總卵量的增加表明在1日內(nèi)產(chǎn)卵量不變的情況下,紗布可能會(huì)刺激雌蛾更加密集的產(chǎn)卵,而浸泡塊莖汁液的紗布起到同樣效果。此現(xiàn)象可能是由于試驗(yàn)本身有塊莖氣味存在(被包裹的塊莖),而馬鈴薯汁的加入會(huì)增強(qiáng)塊莖氣味但不足以使產(chǎn)卵行為特征改變。
本研究中,雌蛾對(duì)6 mg·L-1桉葉油醇處理塊莖的產(chǎn)卵行為特征結(jié)果顯示,滯留時(shí)間、降落次數(shù)和試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)基本不變,而塊莖上的卵量和總卵量均顯著增加,此結(jié)果與康敏等[8]研究結(jié)果一致。滯留時(shí)間、降落次數(shù)和試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)不變表明低濃度桉葉油醇不會(huì)影響雌蛾靠近馬鈴薯塊莖,塊莖上的卵量和總卵量均顯著增加而塊莖外的卵量不變表明低濃度桉葉油醇可能在雌蛾接觸塊莖時(shí)刺激其在更加密集的時(shí)間產(chǎn)卵。而在30 mg·L-1桉葉油醇高濃度下,雌蛾滯留時(shí)間、降落次數(shù)、試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)均顯著減少,總卵量不變而塊莖上的卵量顯著減少,此結(jié)果與康敏等[8]桉葉油醇對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾表現(xiàn)出產(chǎn)卵引誘或促進(jìn)效果的結(jié)果相反。滯留時(shí)間、降落次數(shù)、試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)均顯著減少表明高濃度桉葉油醇會(huì)驅(qū)趕已交配雌蛾靠近馬鈴薯塊莖,總卵量不變而塊莖上的卵量顯著減少則是高濃度桉葉油醇會(huì)驅(qū)趕已交配雌蛾靠近馬鈴薯塊莖的結(jié)果。兩種濃度(6和30 mg·L-1)對(duì)雌蛾產(chǎn)卵行為的影響與劉燕等桉葉油醇在6—12 mg·L-1濃度范圍內(nèi)對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾表現(xiàn)為產(chǎn)卵引誘作用,在18—30 mg·L-1濃度范圍內(nèi)則表現(xiàn)為產(chǎn)卵驅(qū)避作用的結(jié)果一致[20]。
雌蛾在30 mg·L-1高濃度庚醛處理塊莖上滯留時(shí)間、降落次數(shù)、試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)均顯著減少,總卵量顯著增加而塊莖上的卵量顯著減少,此結(jié)果與劉燕等[20]庚醛在6—30 mg·L-1濃度范圍內(nèi)對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾表現(xiàn)為產(chǎn)卵驅(qū)避效果的研究結(jié)果相符。滯留時(shí)間、降落次數(shù)、試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)均顯著減少表明高濃度庚醛會(huì)驅(qū)趕雌蛾靠近馬鈴薯塊莖,導(dǎo)致塊莖上的卵量顯著減少,總卵量顯著增加則表明高濃度庚醛會(huì)刺激雌蛾密集產(chǎn)卵。雌蛾在0.5 mg·L-1低濃度庚醛處理塊莖上滯留時(shí)間顯著增加,降落次數(shù)和試探產(chǎn)卵次數(shù)基本不變,總卵量顯著增加。降落次數(shù)不變而滯留時(shí)間增加表明雌蛾單次滯留時(shí)間增長(zhǎng),有更多的時(shí)間進(jìn)行試探產(chǎn)卵或產(chǎn)卵;總卵量的增加表明低濃度庚醛會(huì)刺激雌蛾密集產(chǎn)卵。高濃度、低濃度的庚醛和桉葉油醇的測(cè)試結(jié)果均符合某些化學(xué)物質(zhì)在低濃度下為引誘物,在高濃度下為驅(qū)避物的規(guī)律[33]。
馬鈴薯塊莖蛾防治中所用到的“push-pull”效應(yīng)可以有效的改變產(chǎn)卵選擇行為,其“push-pull”效果可達(dá)到56.3%[23],但所產(chǎn)生的“push-pull”效果均只是化學(xué)因素(植物次生代謝物)所引起的,而未見(jiàn)物理刺激在其中起到的作用。本研究選擇0.5 mg·L-1庚醛和紗布引誘組合,觀察并對(duì)比其與單一刺激對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾產(chǎn)卵行為的影響(表7),結(jié)果顯示這種組合具有兩種單一刺激的共同作用;化學(xué)因素能吸引雌蟲(chóng),物理因素則刺激其產(chǎn)更多粒卵,該結(jié)果為馬鈴薯塊莖蛾的產(chǎn)卵行為調(diào)控提供了可行方向。
庚醛能夠刺激馬鈴薯塊莖蛾已交配雌蛾在更加密集的時(shí)間產(chǎn)卵;在濃度為30 mg·L-1時(shí),庚醛對(duì)已交配雌蛾具有驅(qū)趕作用;在濃度為0.5 mg·L-1時(shí),庚醛對(duì)已交配雌蛾具有吸引作用。桉葉油醇溶液(30 mg·L-1)對(duì)馬鈴薯塊莖蛾產(chǎn)卵僅有驅(qū)趕作用。紗布包裹、紗布浸透塊莖汁液、桉葉油醇溶液(6 mg·L-1)僅有刺激已交配雌蛾在更加密集的時(shí)間產(chǎn)卵的作用?;瘜W(xué)刺激(0.5 mg·L-1庚醛)結(jié)合物理刺激(紗布)是紗布刺激產(chǎn)卵作用和0.5 mg·L-1庚醛吸引作用的疊加作用。
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Influences of chemical and physical stimuli on oviposition Behavior of
Xiong Yan1, Han Rui1, Hu Chunhua2, Wang Jing1, Xiao Chun1
1College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201;2College of Continuing Education and Vocational Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201
