陳再治 張應(yīng)祥 江巍 蘇東玲 曲軼濤 熊賢俊 傅志海
[摘要] 目的 探討后路腰方?。≦L2)阻滯與腹橫肌平面(TAP)阻滯在小兒下腹部腹腔鏡手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的效果及安全性。方法 選擇2018年6月~2019年6月本院擇期全麻下腹部腹腔鏡手術(shù)患兒56例,年齡1~7歲,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ級,隨機(jī)分為QL2組和TAP組,每組各28例。兩組神經(jīng)阻滯均于全身麻醉后、手術(shù)前在超聲引導(dǎo)下完成。術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)密切隨訪。FLACC量表評估術(shù)后疼痛程度;記錄術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)予補(bǔ)救性鎮(zhèn)痛患兒累積數(shù)量、平均動脈壓和心率;評估并記錄神經(jīng)阻滯相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)。 結(jié)果 QL2組患兒手術(shù)后1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、12 h FLACC評分均低于TAP組(均P<0.05);QL2組手術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)需要補(bǔ)救性鎮(zhèn)痛患兒累積數(shù)量低于TAP組(P=0.014);QL2組患兒手術(shù)后1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、12 h、24 h平均動脈壓和心率均低于TAP組(均P<0.05)。QL2組術(shù)后有4例(14.3%)出現(xiàn)暫時性股四頭肌無力,TAP組患兒未發(fā)現(xiàn)股四頭肌無力;QL2組2例、TAP組1例出現(xiàn)單側(cè)穿刺部位血腫。 結(jié)論 超聲引導(dǎo)下QL2阻滯應(yīng)用于小兒下腹部腹腔鏡手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的效果優(yōu)于TAP阻滯,但存在發(fā)生暫時性股四頭肌無力的風(fēng)險。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 超聲引導(dǎo);后路腰方肌阻滯;腹橫肌平面阻滯;小兒;鎮(zhèn)痛
[中圖分類號] R614? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)28-0129-05
Comparison of the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided posterior lumbar square muscle block and transverse abdominal muscle block in the application of analgesia after lower abdominal surgery in children
CHEN Zaizhi? ?ZHANG Yingxiang? ?JIANG Wei? ?SU Dongling? ?QU Yitao? ?XIONG Xianjun? ?FU Zhihai
Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Hospital of Xiamen City, the Third Hospital of Xiamen Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen? ?361100, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of posterior lumbar square muscle(QL2) block and transverse abdominal muscle plane(TAP) block in analgesia after laparoscopic surgery in children. Methods A total of 56 children aged 1-7 years with elective general anesthesia who underwent abdominal laparoscopic surgery, with grade ASAⅠ or Ⅱ, were randomLy divided into QL2 group and TAP group, with 28 cases in each group. Both groups of nerve blocks were completed under general ultrasound after general anesthesia and before surgery. The patients were followed up closely within 24 hours after surgery. The FLACC scale was used to assess the degree of postoperative pain. The total number, average arterial pressure, and heart rate of children with remedial analgesia within 24 hours after the operation were recorded. The adverse reactions related to nerve block were evaluated and recorded. Results The FLACC scores of children in QL2 group were lower than those in TAP group at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h and 12 h after surgery(all P<0.05). The total number of children in QL2 group that required remedial analgesia within 24 hours after surgery was lower than that in TAP group(P=0.014). The average arterial pressure and heart rate of children in QL2 group at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after surgery were lower than those in TAP group(all P<0.05). Four patients(14.3%) in the QL2 group experienced temporary weakness of the quadriceps muscle.There was no weakness in the TAP group. Two patients in the QL2 group and 1 patient in the TAP group had unilateral puncture site hematoma. Conclusion Ultrasound-guided QL2 block has better postoperative analgesic effect than TAP block after lower abdominal laparoscopic surgery in children. But it has a risk of temporary quadriceps weakness.
