• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    How to Balance Money and Respect in Terms of Cultural Difference

    2020-11-10 11:21:26YeLiSuNingLuoXiaoling
    中阿科技論壇(中英阿文) 2020年8期
    關(guān)鍵詞:文化沖突類型文化差異

    Ye Li Su Ning Luo Xiaoling

    摘要:瑞典公司宜家(IKEA)進(jìn)駐西班牙,以擴(kuò)大其市場(chǎng)份額。另一方面,公平貿(mào)易咖啡(來(lái)自南非的咖啡豆)在美國(guó)銷售并獲得公平的價(jià)格,以便其家人投資于保健和教育,對(duì)品質(zhì)和環(huán)境保護(hù)進(jìn)行再投資。宜家和公平貿(mào)易咖啡公司在運(yùn)營(yíng)過(guò)程中都會(huì)經(jīng)歷文化差異。但是,不同之處在于,由于宜家不顧北歐和南歐之間的文化差異,宜家將變得更加發(fā)財(cái)。而公平貿(mào)易咖啡在很大程度上可能會(huì)遭受發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家之間的文化沖擊。在這些情況下,宜家和公平貿(mào)易咖啡將面臨什么樣的文化沖突?當(dāng)人們經(jīng)歷文化差異時(shí),他們會(huì)表現(xiàn)出更多的尊重或更多考慮自己的口袋嗎?

    關(guān)鍵詞:文化差異;文化沖突;尊重紙張;類型;文獻(xiàn)評(píng)論

    Abstract: IKEA, one of the Sweden company, entries into Spain in order to expand its market share. In the other hand, Fair Trade Coffee, which coffee beans come from South Africa, market their harvest through in America and receive a fair price in order to allow their families to invest in their families' health care and education, reinvest in quality and protect the environment. Both IKEA and Fair Trade Coffee will experience cultural difference during they operate their business. However, the difference is that IKEA will become more fortune since IKEA face cultural difference between North Europe and South Europe without consider While Fair Trade Coffee in large degree may experience culture shock between developed country and developing country. In these cases, What kind of cultural conflict do IKEA and Fair Trade Coffee will face? When people experience cultural difference, will them show more respect or consider more their pocket?

    Key words: Cultural difference; Cultural conflict; Respect; Money

    CLC number:D368? ? ? ? ? Document identification code: A

    1 Introduction

    IKEA is one of the words top retailer of furniture in South Sweden. After over six decade from manufactured furniture by using wood, entering Spanish market becomes one of the global strategies of IKEA. IKEA creates its products with its unique Swedish culture and the company regards “creating better daily life for many people” as its vision. Therefore, IKEA intends to expand its market share globally. (Inter-IKEA. Systems B.V, 2020) In this time, European markets offers IKEA a lot of consumers and Spain as one of the European markets, appears large market potential. ( Finding Universe, no. date)

    With regard to Fair Trade Coffee, or equal exchange coffee, it means coffee that “trade by bypassing the coffee trader and therefore giving the producer(and buyer) higher profits. ”(Coffee Research Institute, 2006) In 2000, Starbucks began to purchasing Fairtrade certified coffee and helped US growing the market. Starbucks paid average price of $1.56 per pound for our premium green (unroasted) coffee in 2010, and bought 269million pounds of coffee in fiscal 2010.(Starbucks Corporation, 2020) Starbucks, as a role of supplier, certified coffee from South Africa directly supports a better life for farming families in the developing world through fair prices, community development and environmental stewardship. “Fair trade coffee farmers market their own harvests through direct, long-term contracts with international buyers, learning how to manage their businesses and compete in the global marketplace.” (Grounds For Change, 2020)

    2 Methodology/Findings

    In terms of IKEA, its Swedish products are favourable in Spain market since most people there are rely on cost reduction and cost avoidance as core metrics. The following survey conducted by? ? ? shows that people always use products with cost reduction and cost avoidance, flowing by products with higher efficiency.

