高小麗
1. ought to的用法
(1) 表示責(zé)任和義務(wù),意為“應(yīng)該”,與should同義。
You ought to be more careful when you do some shopping on the Internet. 在網(wǎng)上購物時(shí),你應(yīng)該更小心些。
ought to的否定形式為ought not to / oughtnt to,一般疑問形式是將ought提至句首,其否定答語通常用dont have to或neednt。
You ought not to make this kind of mistake again. 你不應(yīng)該再犯這種錯(cuò)誤了。
—Ought he to see the doctor? 他該去看醫(yī)生嗎?
—Yes, he ought (to). / No, he doesnt have to / neednt. 是的,他該去。/不,他不必去。
(2) 表示可能性,一般指較大的可能性,意為“按道理應(yīng)該”。
If he started at six, he ought to be here now. 要是他六點(diǎn)就出發(fā)的話,這會兒該到這里了。
2. have to的用法
have to意為“不得不”,有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化,其否定形式和疑問形式需要借助于助動詞do。
It was raining outside; we had to stay at home. 下雨了,我們不得不待在家里。
【拓展】 have to & must
(1) 兩者都可意為“必須,應(yīng)該”,但 have to 表示客觀的需要,而 must 表示說話人主觀上的看法,即主觀上的必要。
(2) have to有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化,而 must 只有一種形式。
He had to look after his sister yesterday. 昨天他必須照顧他的妹妹。
My sister is ill; my mother has to look after her. 我妹妹生病了,媽媽不得不照顧她。
We must help each other. 我們必須互相幫助。
(3) 在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中,dont have to表示“不必”;mustnt表示“禁止,不許”。
You dont have to tell him about it. 你不必把此事告訴他。
(4) 在回答must 的一般疑問句時(shí),肯定式常用must,表示“必須”;否定式常用need not / neednt或dont have to,表示“不必”。
3. need的用法
(1) need既可以作實(shí)義動詞,也可以作情態(tài)動詞。作情態(tài)動詞時(shí),后跟動詞原形,表示“需要,有必要”,無人稱和數(shù)的變化,多用于否定句、疑問句或條件句中。
You neednt go there now. 你現(xiàn)在不必去那兒。
Need I go there now? 我現(xiàn)在需要去那兒嗎?
由need引導(dǎo)的一般疑問句的肯定回答常用must或have to;否定回答常用neednt或dont have to。
—Need I hand in my paper now? 我現(xiàn)在需要上交論文嗎?
—Yes, you must / have to. / No, you neednt / dont have to. 是的,你必須。/不,你不需要。
(2) need作為實(shí)義動詞,同其他實(shí)義動詞一樣,可用于各種句式,有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱、數(shù)的變化,構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句時(shí)要借助于助動詞do。
You need to be careful. 你得小心些。
You dont need to be so worried. 你不必如此擔(dān)心。
當(dāng)need作實(shí)義動詞“需要”講時(shí),其后跟不定式的被動形式相當(dāng)于跟V-ing的主動形式,在這一點(diǎn)上,與want和require作“需要”講時(shí)一樣。
The house needs / wants / requires repairing / to be repaired. 這所房子需要修理。
4. dare的用法
(1) dare既可以作實(shí)義動詞,也可以作情態(tài)動詞。作情態(tài)動詞時(shí)多用于疑問句、否定句、條件狀語從句以及表示懷疑的名詞性從句中,過去式為dared,表示“敢……”。
I dare not walk through the wood at night. 夜間我不敢在小樹林里走。
(2) dare作實(shí)義動詞時(shí),在否定句中不定式符號to也可以省略。
The children dont dare (to) make a sound while their parents are sleeping. 孩子們在父母睡覺時(shí)不敢弄出一點(diǎn)聲音。
5. 情態(tài)動詞+have done結(jié)構(gòu)的用法
(1) must have done表示對過去發(fā)生的事情所作出的合理或很有把握的推測,意為“想必/準(zhǔn)是/一定……”,只用于肯定句中,在否定句或疑問句中通常被can / cant+have done代替。
From what you said, she must have told you all about it. 從你所說的來看,她一定把一切都告訴你了。
(2) can have done一般用于疑問句和否定句中,用于表示對過去所發(fā)生事情的推測。could have done用于肯定句時(shí),表示“可能已經(jīng)做過某事”或“本有能力做某事而未做”。
Mr Smith cant have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 史密斯先生不可能去北京了,我剛才還在圖書館看見他了。
(3) should / ought to have done表示“過去本應(yīng)該做某事而(實(shí)際上)沒有做”,含有責(zé)備或遺憾的語氣;其否定形式表示“某種行為不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了”。
You should have done more exercise before. 以前你應(yīng)該多進(jìn)行鍛煉的。
(4) need have done表示“本需要做而實(shí)際未做”;neednt have done表示“本不必做某事而實(shí)際做了”。
As it turned out to be a small house party, we neednt have dressed up so formally. 最后證實(shí)那是一個(gè)小型的家庭聚會,我們本來沒必要盛裝打扮的。
(5) may / might have done表示對過去發(fā)生的事情的推測,意思是“也許已經(jīng)做了某事,可能已經(jīng)做了某事”,多用在肯定句中,用might時(shí)表示語氣更加不肯定。
You might have read about it in the papers. 你可能已經(jīng)在報(bào)上看過這個(gè)消息了。
【練一練】
I. 用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞填空。
1. You _______ keep a simple first aid box at home for any accidents.
2. There being no bus that night, we _______ go home on foot.
3. —Mr Wang, I will go and fetch four chairs for the meeting.
—You _______ fetch four; two will do.
4. —Im sorry. I _______ have shouted at you the other day.
—Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.
5. You _______ have told me the news. I have already known it.
II. 根據(jù)漢語意思完成句子,每空一詞。
1. 你不該責(zé)備他。
You _______ _______ _______ him.
2. 他沒有錢,只好放棄這個(gè)計(jì)劃。
He has no money, so he _______ _______ give up this plan.
3. 你千萬不能告訴他這個(gè)秘密。
You _______ _______ him the secret.
4. 這里相當(dāng)暖和,我們還沒有必要打開暖氣。
Its quite warm here; we _______ _______ the heating on yet.
5. 你怎么敢那樣說?
How _______ you _______ that?
6. 她不敢在晚上出去。
She _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ at night.
7. 我玩得再開心不過了——這是完美的一天。
I _______ _______ _______ myself more—it was a perfect day.
8. 他們本應(yīng)該在午飯時(shí)間就到達(dá)的,但是他們的航班被耽擱了。
They _______ _______ _______ _______ at lunchtime, but their flight was delayed.
9. 馬克本來不必那么匆忙的。這么高速駕駛之后,他早半個(gè)小時(shí)到達(dá)了。
Mark _______ _______ _______. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
10. 他看上去很高興,一定是通過了考試。
He looks so happy, so he _______ _______ _______ _______ _______.