[Key words] Ultrasound guidance; Posterior lumbar square muscle block; Transverse abdominal muscle block; Children; Analgesia
舒適醫(yī)療是小兒麻醉學(xué)未來發(fā)展方向。小兒術(shù)后普遍存在疼痛控制不足的現(xiàn)象,加強(qiáng)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛是預(yù)防小兒術(shù)后躁動、譫妄等需采取的首要措施[1]。軀干神經(jīng)阻滯在腹部外科手術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)的多模式鎮(zhèn)痛中占有重要地位。超聲引導(dǎo)下腹橫肌平面(Transversus abdominis plane,TAP)阻滯已成為腹部手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的常規(guī)技術(shù)[2]。超聲引導(dǎo)下腰方?。≦uadratus lumborum,QL)阻滯是近年日漸成熟的一種軀干神經(jīng)阻滯新方法,也適用于腹部外科術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,并且效果良好[3]。然而,目前腰方肌阻滯應(yīng)用于小兒外科手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的療效及安全性研究甚少。本研究通過與腹橫肌平面阻滯比較,分析后路腰方肌阻滯應(yīng)用于小兒下腹部腹腔鏡手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的效果及安全性,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
本研究共納入56例患兒,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法進(jìn)行分組:后路腰方肌阻滯組(QL2組)和腹橫肌平面阻滯組(TAP組),每組各28例。兩組患兒年齡、體重、ASA分級等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。所有患兒均順利完成超聲引導(dǎo)下雙側(cè)軀干神經(jīng)阻滯。
本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會審查批準(zhǔn)(2018 012),并經(jīng)患兒監(jiān)護(hù)人同意,簽署知情同意書。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]:(1)2018年6月~2019年6月在我院擇期全麻下行下腹部腹腔鏡手術(shù)(腹股溝疝修補(bǔ)術(shù)、交通性鞘膜積液修補(bǔ)術(shù)和睪丸下降固定術(shù))的患兒;(2)年齡1~7歲,性別不限,體重8.0~31.5 kg;(3)ASA分級Ⅰ或Ⅱ。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]:(1)存在對麻醉藥品過敏;(2)穿刺部位感染;(3)存在其他麻醉禁忌證。
1.2 麻醉方法
兩組患兒麻醉前均未應(yīng)用鎮(zhèn)靜藥物。家屬陪伴入室后常規(guī)吸氧、心電監(jiān)護(hù),開放靜脈通道,靜脈注射異丙酚(廣東嘉博制藥有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字:H20051842)3 mg/kg、舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè),國藥準(zhǔn)字H20054171)0.5 μg/kg、羅庫溴銨(華北制藥股份有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字:H20103235)0.6 mg/kg誘導(dǎo)后,置喉罩,術(shù)中調(diào)整七氟烷(上海恒瑞醫(yī)藥有限公司,國藥準(zhǔn)字:H20070172)濃度,MAC數(shù)值波動于1.1~1.3,泵注瑞芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè),國藥準(zhǔn)字:H20030197)0.1~0.2μg/(kg·min)維持全麻狀態(tài)。兩組患兒均于全麻后手術(shù)開始前行超聲引導(dǎo)下雙側(cè)軀干神經(jīng)阻滯(QL2或TAP阻滯),且均由同一名技術(shù)嫻熟的主治醫(yī)師完成。
TAP組:患兒取平臥位,將高頻平面探頭(頻率4~12 MHz)置于腋前線肋緣下,與肋緣平行,超聲圖像上識別腹直肌外側(cè)緣、腹外斜肌、腹內(nèi)斜肌和腹橫肌,以肋緣下腹直肌鞘外側(cè)緣為穿刺點(diǎn),與皮膚成30°穿刺,在超聲實(shí)時引導(dǎo)下將針尖置入腹內(nèi)斜肌和腹橫肌間隙(圖1),先注射0.5 mL生理鹽水進(jìn)行水分離試驗(yàn),觀察肌肉分層情況并再次確認(rèn)針尖位置,回抽無血后注射0.25%羅哌卡因(Astra Zeneca公司進(jìn)口藥品,注冊證號H20140763)0.5 mL/kg。同法完成另一側(cè)神經(jīng)阻滯。