    For Fair Trade Coffee, people may face cultural conflicts while they do business because of the different value judgement. In order to find out the problem specifically, firstly, Geert Hofstede will be applied to both IKEA and Fair Trade Coffee as follows:

    According to Geert Hofstede (no. date), the cultural dimensions of IKEA and Fair Trade Coffee are shown on the following diagrams. Among these diagram, IKEA exists the cultural difference between Sweden and Spain and Fair Trade Coffee shows the cultural difference between South Africa and America.

    From Chart 2, it can be clearly seen that Sweden (score of 31)has lower power distance than Spain (score of 57), with regard to individualism, Sweden shows higher score (71) than Spain (51). Take consideration of Masculinity, the score of Spain is more than eight times as much as that of Sweden and with respect to uncertainty avoidance, Spain (score of 88) presents 39 score much than Sweden (score of 49) and in terms of Long-term Orientation, Sweden (34) appears almost half score of that in Spain (61). Considering indulgence aspect, Spain shows more than two times as much as that of Sweden. (Hofstede Insights, 2020)

    According to Geert Hofstedes 6-D model of national culture, what need to be emphasized is that IKEA with Swedish value shows differences between Spanish culture mainly focus on Power Distance (PDI),Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) and Indulgence. (Hofstede Insights, 2020) People with higher PD scores (like Spain) indicates that Spain is a hierarchical society. With hierarchical value, Spanish people intend to be more centralized and accept a hierarchical order in which every body has a place and which needs no further justification. With regards to Masculinity, Spain is a highly masculinity society while Sweden is intend to be more feminine. In other words, Spanish people intend to educate their children in search of harmony, refusing to take sides or standing out. (Hofstede Insights, 2020) Therefore, in Spain, men are supposed to be tough and from Mars, in the meanwhile, winning and quality is important and they consider big is beautiful. In Sweden society, conflict is to be solved through compromise and negotiation. In terms of Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI), Spain with very high UAI score means that they make life more complex than Sweden and Spain is considered the second noisiest country in the world. “A recent survey shows that 75% of Spanish young people wanted to work in civil service (i.e. a job for life, no concern about the future) whereas in the USA only 17% of young people would like it.”(Hofstede Insights, 2020) Take consideration of Indulgence, Spanish people prefer to control the gratification of their desire and consider indulging themselves is somewhat wrong. Whats more, people in Spain look for quick result without delays. (Hofstede Insights, 2020)

    It can be clearly seen from the bar chart 3 that South Africa (score of49)has higher power distance than the USA (score of 40), with regard to individualism, South Africa shows lower score (65) than the USA (91). Take consideration of Masculinity and Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI), the score of South Africa is more or less the same as that of the USA. In terms of Long-term Orientation, South Africa (34) appears 8 score higher than that of the USA (26). Considering indulgence aspect, South Africa shows more or less the same as that of the USA. (Hofstede Insights, 2020)

    Based on Geert Hofstedes 6-D model of national culture, it is important that Starbucks, as the main supplier of Fair Trade Coffee, shows American value that is different with the one of South Africa. These value mainly focus on Individualism (IDV),Uncertainty Avoidance, Long-term Orientation and Indulgence.

    “Within American organisations, hierarchy is established for convenience, superiors are accessible and managers rely on individual employees and teams for their expertise.” (Hofstede Insights, 2020) Take consideration of Individualism, American present “l(fā)iberty and justice for all”. (Hofstede Insights, 2020) Therefore, American society and government emphasis on equal rights. Because people in the USA think highly of their individual capability, American often independent and look after themselves and their immediate families only and should not rely too much on authorities for support. That means, Americans are the best joiners in the world. Otherwise, it also mean that it is often difficult for American to develop deep friendships, especially for men in the USA. “In business world, employees are expected to be self-reliant and display initiative. Also, within the exchange-based world of work we see that hiring, promotion and decisions are based on merit or evidence of what one has done or can do.” (Hofstede Insights, 2020) The relationship of empolyer /employee is contractual based on mutual advantage and hiring. Promotion decisions in South Africa are to be made based on merit only, which is similar to the USA and management in South Africa society is the management of individual. Furthermore, with regards to Uncertainty Avoidance, American present “a fair degree of acceptance for new ideas, innovative products and a willingness to try something new or different, whether it pertains to technology, business practices or food.” (Hofstede Insights, 2020)

