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[摘要] 目的 觀察溫針灸聯(lián)合運(yùn)動(dòng)療法治療運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷恢復(fù)期患者的臨床效果。 方法 選取2018年1—12月湖北省中醫(yī)院康復(fù)科確診為運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷恢復(fù)期的90例患者,將其按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分成三組,A組采取常規(guī)針刺法治療,B組采取溫針灸方式治療,C組采取溫針灸聯(lián)合運(yùn)動(dòng)療法治療,每組30例。1個(gè)月后觀察療效,療效采用Lysholm膝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分(LKS評(píng)分)、膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷和骨關(guān)節(jié)炎評(píng)分(KOOS評(píng)分)、美國(guó)膝關(guān)節(jié)協(xié)會(huì)評(píng)分(AKS評(píng)分)和國(guó)際膝關(guān)節(jié)文獻(xiàn)編制委員會(huì)膝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)估表(IKDC評(píng)估表)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)。 結(jié)果 A組治療前后LKS評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);B、C組治療后LKS評(píng)分較治療前升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療后,B、C組LKS評(píng)分高于A組,且C組高于B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。與治療前比較,治療后A、B、C三組KOOS評(píng)分均升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療后,B、C組KOOS評(píng)分高于A組,且C組高于B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。與治療前比較,治療后A、B、C三組AKS評(píng)分均升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療后,C組AKS評(píng)分高于A、B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。A組治療前后IKDC評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。B、C組治療后IKDC評(píng)分較治療前升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療后,B、C組IKDC評(píng)分高于A組,且C組高于B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 溫針灸聯(lián)合運(yùn)動(dòng)療法治療運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷恢復(fù)期效果確切,值得臨床應(yīng)用推廣。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷;溫針灸;臨床療效;量表
[中圖分類號(hào)] R245.8;R87 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)08(c)-0079-05
Clinical effect of warm acupuncture combined with exercise therapy on sports knee injury in convalescent patients
QIN Guifu1 ? LIU Wan1 ? LIANG Bo2
1.Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine ?Hubei Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province, Wuhan ? 430061, China; 2.Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430014, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the clinical effect of warm acupuncture combined with exercise therapy in the treatment of sports knee injury in convalescent. Methods A total of 90 patients with sports knee injuries in convalescent diagnosed in the Department of Rehabilitation, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January to December 2018 were selected and divided into three groups according to the random number table method. Group A received conventional acupuncture treatment, group B received warm acupuncture treatment, and group C received warm acupuncture combined with exercise therapy, with 30 patients in each group. The curative effect was observed after one month. Efficacy was evaluated comprehensively by Lysholm knee score (LKS score), knee injury and osteoarthritis score (KOOS score), American knee association score (AKS score), and knee joint evaluation form of the international knee documentation committee (IKDC evaluation form). Results There was no significant difference in LKS scores between group A before and after treatment (P > 0.05). LKS scores of group B and C increased after treatment compared with those before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). After treatment, LKS scores in group B and C were higher than those in group A, and LKS score in group C was higher than that in group B, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). Compared with before treatment, KOOS scores in groups A, B and C increased after treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). After treatment, KOOS scores of groups B and C were higher than those of group A, and group C was higher than that of group B, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). Compared with those before treatment, AKS scores of group A, B and C were increased after treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). After treatment, AKS scores in group C were higher than those in group A and B, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in IKDC score between group A before and after treatment (P > 0.05). IKDC scores of group B and C increased after treatment compared with those before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). After treatment, IKDC scores of group B and C were higher than those of group A, and IKDC score of group C was higher than that of group B, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The therapeutic effect of warm acupuncture ?combined with exercise therapy on sports knee injury is definite and worthy of clinical application and promotion.