QL2組:患兒取側(cè)臥位,高頻平面探頭(頻率4~12 MHz)置于髂嵴上方,超聲圖像上識別腹外斜肌、腹內(nèi)斜肌和腹橫肌,沿腹外斜肌向后外追蹤找到腰方肌,在L3或L4棘突旁開2~3 cm處進(jìn)針,針尖推進(jìn)至腰方肌后緣、背闊肌深與豎脊肌之間腰部筋膜間隙三角內(nèi)(圖2),先注射0.5 mL生理鹽水進(jìn)行水分離試驗(yàn),確定針尖位置,回抽無血液后注射0.25%羅哌卡因0.5 mL/kg。同法完成另一側(cè)神經(jīng)阻滯。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
應(yīng)用FLACC量表[5]于術(shù)后1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、12 h、24 h評估患兒疼痛程度。當(dāng)FLACC評分>2分時予口服7 mg/kg布洛芬,當(dāng)FLACC評分>4分時靜脈注射曲馬多注射液1 mg/kg進(jìn)行補(bǔ)救性鎮(zhèn)痛處理,并詳細(xì)記錄補(bǔ)救性鎮(zhèn)痛用藥情況。記錄患兒離開手術(shù)室時、術(shù)后1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、12 h、24 h時平均動脈壓(Mean arterial pressure,MAP)和心率(Heart rate,HR)。術(shù)后2 h時評估神經(jīng)阻滯相關(guān)并發(fā)癥:股四頭肌無力:應(yīng)用MRC量表[6]進(jìn)行評估,髖關(guān)節(jié)屈曲、膝關(guān)節(jié)伸展強(qiáng)度≤2/5。局部血腫:神經(jīng)阻滯穿刺部位出現(xiàn)局部腫脹、皮下青紫、觸痛反應(yīng),并經(jīng)超聲檢查確診。觀察術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)是否出現(xiàn)心率失常、惡心、嘔吐、穿刺部位感染等全身或局部并發(fā)癥。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。正態(tài)分布的計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,患兒年齡等一般資料比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn),F(xiàn)LACC、MAP、HR組內(nèi)不同觀察點(diǎn)比較采用單因素方差分析,組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn)[7];計數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組術(shù)后FLACC評分比較
QL2組患兒術(shù)后1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、12 h FLACC評分均低于TAP組(P<0.05),兩組患兒術(shù)后24 h FLACC評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.2 兩組術(shù)后予補(bǔ)救性鎮(zhèn)痛情況比較
QL2組手術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)給予補(bǔ)救性鎮(zhèn)痛患兒的累積數(shù)量少于TAP組(P=0.014)。見表3。
2.3 兩組術(shù)后平均動脈壓和心率比較
QL2組患兒手術(shù)后1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、12 h、24 h MAP和HR低于TAP組(均P<0.05),且波動較小。見表4。
2.4 兩組神經(jīng)阻滯相關(guān)并發(fā)癥比較
QL2組患兒術(shù)后有4例(均單側(cè))出現(xiàn)暫時性的股四頭肌無力(均在術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)恢復(fù)肌力),TAP組患兒未出現(xiàn)股四頭肌無力,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。QL2組2例、TAP組1例(均單側(cè))出現(xiàn)穿刺部位局部血腫,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表5。兩組患兒術(shù)后均未出現(xiàn)心率失常、惡心、嘔吐、穿刺部位感染等全身或局部并發(fā)癥。
3 討論