    In terms of Long-term Orientation, South Africa shows more normative than the USA. People in South Africa have a stronger concern with establishing the absolute Truth than American. People in South Africa “exhibit great respect for traditions, a relatively small propensity to save for future,? and a focus on achieving quick results.” (Hofstede Insights, 2020) As far as Indulgence is concerned, American place a higher degree of importance on leisure time and act more as they please and spend money as they wish than people in South Africa.

    Applied Hofstedes model of national culture to IKEA, Spanish people especially emphasize personality, high quality of products and pragmatism. In IKEA, the ‘business innovations “include new materials that contribute more to a sustainable environment and are less costly or using the newest ways of packaging, handling and transporting materials.” (Connell, L.,2019) Considering Swedish in IKEA group has its knowledge about customers, understanding the purchasing factors that influence customers decision making. In order to drive costs down, IKEA find out new and innovative ways to incorporate low cost model in its business. Moreover, IKEA call it “Democratic Design”, because they believe good home furnishing is for everyone. Additionally, IKEA workers pack and ship their products in space-efficient flat-packs, storage and transportation costs are reduced. The business idea of IKEA devote to create products that have a beautiful design, good function, are of good quality and available at a low price. Therefore, today, IKEA is the worlds largest furniture retailer, recognized for its Scandinavian style. That means? Scandinavian style of IKEA products is also popular in Spain. (Connell, L.,2019)

    In the other hand, “Fair trade coffee growers are guaranteed a minimum ‘fair trade price of $1.26/pound FOB for their coffee. If world coffee price rises above this floor price, fair trade coffee farmers will be paid a small ($0.05/pound) premium above market price.” (Starbucks Corporation, 2020) Fortunately, coffee farmers can offer a certain amount of credit from coffee importers against future sales, helping farmers stay out of debt to local coffee “coyotes” or middlemen. (Coffee Research Institute, 2006) However, since the coffee industry is volatile, unpredictable and subject to dramatic price fluctuations, coffee farmers in South Africa may face the rise of living income and the low receive of credit. It seems that Fair Trade Coffee will face relatively severe cultural conflict within Starbucks while fundamental problem that Fair Trade Coffee faced is the price difference. (Coffee Research Institute, 2006)

    Therefore, in order to make further analysis of the fundamental problem of Fair trade coffee, the theory of Price Scissors will be introduced following the analysis of the national culture. This theory is mentioned by Leon Trotsky and indicates the trend lines of agricultural and industrial price indexes. Based on Trotsky, price scissors can be drawn on the graph with time on a horizontal axis and price level on a vertical axis. Then “the plotting of industrial and agricultural prices on the graph will look like a pair of scissors, meeting at a juncture and then sharply moving in opposite directions. (Chappelow, J., 2019) According to Chappelow, J., 2019, “Price scissors is a term that refers to a sustained change in the terms of trade between different goods or classes of goods. Often this can involve a countrys drop in the price received for a developing economys agricultural exports,while its manufactured goods imports rise in price or remain relatively stable.” This, however, will easily lead to the conflict that the rural agricultural population contribute to the decline in incomes and the rise cost of living. (Chappelow, J., 2019)

