基于“空間規(guī)劃”的適應(yīng)性再利用：荷蘭蒂爾堡的“機(jī)車棚” 圖書館

阿爾伯托·博洛尼亞/Alberto Bologna

記憶與再生

欄目主持：阿爾伯托·博洛尼亞，米凱利·博尼諾，皮埃爾–阿蘭·克羅塞特

Memory and Regeneration

Column Editors: Alberto Bologna, Michele Bonino, Pierre-Alain Croset

新的“機(jī)車棚”文化中心位于荷蘭蒂爾堡工業(yè)城的中心位置，毗鄰最近剛經(jīng)過現(xiàn)代化改造的主火車站。建在半空的鐵軌從東到西將城市切成了兩半，像一個(gè)不自然的人工地標(biāo)一樣融入城市形態(tài)，在南北之間形成了真正的物理分界。火車站南邊的地區(qū)密集分布著三、四層的樓房，北邊的地區(qū)正在進(jìn)行大規(guī)模改造，各種類型的建筑分布在更廣闊的城市空間中，一條供行人和自行車通行的地下通道系統(tǒng)將它們連接起來。

在車站旁邊，鐵軌之外，有一個(gè)剛剛翻新的大型開放區(qū)域?yàn)槠涮峁┓?wù)，容納有公共空間以及自行車和汽車的大型停車區(qū)。該地塊主要是前荷蘭鐵路維修公司的車棚，建于1932 年，用于組裝、維修和儲(chǔ)存機(jī)車，現(xiàn)已被改造成一個(gè)新的圖書館和公共聚會(huì)場(chǎng)所，用于舉辦活動(dòng)和展覽。它于2019 年1 月落成，由于在世界建筑節(jié)上獲得了著名的“2019 年度世界建筑獎(jiǎng)”，而吸引了全世界媒體的高度關(guān)注。

由蒂爾堡市政府推動(dòng)的該建筑的適應(yīng)性再利用項(xiàng)目是各個(gè)建筑工作室之間有效合作的結(jié)果，每個(gè)工作室都對(duì)方案的復(fù)雜性和需要解決的設(shè)計(jì)問題都貢獻(xiàn)了自己的具體專長。專門從事公共建筑的思維可建筑事務(wù)所承擔(dān)了首席建筑師和總體協(xié)調(diào)的角色；以工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目而聞名荷蘭的布拉克斯馬及魯斯建筑事務(wù)所負(fù)責(zé)整個(gè)項(xiàng)目的現(xiàn)有建筑的改造和修復(fù)。內(nèi)外/佩特拉·布萊斯事務(wù)所是室內(nèi)和景觀設(shè)計(jì)方面的專家，并在裝置方面有豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，他們負(fù)責(zé)室內(nèi)的整體設(shè)計(jì)以及由獨(dú)特的懸掛式織物隔斷所限定的空間布置；梅卡努建筑事務(wù)所負(fù)責(zé)圖書館、各種車間空間、咖啡店和辦公室的陳設(shè)；最后，奧雅納公司提供了有關(guān)能源可持續(xù)性、材料再利用和聲學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)等方面的技術(shù)和工程建議。

混合的功能將舊鐵道工棚變成了一個(gè)供人們聚集的真正的城市空間。事實(shí)上，它戰(zhàn)略性的選址——靠近車站且位于低密度地區(qū)，使它成為一個(gè)高識(shí)別度的社區(qū)中心，其任務(wù)是彌合架空鐵路線造成的城市結(jié)構(gòu)的物理分割。

為實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，設(shè)計(jì)師們采用了哪些設(shè)計(jì)工具？主要的設(shè)計(jì)主題是分散的，因此，一個(gè)占地約5400m2（90m×60m）、高15m、分為兩個(gè)中庭的大

1 鳥瞰/Aerial View（攝影/Photo: Civic Architects）

2 舊的（圖中紅色）與新的（圖中藍(lán)色）承重結(jié)構(gòu)/The old (in red) and new (in blue) load-bearing structure of the building

3 新樓板系統(tǒng)/The new system of floors

4 懸掛式移動(dòng)織物屏風(fēng)系統(tǒng)/The system of suspended, mobile textile screens（2-4 繪制/Drawings: Civic Architects）

The new LocHal cultural centre is located centrally in the industrial town of Tilburg in the Netherlands, close to its main railway station, which has recently been modernised. The railway track, which runs from east to west axis, cuts the town right in half. Built overhead, it fits into the urban morphology like an unnatural, artificial landmark, creating a real physical division between north and south. A system of pedestrian and bicycle underpasses connects the area around the railway station to the south, densely characterised by threefour-storey buildings, with the area to the north, which is undergoing extensive transformation and where buildings of various types are distributed in a more widespread urban space.

