淺談高考英語(yǔ)七選五閱讀理解題解題技巧

隨著高考政策改革的推進(jìn)，全國(guó)各地高考題型都做了一定的改變。江蘇于2021年開(kāi)始第一次進(jìn)入全國(guó)卷題型的行列，試卷中出現(xiàn)了七選五、語(yǔ)法填空、應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作、讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)等新題型。教師和學(xué)生已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了原來(lái)的自主命題的考查，雖然對(duì)新題型的解題技巧有一定了解，但是在做新題型時(shí)仍然覺(jué)得有些許挑戰(zhàn)。從學(xué)生平日的練習(xí)中可以看到，學(xué)生在做七選五題型的閱讀時(shí)，壓力較大，需要從根本上來(lái)解決存在的問(wèn)題，幫助學(xué)生提高英語(yǔ)成績(jī)。筆者在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中發(fā)現(xiàn)，學(xué)生之所以在做此類(lèi)題時(shí)感覺(jué)有困難，其實(shí)還是因?yàn)樵陂喿x理解方面缺乏思辨能力。如何提高閱讀文本時(shí)的思辨能力、提高新題型七選五閱讀的解題能力，筆者提出以下幾點(diǎn)建議。

提高閱讀文本的思辨能力

一、重視表邏輯銜接關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)，并形成相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言圖式

在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)，學(xué)生主要關(guān)注的是新教授的單詞、短語(yǔ)以及文本中的長(zhǎng)難句分析。很少關(guān)注語(yǔ)篇的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。而在訓(xùn)練七選五的閱讀題型時(shí)，幾乎時(shí)時(shí)刻刻都在強(qiáng)調(diào)邏輯銜接關(guān)系。題目中句子之間、段落之間都會(huì)有連詞銜接，學(xué)生根據(jù)句子的關(guān)鍵詞結(jié)合體現(xiàn)邏輯關(guān)系的連詞，就是正確解答題目的關(guān)鍵。

例如：（2018全國(guó)Ⅰ卷）Over the years， there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. ?37 ， they can get a little complex. But good news is that therere really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home： the small ones，the medium ones， and the large ones.

答案：A。While all of them are useful

解析：結(jié)合第二段第一句中的“a number of different techniques”以及最后一句中的轉(zhuǎn)折詞but以及給出的三種設(shè)計(jì)方案可知，此處表示“雖然這些技巧非常有用，但它們會(huì)有一點(diǎn)復(fù)雜”，故A項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。

因此在七選五文本材料和選項(xiàng)中的各種體現(xiàn)邏輯關(guān)系的詞就尤為重要了。試卷中常見(jiàn)的一些關(guān)鍵詞如下：

表示因果關(guān)系的連詞有： so， therefore， thus， due to， for， thanks to， account for， because， owing to，as a result of，as a result等。

表示并列關(guān)系的連詞有：and，in addition，whats more，moreover，besides，as well as，together with，along with，furthermore等。

表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞有：but，yet，instead，however，despite，in spite of，though，while，as 等。

表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的連詞有：firstly，to begin with，to start with，first of all，finally，then，meanwhile等。

表示比較的異同的連詞有：in the same time，likewise，on the contrary，in contrast，compared with，equally 等。

表示結(jié)論的連詞有：in conclusion，to sum up，all in all，in a word，in short 等。

表示舉例和解釋的連詞有，for example，for instance，like，such as，that is to say，in other words。

表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的連詞有：indeed，undoubtedly，definitely等。

二、新題型七選五閱讀題的解題技巧——“代詞呼應(yīng)法則”“大象裝冰箱法則”“補(bǔ)充必考原則”

1. “代詞呼應(yīng)法則”口訣如下

“空前有新名（詞），空中有新代（詞）”

“空后有新代（詞），空中有新名（詞）”

例如：（2019全國(guó)卷）Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. ?39 ?It gives us a great feeling of peace.

答案：C。Being in nature refreshes us.

解析：前文介紹的是“康復(fù)花園”中的綠色植物對(duì)于病人康復(fù)的好的作用，空后提到“它給我們一種平和感”。該空起承上啟下的作用，仍然要提到處于“康復(fù)花園”這種自然環(huán)境中的好處，空后的it也要指代這種情況。C選項(xiàng)指出身處大自然可以使人精神煥發(fā)符合題意。

2. “大象裝冰箱法則”口訣如下：

段首有空缺，必為引導(dǎo)句

段中有空缺，前后意連貫

段末有空缺，承上能啟下

a.段首有空缺，必為引導(dǎo)句

例如：（2019全國(guó)Ⅰ卷） 37 ?If the air youre breathing is clean—which it would be if youre away from the smog of cities—then the air is filled with life-giving， energizing oxygen. If you exercise out of doors， your body will learn to breathe more deeply， allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles（肌肉）and your brain.

答案：A。Fresh air cleans our lungs.