    Based on the theory of Price Scissors, The prices of industrial and agricultural goods have got two direction, which leads to two different situations. Firstly, The prices of industrial and agricultural goods shot in opposite directions, that means both of the price of coffee beans in Fair Trade Coffee are going to be declined and the industrial prices will continue to decrease. This phenomenon will ultimately leads to the drop of the living income for farmers of South Africa in Fair Trade Coffee, making them hard to buy manufactured goods. Once the manufactured goods of Fair Trade Coffee are difficult to be bought, the output of Starbucks coffee will be stopped and moved to subsistence farming and famine may follow. (Chappelow, J., 2019) Secondly, a sharp increase in the price of textiles create a price scissors. In this occasions, domestic finance Fair Trade Coffee will struggle to cope with the burden of paying raw materials and other textiles, while being unable to sell their products at the price they do as usual. Thus, the income for farmers in South Africa of Fair Trade Coffee will become increasingly scarce, while their cost of living will rise because of higher prices of the coffee drink of Fair Trade. (Chappelow, J., 2019)

    In general, Fair Trade Coffee farmers face the issue which the price gap between declining living income and increasing living costs. (Chappelow, J., 2019) This problem become urgent and severe in certain degree. In order to solve this problem, an estimated price for Fair Trade Coffee that is not normally priced in the market or sold in the market need to be analyzed. Therefore, Shadow Pricing is going to be mentioned here.

    The term shadow pricing is used to refer either one of two situations. One is “the actual market value of a money market fund share even if it's stated value is $1 per share” and the other is “the assignment of a dollar value to an abstract commodity that is not ordinarily quantifiable as having a market price but needs to be assigned a valuation to conduct a cost-benefit analysis.” (Hayes, A., 2019) However, Shadow pricing is more frequently used in the process of cost-benefit analysis in business decision making. Take the dilemma of Fair Trade Coffee into account, what can be account for is not just the cost value of the produce, but more importantly, the costs of benefits of intangible assets that are difficult to assign a dollar value (Hayes, A., 2019) The intangible asserts here are something that like goodwill, brand recognition and intellectual property and so on. Thats how to help Fair Trade Coffee farmers to stay out of the exploitation of the capitalist.

    Shadow pricing can avoid the problem of exploitation in a certain degree and relieve the cultural conflict within Fair Trade Coffee. However, it seems to be too idealistic since the shadow price does not exist and it is also a subjective and inexact, or imprecise and endeavor. If business like Fair Trade Coffee intends undertake a project or investment, it often perform a comparative analysis of the project or investment cost against the projected benefits.(Hayes, A., 2019)

    3 Discussions and conclusions

    In conclusion, Based on Edward W Said, the purely Western humanities appear the Orientalist equivalent of attempts. Therefore, it seems to them that culture is antipositivistically, intuitively and sympathetically. Here, IKEA, Spain and America represent one of the western culture which is “ the crisis imposed on it by such threats as barbarism, narrow technical concerns, moral aridity, strident nationalism, and so forth. However, South Africa as the opposite site to the Western culture, which is called non-Orientalist culture, “perforce more immediately responsive to the threats to humanistic culture of a self-aggrandizing, amoral technical specialization represented, in part at least, by the rise of fascism in Europe.” (Edward W. S, 2003) In South Africa, about 1.5% of the population belief Islam and major economic immigrants from India and Pakistan in South Africa also contribute to the Muslim community before the end of apartheid. (Sawe, B. E., 2017) Thus, Fair Trade Coffee appears both Islam from and capitalism from America. “The notion of a type —— Oriental, Islamic, Arab, or whatever —— endures and is nourished by similar kinds of abstractions or paradigms or types as they emerge out of the modern social sciences.” (Edward W. S, 2003)

    In general, Greater different value exists in Fair Trade Coffee rather than in IKEA, however, when it comes to benefit, the first thing should be think is to balance the consequence between morality and just money. Out of the rule of law, what can be judged is the ethics for everyone. When someone try to deal with something, it is wise for he to measure the order of priority for event and respect each other and try his best to get things in a virtuous cycle instead of think highly of money to get sever problem to be avoided in a large degree.