Next to the station and serving it, but positioned beyond the tracks, there is now a large open area which has been recently renovated and houses public spaces and large parking areas for bicycles and cars. The site is dominated by the former Nedtrain shed which was built in 1932 for the assembly, repair and storage of locomotives and has been converted into a new library and public meeting place, designed to host events and exhibitions. It was inaugurated in January 2019 and has attracted considerable media attention from all over the world, thanks to the prestigious World Building of the Year 2019 award received at the World Architecture Festival.

The project promoted by the Municipality of Tilburg for the adaptive reuse of the building is the result of effective collaboration between various architectural studios, each contributing its own specific expertise to the complexity of the programme and the design issues to be addressed. A studio specialising in public architecture, Civic Architects, took on the role of lead architect and general coordination; Braaksma & Roos Architectenbureau, already known in the Netherlands for other industrial heritage project, was responsible for the overall project to transform and restore the existing parts of the building; Inside Outside/Petra Blaisse, experts in interior and landscape design with extensive experience in installations, managed the overall design of the interiors as well as the spatial configuration generated by the characteristic hanging textile partitions; Mecanoo is responsible for the furnishings of the library, the various workshopspaces, the coffee shop and the offices; lastly, Arup provided technical and engineering advice on aspects relating to energy sustainability, the reuse of materials and acoustic design.

5 內(nèi)景：朝南的中庭，木質(zhì)平臺(tái)安裝在原有鐵軌留下的痕跡上/Interior view: south-facing atrium, wooden platform mounted on a railway trolley（攝影/Photo: Ossip Architectuurfotografie）

6 圖書館內(nèi)景/Interior view of the library（攝影/Photo: Stijn Bollaert）

The functional mix transforms the old railway shed into a real urban space where people can gather. The fact that it is strategically located close to the station and in a low-density area makes it an easily recognisable place central to the neighbourhood, with the task of overcoming the physical division of the urban fabric caused by the overhead railway line.

What design tools have been put in place to achieve this aim? The main design theme is the distributive and, consequently, spatial resolution of a variegated series of functions to be housed inside a large existing volume of about 5400 square metres (90 m × 60 m), 15 metres high which is divided into two naves.

The effectiveness of the project can be summed up, according to the authors, in three actions: the exaltation and pragmatic reuse of the existing load-bearing structure, the "parasitic" inclusion of new volumes inside it, creating separate spaces for different uses and, above all, on different levels, so that they are visually and spatially connected and, lastly, a refined flexibility of the environments obtained thanks to the precise insertion of mobile textile partitions that can be used to create different planimetric and spatial configurations, if necessary.

The spatial quality of the new project is based on the recognition of the aesthetic potential of the existing structural system: a large steel frame consisting basically of three series of vertical trusses –two along the long sides of the building and one in the middle of the floor plan – which originally supported not only the lattice girders of the roof trusses but also very strong beams for cranes and gantries capable of lifting entire locomotives. Olivier Graeven, architect at Braaksma & Roos Architectenbureau reveals how: "research, historical research and technical research, showed that the structure of the hall was good and could last many more years" and, consequently, "we wanted the skeleton of the building to be the starting point for the spatial experience". The original structures therefore act as support both for the hanging vegetation placed on the beams of the gantries and for new structural elements serving the fixed furnishings and new floors that define the environments created to house the building's internal functions.

This structural configuration permits an adaptive reuse project capable of preserving the majesty of the shed's original space thanks to the decision not to use any fixed vertical partitions, but to distinguish and circumscribe the different areas intended for the functions planned by interpreting, adapting and amplifying the Loosian paradigm of theRaumplan, or "the spatial plan". This is a founding theoretical principle of twentiethcentury culture and design practice, based on the ideal interlocking and spatial interaction of environments of different sizes and with different functions, obtained using floors placed at different heights. This principle is used instrumentally at 體積內(nèi)，將容納一系列不同的功能，從而解決空間問題。

7 圖書館內(nèi)景/Interior view of the library

8 內(nèi)景：“相聚而坐”區(qū)域/Interior view: the Seats2Meet area

在筆者看來，項(xiàng)目的效果可以歸納為3 個(gè)方面：以務(wù)實(shí)的方式在其內(nèi)部 “寄生”新的體量，實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)現(xiàn)有承重結(jié)構(gòu)的增強(qiáng)型再利用；其次，為不同的用途，尤其是在不同的樓層上，創(chuàng)造了獨(dú)立的空間，使得它們可以在視覺和空間上相互連接；最后，由于精確地插入了可移動(dòng)的織物隔斷，在必要時(shí)可用于創(chuàng)造不同的平面和空間配置，從而使環(huán)境更加靈活。

