淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中連接詞的作用

隨著江蘇高考的改革，英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作在試卷中的分值由原來(lái)的25分增加到了40分。因此提高學(xué)生的寫(xiě)作能力變得越來(lái)越突出。英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作是英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)四項(xiàng)基本技能之一，也是學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)最重要的輸出方式之一。我們都知道一篇好的英語(yǔ)作文必須做到：內(nèi)容充實(shí)、過(guò)渡自然、思路清晰、行文連貫。而在實(shí)際英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中，連接詞的使用問(wèn)題普遍存在于學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中，學(xué)生英語(yǔ)作文的質(zhì)量受到了很大影響。因此，老師在平時(shí)的寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中要有意識(shí)地教會(huì)學(xué)生多多嘗試用上一些連接詞和過(guò)渡詞來(lái)增加作文的連貫性和流暢性。

高考的書(shū)面表達(dá)其中一項(xiàng)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求：“能有效地使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，全篇文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，思維清晰?！彼?，考生們?nèi)绻谄綍r(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中能有意識(shí)地去掌握使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)，就能快速有效地抓住關(guān)鍵句并予以突破。而如果在書(shū)面表達(dá)中，能恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂酶黝?lèi)關(guān)聯(lián)詞，文章就會(huì)有如行云流水般流暢。根據(jù)筆者多年的教學(xué)，現(xiàn)將學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作中應(yīng)該掌握的連接詞的用法簡(jiǎn)單歸納如下：

一、連接詞的分類(lèi)

1. 并列連詞

1） 表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系的并列連詞：and， both...and， neither...nor。

I am a student and Jack is a teacher.

Neither you nor he has ever seen the film.

2） 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞：but， while （然而，而）， whereas， nevertheless。

Sometimes I am willing， yet unable.

Tom was doing housework while his younger brother was watching TV. 湯姆在做家務(wù)而他的弟弟在看電視。

3）表示選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞：or， or else， otherwise， either...or...。

Do you like going out or staying at home？

4） 表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞：so （所以）， for （因?yàn)椋?then， thus， therefore。

It is morning， for the birds are singing. 是早晨了，因?yàn)轼B(niǎo)叫了。

He was busy， therefore he could not come.

2. 從屬連詞

從屬連詞可分為兩類(lèi)：引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞和引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞。

1） 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞

引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞有連接詞：that， whether 和if，這些連接詞在句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分;連接代詞主要有：who， whom， whose， which， what等，它們?cè)诰渲锌勺髦髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等;連接副詞主要有：when， where， how， why等，它們?cè)诰渲锌勺鳡钫Z(yǔ)。

It is known that light travels faster than sound.

眾所周知，光比聲音的速度塊。 （主語(yǔ)從句）

This is what he told us. 這就是他告訴我的事情。 （表語(yǔ)從句）

The news that our team won the game makes us excited. 我們隊(duì)贏得比賽的消息使我們非常激動(dòng)。

2） 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞

在句中作狀語(yǔ)的從句叫狀語(yǔ)從句，也叫副詞性從句。它修飾謂語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、狀語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子。狀語(yǔ)從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，可表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、比較、方式等。

二、連接詞的作用

正如許多教育專(zhuān)家所說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)是一種典型的重合語(yǔ)言，它可以用“竹節(jié)句法”來(lái)比喻英語(yǔ)句子，從中不難看出連接詞在英語(yǔ)中舉足輕重的地位。

首先連接詞的使用可以使文章框架更加明晰，邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)更加合理。因此，在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中我們應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠B接詞使文章的框架清晰明了，比如文章結(jié)構(gòu)是總分總，總分或者是分總結(jié)構(gòu)。

I have many hobbies， such as singing， reading， collecting stamps and so on. First of all， my hobbies can make me healthy. In addition， my hobbies make me outgoing. Last but not least... In a word， hobbies can...文章第一句先引出話(huà)題 （topic）， 接著用such as 來(lái)列舉自己的興趣愛(ài)好。然后用first of all， in addition， last but not least等來(lái)闡述自己喜歡這些hobbies 的理由。最后以in a word來(lái)進(jìn)行總結(jié)。加入這些連接詞后，整篇文章就變得結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，邏輯合理，讓讀者一目了然。

其次，連接詞在英語(yǔ)作文中會(huì)使文章過(guò)渡自然，語(yǔ)篇連貫。英語(yǔ)句子強(qiáng)調(diào)自然流暢、邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。在同一個(gè)段落中，雖然句子與句子之間存在一定的邏輯關(guān)系，但仍然需要相應(yīng)的連接詞的幫助才能使文章的意思更具體、明確，關(guān)系更加緊湊。

在平時(shí)的寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中，老師要改變傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)模式，把教學(xué)重點(diǎn)由以前的句子層面轉(zhuǎn)到注重篇章的整體性和連貫性。以往，老師在批改作文時(shí)，往往會(huì)側(cè)重修改語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，而忽略了整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)和連貫性。因此，在以后的教學(xué)中，老師應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)文章的連貫性和整體性，讓學(xué)生熟悉各種連接詞，掌握銜接手段的運(yùn)用技巧，從而達(dá)到增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)篇構(gòu)造能力。

當(dāng)堂鞏固

一、用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞完成下列句子

1. He has been interested in rain forests ? ? he was a child.

2. Some of this pressure comes from the school teachers， ? ? most from your parents.

3. Wonder why you get angry so easily while your friend smiles all the time？ Its probably ? ? you both have different personalities （個(gè)性）.

4. Do you ever wish you had more time？ Everyone gets the same amount of time each day. But here are some ways to use those hours better. ? ? a popular saying says， “Work smarter， not harder.”

5. Reduce means “use less”. Do not waste things. Do not order more food ? ? you can finish.

6. You might think its a joke， ? ? Smith and Zellers experiment has a serious point： can robots and people get along？

7. Some people lack traffic safety awareness. Besides， some people are in such a hurry ? ? they dont want to wait for the green light.

8. ? ? you spend a whole month playing video games day and night， you will feel terrible.

9. ? ? you may be unhappy with your parents， you should talk about these feelings with them.

10. ? ? he returned to hotel， the Frenchman told his wife what had happened. He was greatly surprised when his wife pointed to the watch on the table. Now he realized that he had robbed the Italian of his watch by accident.

二、把下列句子按正確的順序排列

1. Another way to improve your listening comprehension is to watch English news programmes on TV or to listen to English radio programmes.

2. Today， I would like to tell you about different ways to study English.

3. I have been doing all these things， so I have made great progress in learning English.

4. Besides focusing on listening and writing skills， you should also take every opportunity to speak English in and after class.

5. Second， you may find it helpful to watch English films， as it can help you practice your English listening， and it makes listening English a lot more interesting.

6. For example， you can read articles in an English newspaper like China Daily.

7. First， you should be sure to read something in English every day.

8. Third， you should work on your English writing by doing something like keeping a diary in English or writing to an English-speaking penfriend.

9. In this way， you can use English every day and improve your fluency.

10. However， if newspapers do not interest you， you may choose a novel that appears to you and read one or two pages everyday.

→ → → → → → → → →

參考答案

一、

1. since 2. and 3. because 4. As 5. unless

6. but 7. that 8. If 9. Although 10. When

二、

2→7→6→10→5→1→8→4→9→3

（作者：潘井正，江蘇省灌南高級(jí)中學(xué)）