    (責(zé)任編輯:陳之曦)

    猜你喜歡
    文化沖突類型文化差異
    論《白牙》中流散族群內(nèi)部的文化沖突
    我國(guó)高職院校實(shí)訓(xùn)基地主要類型及其存在價(jià)值初論
    職教論壇(2016年24期)2016-11-14 09:02:16
    C語(yǔ)言教學(xué)探討
    人名中不應(yīng)該使用生僻字
    人間(2016年27期)2016-11-11 17:29:11
    中美合資企業(yè)的跨文化管理研究
    文化差異對(duì)初入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的法國(guó)中小企業(yè)影響分析
    利用野花組合營(yíng)造花海景觀的技術(shù)研究
    淺析中西方文化差異對(duì)英語(yǔ)翻譯的影響
    科技視界(2016年20期)2016-09-29 11:17:26
    對(duì)外漢語(yǔ)教材出版的文化差異沖突與融通策略
    出版廣角(2016年4期)2016-04-20 01:26:28
    中英禮貌用語(yǔ)對(duì)比及跨文化沖突——以《喜福會(huì)》為例
    美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| av免费在线看不卡| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 精品久久国产蜜桃| 观看美女的网站| 在线免费十八禁| 观看免费一级毛片| 高清午夜精品一区二区三区| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 亚洲最大成人中文| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| or卡值多少钱| 哪个播放器可以免费观看大片| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 只有这里有精品99| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 久久久欧美国产精品| 成人综合一区亚洲| 极品教师在线视频| 成年av动漫网址| 亚洲图色成人| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 国产成人午夜福利电影在线观看| 国产伦一二天堂av在线观看| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 国产精品电影一区二区三区| 欧美激情国产日韩精品一区| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 亚洲av男天堂| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片| 欧美极品一区二区三区四区| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 毛片一级片免费看久久久久| 天堂影院成人在线观看| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 久久久久久伊人网av| 男女视频在线观看网站免费| 国产大屁股一区二区在线视频| 欧美97在线视频| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| www.色视频.com| 男女视频在线观看网站免费| 十八禁国产超污无遮挡网站| 欧美精品一区二区大全| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 秋霞在线观看毛片| 日韩国内少妇激情av| av播播在线观看一区| 99九九线精品视频在线观看视频| 国产精品一区www在线观看| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 亚洲国产日韩欧美精品在线观看| 久久精品人妻少妇| 97超视频在线观看视频| 国产高清有码在线观看视频| 男人狂女人下面高潮的视频| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 免费看光身美女| 深夜a级毛片| 欧美一区二区亚洲| 日本黄色片子视频| 特级一级黄色大片| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 亚洲综合精品二区| 国产 一区 欧美 日韩| 欧美区成人在线视频| 亚洲国产精品专区欧美| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 亚洲人成网站高清观看| 久久精品91蜜桃| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 久久精品夜色国产| kizo精华| 看非洲黑人一级黄片| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生 | 尾随美女入室| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 插阴视频在线观看视频| 亚洲人成网站高清观看| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠久久av| 成年女人永久免费观看视频| 成人二区视频| 一个人看的www免费观看视频| 久久久久精品久久久久真实原创| 男插女下体视频免费在线播放| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 一级毛片电影观看 | 插逼视频在线观看| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 看黄色毛片网站| 蜜臀久久99精品久久宅男| 听说在线观看完整版免费高清| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 欧美+日韩+精品| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 毛片一级片免费看久久久久| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 国产 一区精品| 成人午夜高清在线视频| 丝袜喷水一区| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久 | 黄色日韩在线| 九色成人免费人妻av| 能在线免费观看的黄片| 国产探花极品一区二区| 草草在线视频免费看| 插阴视频在线观看视频| 中文字幕久久专区| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 亚洲国产精品成人综合色| 别揉我奶头 嗯啊视频| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 成人特级av手机在线观看| 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 长腿黑丝高跟| 