新項(xiàng)目的空間質(zhì)量建立在對(duì)現(xiàn)有結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)的美學(xué)潛力的認(rèn)可之上：一個(gè)大型鋼架基本上由兩個(gè)系列的垂直桁架組成——兩個(gè)沿著建筑的長邊，一個(gè)在中間——它最初不僅支撐著屋頂桁架的結(jié)構(gòu)梁，而且還支撐著那些非常堅(jiān)固的、用于起重機(jī)和能夠提起整個(gè)機(jī)車的龍門架的梁。布拉克斯馬及魯斯建筑事務(wù)所的建筑師奧利維爾·格雷文透露了其中的方法：“歷史研究和技術(shù)研究表明，大廳的結(jié)構(gòu)是好的，可以使用很多年”，所以，“我們希望建筑的骨架成為空間體驗(yàn)的起點(diǎn)”。因此，原有的結(jié)構(gòu)既支撐了龍門架梁上懸掛的植物，也支撐了服務(wù)于固定家具和新樓板的新結(jié)構(gòu)元素——這些新的結(jié)構(gòu)元素定義了為容納建筑內(nèi)部功能而創(chuàng)造的環(huán)境。

為了使這個(gè)適應(yīng)性再利用項(xiàng)目能夠保留工棚原有空間的雄偉，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)決定不使用任何固定的垂直隔斷，而是通過詮釋、調(diào)整和放大盧斯的“Raumplan”范式，或稱為“空間規(guī)劃”范式，來區(qū)分和界定不同的區(qū)域。該范式是20 世紀(jì)文化和設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐的一個(gè)基本理論原則，其基礎(chǔ)是不同大小和不同功能的環(huán)境之間理想的連結(jié)和空間互動(dòng)，通過在不同高度上布置樓層得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。這個(gè)原則在“機(jī)車棚”項(xiàng)目中得到了有效的運(yùn)用，以達(dá)到一個(gè)明確的、實(shí)用的設(shè)計(jì)意圖：將圖書館設(shè)想成一個(gè)公共場(chǎng)所，一個(gè)多功能的、合用的、便利的、可滲透的建筑物。這不是全部：由于藝術(shù)組織、工作室和協(xié)同工作空間的存在，這里不僅是一個(gè)“消費(fèi)”知識(shí)的地方，也是一個(gè)“生產(chǎn)”知識(shí)的地方。

空間和功能的組合以及它們?cè)诓煌瑯菍拥奈恢?，并沒有為建筑內(nèi)部確定一條優(yōu)先的路線，盡管其意圖顯然是優(yōu)先考慮沿著從面向火車站和軌道的入口開始的南北軸線步行的可能性。朝南的中庭充滿從玻璃幕墻中透出的自然光，看起來就像室內(nèi)的城市廣場(chǎng)，里面有一個(gè)小賣部和一個(gè)多功能區(qū)域，可以很容易地適應(yīng)從社交場(chǎng)所到展覽或娛樂區(qū)的各種用途。原有鐵軌留下的痕跡上安裝有一個(gè)大型的木質(zhì)平臺(tái)，它嵌在工棚的地板上，可以根據(jù)需要用作桌子或舞臺(tái)。廣場(chǎng)的表面折疊成大型臺(tái)階——即“相聚而坐”區(qū)域，可容納1000名觀眾參加公共活動(dòng)。高效的樓層系統(tǒng)由階梯和樓梯連接，在不同樓層上容納了圖書館的各種功能：包括擺放供閱讀或者購買的書籍的書架區(qū)，大型閱讀區(qū)，供小型活動(dòng)或休閑娛樂活動(dòng)的房間等。連接不同樓層的樓梯系統(tǒng)總是清晰可見，并強(qiáng)調(diào)樓層的存在。這些不同的樓層使得持續(xù)的空間和視覺滲透性成為可能，并容納各種功能，使圖書館成為一個(gè)始終充滿活力和活躍的地方。除了各種會(huì)議和公共活動(dòng)的區(qū)域，還有一系列的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，人們可以在這里享受新的體驗(yàn)：每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的特點(diǎn)不同，因此在建筑的復(fù)雜空間系統(tǒng)中都是獨(dú)一無二的、可識(shí)別的，比如有食品實(shí)驗(yàn)室、世界實(shí)驗(yàn)室、數(shù)字實(shí)驗(yàn)室和遺產(chǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。頂層有一個(gè)大型的全景陽臺(tái)，可以將城市的全貌盡收眼底。

9 內(nèi)景：朝南的中庭/Interior view: south-facing atrium（7-9 攝影/Photos: Ossip Architectuurfotografie）