解析：該空格放在段落的句首，為主題句。根據(jù)空格后下一句“ If the air youre breathing is clean—which it would be if youre away from the smog of...”以及本段內(nèi)容可知，本部分主要講述新鮮空氣可以清洗我們的肺部，A項(xiàng)符合題意。

b.段中有空缺，前后意連貫

例如：（2016全國(guó)卷）

Recall （回憶） your childhood memories. Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood. Grandmas rose garden and Dads vegetable garden might be good or bad，but thats not whats important. ?19 —how being in those gardens made us feel.

答案：C。Its our experience of the garden that matters

解析：解本題可用句意判斷法?？崭袂罢f(shuō)“但那一點(diǎn)不重要”，由此可推測(cè)空格處會(huì)指出什么才是重要的，故選C項(xiàng)“我們做園藝工作的體驗(yàn)才是重要的”。本設(shè)空類(lèi)型為過(guò)渡句類(lèi)。

c. 段末有空缺，承上能啟下

例如：（2013全國(guó)卷Ⅰ卷）The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision（監(jiān)管）and guidance by the management in authority. ?75 .

答案：A。Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.

解析：上文講了planning， direction，這里應(yīng)該是control。

3. 補(bǔ)充必考原則口訣：同詞必復(fù)現(xiàn)，句式必一致

同詞必復(fù)現(xiàn)：

例如：Planning is part of being organized， too.15Calendars， lists， and schedules can help you plan. You can buy or draw a calendar and keep it near your workplace.

答案：A。Planning means deciding what you will do and when you will do it.

解析：同詞必復(fù)現(xiàn)，圍繞planning 這一關(guān)鍵詞。

句式必一致：

For home stuff， being organized means having a place to put your things and putting them back as you go. ?14 ?It means keeping your schoolbag， your shoes， and your clean underwear in the same places so you always know where to find them.

答案：G。 It means hanging your coat up instead of dropping it on the floor or throwing it on a chair.

解析：句式一致，就像中文里的排比句一樣。考查對(duì)上下文的理解和推理判斷能力。根據(jù)上句的說(shuō)明，有組織性指一切事物都要有序擺放，下面是具體做法，G項(xiàng)內(nèi)容符合且與下句并列，故選G。

[牛刀小試]

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。

The jobs of the future have not yet been invented. ?16 ?By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.

1. Curiosity

Your children need to be deeply curious. ?17 ?Ask kids， “What ingredients（配料） can we add to make these pancakes even better next time？” and then try them out. Did those ingredients make the pancakes better？ What could we try next time？

2. Creativity

True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new from it. ?18 ?There are a dozen different things you can do with them. Experimenting with materials to create something new can go a long way in helping them develop their creativity.

3. Interpersonal Skills

Understanding how others feel can be a challenge for kids. We know whats going on inside our own head， but what about others？ Being able to read people helps kids from misreading a situation and jumping to false conclusions. ?19 ?“Why do you think shes crying？” “Can you tell how that man is feeling by looking at his face？” “If someone were to do that to you， how would you feel？”

4. Self Expression

20 ?There are many ways to express thoughts and ideas—music， acting， drawing， building， photography. You may find that your child is attracted by one more than another.

A. Encourage kids to cook with you.

B. And we cant forget science education.

C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

D. So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that dont yet exist？

E. Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.

F. We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.

G. Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.

解析：語(yǔ)篇解讀本文為說(shuō)明文，主要講述了如何培養(yǎng)孩子們最優(yōu)秀的技能以滿(mǎn)足未來(lái)新出現(xiàn)的職業(yè)需要。

16. 空格后面一句話(huà)的意思為：通過(guò)幫助他們培養(yǎng)無(wú)論將來(lái)怎樣都對(duì)他們大有幫助的最優(yōu)秀的技能，所以該空應(yīng)該是針對(duì)方式的提問(wèn)，故選D項(xiàng)，意思為“所以我們?cè)撛鯓訋椭⒆觽優(yōu)檫€未出現(xiàn)的工作做準(zhǔn)備呢？”

17. 由下文可知此處應(yīng)該是鼓勵(lì)孩子和你一起做飯，故選A項(xiàng)。

18. 根據(jù)上一句可知：真正的創(chuàng)造力是利用已有的材料創(chuàng)造出新東西的能力。所以該空應(yīng)該是我們給孩子們機(jī)會(huì)用新的方式去考慮這些材料，故選C項(xiàng)。

19. 空格前一句話(huà)是說(shuō)能讀懂人們的想法有助于孩子們避免誤解某種狀況和得出錯(cuò)誤的結(jié)論，下文三句話(huà)均是為了理解故事人物而提出的三個(gè)問(wèn)題，故選F項(xiàng)。

20. 根據(jù)下文可知：有許多種方法去表達(dá)自己的想法和觀點(diǎn)。所以本空應(yīng)該是和交流有關(guān)，故選G項(xiàng)，意為“能夠用一種有效的方式交流是一種有價(jià)值的技能”。

（作者：顧彩云，江蘇省海安市李堡中學(xué)）