男人狂女人下面高潮的视频| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 亚洲av免费在线观看| 久久久国产成人免费| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| 赤兔流量卡办理| 观看美女的网站| 99国产精品一区二区蜜桃av| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 国产真实乱freesex| 国产在视频线在精品| 亚洲在久久综合| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 亚洲人成网站在线观看播放| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 日韩精品有码人妻一区| 超碰av人人做人人爽久久| 热99re8久久精品国产| 真实男女啪啪啪动态图| 黄色日韩在线| av播播在线观看一区| 日本猛色少妇xxxxx猛交久久| 观看美女的网站| 色播亚洲综合网| 国产乱来视频区| 99久国产av精品| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 成人欧美大片| 女人久久www免费人成看片 | 国产精品三级大全| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看| 麻豆精品久久久久久蜜桃| 久久久久久久久久久丰满| 久久久欧美国产精品| 欧美三级亚洲精品| 国产 一区精品| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 久久国内精品自在自线图片| 99久久人妻综合| 亚洲色图av天堂| 久久久久久久久久黄片| 国产成人aa在线观看| 伦精品一区二区三区| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 老司机影院成人| 日韩在线高清观看一区二区三区| 美女大奶头视频| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 啦啦啦韩国在线观看视频| 只有这里有精品99| 亚洲五月天丁香| 男女那种视频在线观看| 日韩av在线免费看完整版不卡| 国产黄片视频在线免费观看| 尤物成人国产欧美一区二区三区| 精品一区二区三区人妻视频| 青春草亚洲视频在线观看| 欧美高清性xxxxhd video| 亚洲欧美精品自产自拍| 乱人视频在线观看| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区 | 97超视频在线观看视频| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看| 97超视频在线观看视频| 99热这里只有是精品在线观看| h日本视频在线播放| 亚洲av福利一区| 99热这里只有是精品在线观看| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区| 天堂√8在线中文| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 成人特级av手机在线观看| 成年av动漫网址| 91久久精品电影网| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 黄色欧美视频在线观看| av播播在线观看一区| 最后的刺客免费高清国语| 免费av观看视频| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 午夜爱爱视频在线播放| 九草在线视频观看| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 91精品国产九色| 欧美三级亚洲精品| 亚洲av一区综合| 真实男女啪啪啪动态图| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 性色avwww在线观看| 在线播放无遮挡| 亚洲国产精品专区欧美| 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 九九在线视频观看精品| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 日韩av在线免费看完整版不卡| 男女视频在线观看网站免费| 少妇的逼水好多| 99久久精品热视频| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 免费av不卡在线播放| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 高清在线视频一区二区三区 | 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 国产午夜精品论理片| 久久久久久伊人网av| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 国产av码专区亚洲av| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 哪个播放器可以免费观看大片| 国产老妇伦熟女老妇高清| 看免费成人av毛片| 九色成人免费人妻av| 亚洲久久久久久中文字幕| 久久热精品热| 一二三四中文在线观看免费高清| 一级毛片aaaaaa免费看小| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 国语自产精品视频在线第100页| 国产一区二区亚洲精品在线观看| 亚洲不卡免费看| 国产极品天堂在线| 午夜免费激情av| 久久久久免费精品人妻一区二区| 我的女老师完整版在线观看| 免费看av在线观看网站| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站 | 性色avwww在线观看| 久久久久久久久久成人| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 亚洲av不卡在线观看| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 精品久久久久久久末码| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验| 亚洲av.av天堂| 人妻系列 视频| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看 | 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| 日本午夜av视频| 国产人妻一区二区三区在| 黄色一级大片看看| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 老师上课跳d突然被开到最大视频| 波多野结衣高清无吗| 国内精品宾馆在线| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 在线观看av片永久免费下载| 男女视频在线观看网站免费| 中文资源天堂在线| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 