[Key words] Sports knee injury; Warm acupuncture; Clinical efficacy; Scale
運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷指運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中發(fā)生的肌腱、韌帶、滑膜和軟骨等的綜合性損傷,患者通常具有疼痛、腫脹和膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)受限等癥狀[1-2]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),膝關(guān)節(jié)伸展和屈曲并不是單一軸向運(yùn)動(dòng),是通過轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸位置的持續(xù)變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)的,即謂之“矛盾運(yùn)動(dòng)”[3]。膝關(guān)節(jié)作為全身較大關(guān)節(jié)承受了人體大部分重量,在運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中因姿勢(shì)、發(fā)力等錯(cuò)誤極易損傷[4]。越來越多的人開始認(rèn)識(shí)到通過多種形式的鍛煉可以提高健康水平,增強(qiáng)免疫力,但因運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度過大、運(yùn)動(dòng)前準(zhǔn)備不足和不正確的運(yùn)動(dòng)姿勢(shì)等問題導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷高發(fā),給患者和社會(huì)帶來極大壓力[5]。運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷屬中醫(yī)骨痹范疇,主要是因正氣不足、衛(wèi)外不固加上外力損傷合而為病[6]。溫針灸是聯(lián)合毫針刺和艾條灸的一種傳統(tǒng)治療方法,具有散寒通痹、通經(jīng)活絡(luò)、健骨強(qiáng)筋的作用,廣泛用于寒濕痹阻、筋骨痹痛[7-8]。本文運(yùn)用溫針灸結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng)療法比較常規(guī)針刺和溫針灸方法來治療運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷恢復(fù)期的效果,現(xiàn)整理歸納如下,以期臨床推廣。
1資料方法
1.1一般資料
選取2018年1—12月湖北省中醫(yī)院康復(fù)科根據(jù)中醫(yī)、西醫(yī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確診為運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷恢復(fù)期的90例患者。其中男46例,女44例;病程10~48 d。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理審查委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(審批編號(hào):SXDX 2019050A)。
1.2 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.2.1 西醫(yī)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ?①運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷史;②急性期出現(xiàn)膝關(guān)節(jié)紅腫,疼痛,局部壓痛,伴有一定程度的運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙[9];③經(jīng)影像學(xué)診斷為膝關(guān)節(jié)韌帶損傷、膝關(guān)節(jié)半月板損傷、髕下脂肪墊損傷和創(chuàng)傷性軟骨損傷等;④量表評(píng)分:經(jīng)Lysholm膝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分(LKS評(píng)分)、膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷和骨關(guān)節(jié)炎評(píng)分(KOOS評(píng)分)、美國(guó)膝關(guān)節(jié)協(xié)會(huì)評(píng)分(AKS評(píng)分)和國(guó)際膝關(guān)節(jié)文獻(xiàn)編制委員會(huì)膝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)估表(IKDC評(píng)估表)綜合分析,達(dá)到膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10-13]。
1.2.2 中醫(yī)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ?①因運(yùn)動(dòng)致傷,后遷延不愈,行走不利;②觸診有肌膚不溫或怕冷者,舌淡苔白滑,脈弦澀[14];③經(jīng)膝關(guān)節(jié)相關(guān)量表評(píng)分到達(dá)損傷患者。
1.3 納入數(shù)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.3.1納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ?符合中醫(yī)、西醫(yī)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者。
1.3.2排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ?發(fā)病前期有使用激素類止痛消炎藥治療,經(jīng)影像學(xué)確認(rèn)有器質(zhì)性病變者[15],合并有其他系統(tǒng)原發(fā)性重度疾病者,激烈碰撞出現(xiàn)骨折、韌帶、半月板損傷及嚴(yán)重血管、神經(jīng)等合并癥者[16]。
1.4 病例選擇及分組
根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法制訂隨機(jī)表,按照1∶1∶1的比例對(duì)患者進(jìn)行分組,按發(fā)病時(shí)間對(duì)病例進(jìn)行分期。按照中醫(yī)、西醫(yī)診斷、納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、入選時(shí)間的先后順序和病例相似度獲取隨機(jī)編號(hào),根據(jù)隨機(jī)編號(hào)所對(duì)應(yīng)的分組進(jìn)行干預(yù)治療。所有患者分成A、B和C組,每組30例。見表1。三組性別、年齡、病程比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。
1.5治療方法
1.5.1 A組根據(jù)新世紀(jì)全國(guó)十三五高等中醫(yī)藥院校規(guī)劃教材《針灸治療學(xué)》[17]第9版中膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷取穴犢鼻、內(nèi)膝眼、血海、梁丘、陽陵泉等穴位。外側(cè)疼痛加丘虛,內(nèi)側(cè)疼痛加太沖,全膝疼痛加鶴頂。對(duì)確診為血瘀證者加刺膈腧,寒濕證者加刺陰陵泉等穴位,每穴針灸30 min。
1.5.2 B組在常規(guī)針刺同時(shí),于犢鼻等膝周穴位取艾絨捏成直徑1 cm橄欖核狀插于針柄點(diǎn)燃,待其自燃盡取灰,最后一同出針。
1.5.3 C組溫針灸結(jié)束后,行關(guān)節(jié)松動(dòng)術(shù),仰臥位,膝關(guān)節(jié)微屈,醫(yī)者手握膝關(guān)節(jié)下部,被動(dòng)屈曲患者膝關(guān)節(jié)至最大限度時(shí)輕輕用力彈壓1次,再握患側(cè)髕骨,將髕骨分別向內(nèi)、外推擠,重復(fù)上述動(dòng)作15次;環(huán)轉(zhuǎn),在患者耐受前提下,曲膝屈髖90°,一手托踝,一手扶膝,幅度從小到大,環(huán)旋搖動(dòng)膝關(guān)節(jié),重復(fù)上述動(dòng)作15次;肌力訓(xùn)練,對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)伸肌群及屈肌群進(jìn)行徒手抗阻力訓(xùn)練10 min。