多種技術(shù)可用于小兒下腹部手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,包括腹橫肌平面阻滯、骶管阻滯、髂腹股溝神經(jīng)及髂腹下神經(jīng)阻滯、切口周圍局部浸潤麻醉等[8-10]。2007年Blanco等[11]首先創(chuàng)立腰方肌阻滯,最初的方法是經(jīng)前路進(jìn)針將局麻藥注射至腰方肌前外側(cè),稱QL1阻滯;而后提出QL2阻滯即經(jīng)后路進(jìn)針將局麻藥注射至腰方肌后緣、背闊肌深部與豎脊肌之間的腰筋膜間隙三角內(nèi);而QL3阻滯系經(jīng)背闊肌進(jìn)針將局麻藥注射至腰方肌和腰大肌之間的平面[12]。Rafael等[13]研究顯示QL2阻滯能夠產(chǎn)生良好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果且作用時間更持久,因此應(yīng)用于小兒術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,或可減少術(shù)后躁動、譫妄等不良反應(yīng)。
TAP阻滯將局麻藥注入到腹內(nèi)斜肌與腹橫肌之間的平面,從而阻滯經(jīng)過相應(yīng)區(qū)域的胸腰神經(jīng)。一般認(rèn)為TAP阻滯作用范圍為T8~L1,但無法實(shí)現(xiàn)L1前支阻滯[14-15]。QL2阻滯機(jī)制尚不完全明確。Carline等[16]采用QL1、QL2和QL3三種方法在10具尸體中行阻滯實(shí)驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)QL2阻滯局麻藥擴(kuò)散方式與肋下神經(jīng)走形相似。也有研究表明QL2阻滯局麻藥可擴(kuò)散至椎旁區(qū)域[17]。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,QL2阻滯術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果明顯優(yōu)于TAP阻滯。術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)QL2組有3例患兒因疼痛不適口服7 mg/kg布洛芬行補(bǔ)救性鎮(zhèn)痛,最早1例出現(xiàn)在術(shù)后第14小時;而TAP組總計11例患兒給予布洛芬補(bǔ)救性鎮(zhèn)痛,3例患兒發(fā)生于術(shù)后10 h內(nèi)。QL2組患兒術(shù)后1 h、2 h、4 h、6 h、12 h FLACC評分較低,疼痛感較輕;血壓和心率較低,波動較小,血流動力學(xué)更穩(wěn)定。Blanco等[18]將QL2阻滯與TAP阻滯應(yīng)用于剖腹產(chǎn)手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,也得到同樣結(jié)果。
Murouchi等[19]研究QL2阻滯和TAP阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛效果與動脈血局麻藥濃度的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)TAP阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛效果劣于QL2阻滯,然而局麻藥血藥濃度卻高于QL2阻滯患者。這可能與QL2阻滯時局麻藥物可通過椎旁間隙進(jìn)行擴(kuò)散有關(guān)[18]。因此,相比TAP阻滯,QL2阻滯時局麻藥血藥濃度更低,全身副作用更小,并且鎮(zhèn)痛效果更為可靠,更適合應(yīng)用于小兒麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛。
本研究QL2組有4例(14.3%)出現(xiàn)單側(cè)股四頭肌無力,TAP組未發(fā)現(xiàn)股四頭肌無力。Hussein等[20]也發(fā)現(xiàn)部分QL2阻滯后病例出現(xiàn)股四頭肌無力,發(fā)生率高達(dá)29.6%。本研究4例均為暫時性股四頭肌無力,均在術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)自行恢復(fù)肌力。該并發(fā)癥考慮系局麻藥通過椎旁間隙擴(kuò)散到腰叢阻滯股神經(jīng)所致。另外,QL2組2例、TAP組1例出現(xiàn)單側(cè)穿刺部位血腫,較小,均在術(shù)后1周內(nèi)自行吸收。兩組均未出現(xiàn)心率失常、惡心、嘔吐、穿刺部位感染等其他全身或局部并發(fā)癥。
本研究對象為1~7歲兒童,并且神經(jīng)阻滯是在全身麻醉之后,無法精確定位QL2阻滯和TAP阻滯的感覺缺失平面,故無法確定QL2阻滯是否能夠產(chǎn)生更大范圍的皮膚感覺缺失,這也是本研究的局限性。
綜上所述,超聲引導(dǎo)下QL2阻滯應(yīng)用于小兒下腹部腹腔鏡手術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的效果優(yōu)于TAP阻滯,但存在發(fā)生暫時性股四頭肌無力的風(fēng)險。
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(收稿日期:2020-05-25)