高清毛片免费看| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 在线免费十八禁| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 91在线精品国自产拍蜜月| a级一级毛片免费在线观看| 美女黄网站色视频| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 久久久午夜欧美精品| 久久国内精品自在自线图片| 成年版毛片免费区| 最近视频中文字幕2019在线8| 啦啦啦观看免费观看视频高清| 亚洲伊人久久精品综合 | 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一小说| 日本熟妇午夜| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 国产精品电影一区二区三区| 美女黄网站色视频| 高清毛片免费看| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| .国产精品久久| 日日干狠狠操夜夜爽| 91精品一卡2卡3卡4卡| 亚洲内射少妇av| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 成人国产麻豆网| 嘟嘟电影网在线观看| 日韩精品青青久久久久久| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频| 一级黄色大片毛片| 丝袜美腿在线中文| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 精品久久国产蜜桃| 午夜精品一区二区三区免费看| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 2022亚洲国产成人精品| 精品人妻熟女av久视频| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 亚洲国产最新在线播放| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 91在线精品国自产拍蜜月| av在线亚洲专区| 综合色av麻豆| 99热精品在线国产| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看 | 亚洲精品成人久久久久久| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久 | 亚洲乱码一区二区免费版| 在线免费观看不下载黄p国产| 永久免费av网站大全| 插阴视频在线观看视频| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 岛国在线免费视频观看| 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 国产在线男女| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 麻豆成人午夜福利视频| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看| 色综合亚洲欧美另类图片| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 日韩欧美三级三区| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 久久久精品94久久精品| 欧美成人午夜免费资源| 亚洲精品aⅴ在线观看| 一夜夜www| 亚洲人成网站高清观看| 只有这里有精品99| 97热精品久久久久久| 天堂av国产一区二区熟女人妻| 美女大奶头视频| 春色校园在线视频观看| 小蜜桃在线观看免费完整版高清| 在线观看一区二区三区| 国内精品宾馆在线| 国产免费男女视频| 国产精品,欧美在线| 99热全是精品| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 麻豆国产97在线/欧美| 久久草成人影院| 亚洲中文字幕日韩| 亚洲av成人av| 欧美xxxx黑人xx丫x性爽| 免费看日本二区| 国产伦理片在线播放av一区| 久久99精品国语久久久| av卡一久久| 99热这里只有是精品50| 亚洲精品乱码久久久久久按摩| 久久精品影院6| 99久国产av精品| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产| 国产黄色小视频在线观看| 亚洲在线观看片| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 国产精华一区二区三区| 欧美人与善性xxx| 精品午夜福利在线看| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 纵有疾风起免费观看全集完整版 | 少妇丰满av| 国产成人aa在线观看| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区| 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区 | 1000部很黄的大片| 一夜夜www| 中文乱码字字幕精品一区二区三区 | 七月丁香在线播放| 一级黄片播放器| 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 亚州av有码| 国产精品久久久久久久久免| 免费观看在线日韩| 成人午夜高清在线视频| 少妇的逼水好多| 免费不卡的大黄色大毛片视频在线观看 | 欧美性感艳星| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 1024手机看黄色片| h日本视频在线播放| 青春草亚洲视频在线观看| 国产成人a区在线观看| eeuss影院久久| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区| 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 国产精品久久久久久久电影| 日韩亚洲欧美综合| 国产乱人视频| 国产视频内射| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| 国产精品,欧美在线| 国产免费又黄又爽又色| 国国产精品蜜臀av免费| 日韩在线高清观看一区二区三区| 观看美女的网站| 精品酒店卫生间| 亚洲国产最新在线播放| 高清视频免费观看一区二区 | 久久精品夜色国产| 欧美日本亚洲视频在线播放| 一级av片app| 看非洲黑人一级黄片| 在线播放国产精品三级| 国产精品人妻久久久影院| 美女被艹到高潮喷水动态| 国产成人精品婷婷| 国产亚洲av片在线观看秒播厂 | 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 能在线免费观看的黄片| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 夜夜爽夜夜爽视频| 亚洲精品日韩在线中文字幕| 