在某些情況下，需要將“空間規(guī)劃”所產(chǎn)生的巨大空間，包括樓層、臺(tái)階和樓梯的序列，縮小為較小的空間，這就需要總面積為4125m2的6 個(gè)懸掛式移動(dòng)織物屏風(fēng)來滿足。這些隔斷對(duì)整個(gè)建筑的聲學(xué)舒適度做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)。例如，它們可以移動(dòng)到“相聚而坐”區(qū)域，將其與圖書館的上層隔開，從而形成一個(gè)小型的半私人禮堂。最大的屏風(fēng)寬50m、高15m，位于南入口大廳。在展覽、音樂會(huì)或會(huì)議期間，它們可以用來隱藏咖啡亭，當(dāng)它們被安置在建筑南面的窗戶前時(shí)，這些屏風(fēng)可以塑造和漫射室內(nèi)廣場(chǎng)高大的玻璃幕墻上的光線。當(dāng)陽光照射到窗簾的半透明表面時(shí)，它們會(huì)變成真實(shí)的光瀑，從而提高室內(nèi)的亮度和空間質(zhì)量。

10 內(nèi)景：“相聚而坐”區(qū)域/Interior view of the Seats2Meet area（攝影/Photo: Stijn Bollaert）

通過重新定義公共圖書館的概念，并將其轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)聚會(huì)的場(chǎng)所、一個(gè)有頂?shù)某鞘型ǖ馈⒁粋€(gè)工作、休閑和學(xué)習(xí)的場(chǎng)所，對(duì)前荷蘭鐵路維修公司工棚的適應(yīng)性再利用重新定義了蒂爾堡車站的平庸區(qū)域，使其成為新的文化中心。即將建成的“思想實(shí)驗(yàn)室”，位于與“機(jī)車棚”相鄰的另一座建筑中的新聞學(xué)校，將使這一中心得到進(jìn)一步的加強(qiáng)。the LocHal for the distributive resolution of a clear, pragmatic design intention: to conceive a library as a public place, and as an extremely versatile, usable, accessible and permeable building. And that is not all: a place where knowledge is not only "consumed" but also "produced" thanks to the presence of artistic organisations, workshops and coworking spaces.

The combination of spaces and functions, and their location on different floors, does not identify a preferential route inside the building, although it is clear that the intention is to prioritise the possibility of walking along the south-north axis, starting from the entrance facing the railway station and the tracks. The south-facing atrium, flooded with natural light from the glass fa?ade, looks like an indoor town square and houses a kiosk and an area that can be easily adapted to various uses: from a place for socialising to an exhibition or entertainment area. There is a large wooden platform mounted on a railway trolley positioned on the traces left by the original tracks – embedded in the floor of the shed – which can be used as a table or stage, as required. The surface of the square folds into large steps – the Seats2Meet area – which can accommodate up to a thousand spectators for public events. Steps and flights of stairs connect the effective system of floors which house the various functions of the library on different levels: from the spaces occupied by the shelves with books for reference or to buy, to the large reading areas and rooms intended for small events or leisure and recreational activities. The different levels, which are connected by a system of stairs that are always clearly visible and emphasise the presence of these levels allow constant spatial and visual permeability and host the various functions that make the library a place that is always alive and active. In addition to various areas for conferences and public events, there are a series of labs where visitors can enjoy new experiences: each one has different characteristics, making them all unique and recognisable within the complex spatial system of the building. Examples are the Food Lab, the World Lab, the DigiLab and the Heritage Lab. The top floor houses a large panoramic balcony offering a complete view of the city.

The need to reduce the vast spaces generated by theRaumplan, represented by the sequence of floors, steps and flights of stairs, to smaller spaces on certain occasions is met by a system of six suspended, mobile textile screens, with a total surface area of 4125 square metres. These partitions make a substantial contribution to the acoustic comfort of the building as a whole. They can, for example, be moved to separate the Seats2Meet area from the upper floors of the library, thereby creating a small semi-private auditorium. The largest screens, which are 50 metres wide by 15 metres high, are positioned at the southern entrance hall. They can be used to hide the coffee kiosk during exhibitions, concerts or conferences and, when positioned in front of the windows on the building's southern fa?ade, these screens mould and diffuse the light that floods the tall glass fa?ades in the interior plaza. When the sun hits the translucent surfaces of the curtains, they turn into real cascades of light that contribute to the brightness and the resulting spatial quality of the interiors.

With the redefinition of the concept of the public library and its transformation into a meeting place, a covered urban passage, a place for work, leisure and study, the adaptive reuse of the former Nedtrain shed redefines the anonymous area of Tilburg station, making it a new cultural hub, which will be further enhanced by the forthcoming completion of MindLab, the school of journalism located in another adjacent building communicating with LocHal.

11 內(nèi)景：從“相聚而坐”區(qū)域看向圖書館/Interior view: the library seen from the Seats2Meet area（攝影/Photo: Stijn Bollaert）