【】The objective of this study is to determine the effect of combination of chemical and physical factors on oviposition behavior of potatoworm (), and to provide a basis for the development of behavior regulation technology of.【】Tubers were treated with different methods: (1) soaked in heptanal, cineole solution and then dried, (2) wrapped with cotton gauze, or with cotton gauze loading tuber juice, respectively, then oviposition behavior parameters (including landing times, arresting time, ovipositor-probing times, amount of eggs) of mated females on the tubers were observed at the dark-phase (red light intensity: 1.0-1.5 lx) under the environment-controlled conditions of temperature (27±2)℃, relative humidity 50%-70%, and photoperiod 14L﹕10D.【】Females would arrest for longer time (arresting time), and more eggs would be deposited on the surface of the tubers when heptanal solution (0.5 mg·L-1) was applied onto the surface of tubers, but the times of ovipositor-probing and landing did not increase significantly. Significant reduction in arresting time, landing times and ovipositor-probing times, and more egg-deposition, were observed when heptanal solution at the concentration of 30 mg·L-1was applied to the tuber surface. More eggs were laid on the surfaces of tubers, and no significant change in oviposition behavior (arresting time, landing times and ovipositor-probing times) occurred when cineole solution (6 mg·L-1) was applied. Application of cineole solution at the higher concentration (30 mg·L-1) would result in significant reduction in arresting time, landing times and ovipositor-probing times, and in more egg deposition outside the tuber. When tubers were wrapped with cotton gauze, more eggs were deposited on the tubers, the times of landing and ovipositor-probing decreased significantly, but no significant difference in arresting time appeared. Similar oviposition behaviors were observed when tubers were wrapped with cotton gauze loading tuber juice. Compared with the blank control, the treatment (tubers + cotton gauze loading heptanal (0.5 mg·L-1)) led to more eggs deposition and longer arresting time, and to significant reduction in times of ovipositor-probing and landing. Compared with the single use of heptanal (0.5 mg·L-1), it could significantly reduce ovipositor-probing times and landing times, and at the same time, it could significantly increase the amount of eggs on the tuber and the total amount of eggs. Compared with the single use of cotton gauze, there was no significant difference in each index.【】Heptanal can stimulate mated femaleto oviposit in more intensive time. at the concentration of 30 mg·L-1, heptanal will repel the females from the treated potato tuber; at the concentration of 0.5 mg·L-1, heptanal will show an attractive effect on mated female moths. Cineole (30 mg·L-1) only has repellent effect on moths, while wrapped with cotton gauze, cotton gauze soaked in tuber juice, cineole solution (6 mg·L-1) only show stimulating effect on oviposition of females. These results indicate a co-attractive of combination of the chemical stimulus (0.5 mg·L-1heptanal) and the physical stimulus (cotton gauze).
potato tuber moth (); physical factor; chemical factor; oviposition behavior
10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.03.011
2020-05-04;
2020-05-28
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(31560607)
熊焰,E-mail:xyan891@163.com。韓瑞,E-mail:hanrui_0228@163.com。熊焰和韓瑞為同等貢獻(xiàn)作者。通信作者肖春,E-mail:x.chun@163.com
(責(zé)任編輯 岳梅)