性插视频无遮挡在线免费观看| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| av国产久精品久网站免费入址| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 国产av码专区亚洲av| 国产亚洲最大av| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 国产午夜精品论理片| av在线蜜桃| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 中国国产av一级| 免费黄网站久久成人精品| 国内精品一区二区在线观看| eeuss影院久久| 最后的刺客免费高清国语| 日本一本二区三区精品| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 亚洲av成人精品一二三区| 国产亚洲精品久久久com| 精品久久久久久久人妻蜜臀av| 我要看日韩黄色一级片| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 午夜福利在线在线| 亚洲美女搞黄在线观看| АⅤ资源中文在线天堂| 搞女人的毛片| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 91午夜精品亚洲一区二区三区| 成人鲁丝片一二三区免费| 亚洲欧洲国产日韩| 午夜精品一区二区三区免费看| 舔av片在线| 女人久久www免费人成看片 | 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线 | 国产黄片美女视频| 成人午夜高清在线视频| 中文资源天堂在线| 变态另类丝袜制服| av在线老鸭窝| 精品一区二区免费观看| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产| 国语对白做爰xxxⅹ性视频网站| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看| 97在线视频观看| 成年av动漫网址| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 亚洲欧美中文字幕日韩二区| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 婷婷色av中文字幕| 身体一侧抽搐| 日本免费a在线| 青春草视频在线免费观看| 久久久久久久久久黄片| 国产 一区 欧美 日韩| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄 | 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 国产老妇伦熟女老妇高清| 永久网站在线| 亚洲四区av| 最近中文字幕2019免费版| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 久久久久久久久久久免费av| 亚洲aⅴ乱码一区二区在线播放| 久久鲁丝午夜福利片| 国产黄色小视频在线观看| 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 在线观看av片永久免费下载| 亚洲美女搞黄在线观看| 欧美一区二区国产精品久久精品| h日本视频在线播放| 日韩 亚洲 欧美在线| 午夜a级毛片| 秋霞伦理黄片| 欧美性感艳星| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影小说 | 国模一区二区三区四区视频| 日日啪夜夜撸| 老女人水多毛片| 我要看日韩黄色一级片| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 亚洲av.av天堂| 中文资源天堂在线| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 久久久精品大字幕| 校园人妻丝袜中文字幕| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站 | 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 午夜视频国产福利| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 大又大粗又爽又黄少妇毛片口| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 97超碰精品成人国产| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 欧美激情久久久久久爽电影| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 岛国毛片在线播放| 亚洲国产最新在线播放| av福利片在线观看| 91在线精品国自产拍蜜月| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| 我的女老师完整版在线观看| 高清毛片免费看| 国产不卡一卡二| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频| 色播亚洲综合网| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 乱人视频在线观看| 久久久久久久久中文| 国产精品三级大全| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 我的女老师完整版在线观看| 国产在线一区二区三区精 | 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 能在线免费看毛片的网站| 寂寞人妻少妇视频99o| 国产人妻一区二区三区在| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 久久人人爽人人片av| 久久国产乱子免费精品| 国产在线一区二区三区精 | 美女内射精品一级片tv| 老司机影院毛片| 久久久国产成人免费| 免费看a级黄色片| 久久精品久久久久久久性| 国产三级在线视频| 精品久久久久久成人av| 男人舔女人下体高潮全视频| 又爽又黄a免费视频| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 女人久久www免费人成看片 | 夫妻性生交免费视频一级片| 人妻系列 视频| 亚洲av福利一区| 亚洲成色77777| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 久久久久精品久久久久真实原创| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 只有这里有精品99| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 久久午夜福利片| 久久国产乱子免费精品| 麻豆一二三区av精品| 插阴视频在线观看视频| 精品久久久久久久久亚洲| 看黄色毛片网站| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 日韩精品有码人妻一区| 色5月婷婷丁香| 午夜爱爱视频在线播放| 99久久中文字幕三级久久日本| 亚洲国产精品合色在线|