1.6針具和艾絨
針用蘇州醫(yī)療用品廠生產(chǎn)的“華佗牌”一次性無菌針灸針(40 mm×0.30 mm和75 mm×0.35 mm,批號(hào):180124-12)。艾絨選用北京同仁堂5年陳艾200 g/包(盒)(批號(hào):180114-09)。
1.7操作方法
患者取仰靠坐位(身體虛弱,有暈針史者取仰臥位),針刺部位和醫(yī)生雙手用75%酒精棉球檫拭消毒[18]。A組采用常規(guī)刺法速刺進(jìn)針,捻轉(zhuǎn)得氣,普通體格用(40 mm×0.30 mm),肥胖患者用(75 mm×0.35 mm)規(guī)格毫針;B組在A組基礎(chǔ)上加溫針灸;C組在B組上加施術(shù)手法(如“1.4.3”所述)。隔日1次,10次為1個(gè)療程,1個(gè)月后觀察療效。
1.8療效評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
所有患者治療1個(gè)月開始評(píng)估隨訪。痊愈:經(jīng)治療后,疼痛消失,關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度恢復(fù)正常,膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度≥120°,屈伸肌力5級(jí);顯效:局部腫痛基本消失,日?;顒?dòng)無障礙,膝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸度90°~<120°,屈伸肌力4級(jí);有效:局部腫脹,疼痛減輕,日常活動(dòng)輕度受限,關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度60°~<90°,屈伸肌力3級(jí);無效:膝關(guān)節(jié)局部腫脹疼痛不明顯,行走和日?;顒?dòng)受限,膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度<60°,屈伸肌力不到3級(jí)并伴隨有明顯的肌肉萎縮[19]。總有效率=(痊愈+顯效)例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%。Lysholm評(píng)分有跋行、支撐、上樓梯、下蹲、不穩(wěn)定、交鎖和傳導(dǎo)、疼痛、腫脹8項(xiàng),分值為0~100分,疼痛和不穩(wěn)定性所占分值各25分,95~100分為優(yōu)秀;84~94分為良好;65~83為合格;<65分為較差[10]。KOOS分5個(gè)評(píng)分項(xiàng)目:疼痛、日常活動(dòng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)、娛樂功能和膝關(guān)節(jié)相關(guān)生活質(zhì)量,每個(gè)項(xiàng)目分0~4分5個(gè)等級(jí),最后匯總轉(zhuǎn)化為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分,分值越高說明狀態(tài)越好[11]。IKDC由疼痛、腫脹、活動(dòng)障礙等10項(xiàng)功能評(píng)分和關(guān)節(jié)交鎖等韌帶評(píng)分組成,總分100分,涵蓋功能、運(yùn)動(dòng)和病理多方面,較為全面,分值越高說明狀態(tài)越好[12]。AKS由4項(xiàng)膝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)分和3項(xiàng)活動(dòng)功能評(píng)分構(gòu)成,總分10分,分值越高說明狀態(tài)越好[13]。
1.9統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 23.0對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較用方差分析;組間兩兩比較用SNK法,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例數(shù)和百分率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1 三組治療前后LKS評(píng)分比較
A組治療前后LKS評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);B、C組治療后LKS評(píng)分較治療前升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療后,B、C組LKS評(píng)分高于A組,且C組高于B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.2三組治療前后KOOS評(píng)分比較
與治療前比較,治療后A、B、C三組KOOS評(píng)分均升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療后,B、C組KOOS評(píng)分高于A組,且C組高于B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。見表3。
2.3三組治療前后AKS評(píng)分比較
與治療前比較,治療后A、B、C三組AKS評(píng)分均升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療后,C組AKS評(píng)分高于A、B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05),A組和B組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表4。
2.4三組治療前后IKDC評(píng)估表比較
A組治療前后IKDC評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);B、C組治療后IKDC評(píng)分較治療前升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療后,B、C組IKDC評(píng)分高于A組,且C組高于B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。見表5。
3討論
膝關(guān)節(jié)于人體有十分重要的作用,負(fù)責(zé)承受全身大部分重量和完成人體運(yùn)動(dòng)的功能。膝關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷是臨床比較常見的疾病,隨著“全民健身”等口號(hào)提出,參與運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的人越來越多,因運(yùn)動(dòng)方式、強(qiáng)度和保護(hù)不當(dāng),運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷發(fā)病率逐年遞增[20]。傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為,膝為“諸筋之府”,運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷發(fā)病和脾、肝、腎虧虛,風(fēng)、寒、濕及瘀血客于局部密切相關(guān),屬于傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)骨痹范疇[21]。從現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)角度看,改善或阻止病情進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的方法主要是使用一些非甾體類抗炎藥以及現(xiàn)代康復(fù)聲、光、電刺激等,這并不能很好滿足運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷的治療[22]。尋找有效治療方法、改善患者臨床癥狀和減輕痛苦顯得尤為重要,溫針灸結(jié)合運(yùn)動(dòng)療法治療此病效果確切,應(yīng)予推廣[23]。
Lysholm評(píng)分1982年由瑞典學(xué)者提出,從跋行、支撐、上樓梯、下蹲、不穩(wěn)定、交鎖和傳導(dǎo)、疼痛、腫脹8項(xiàng)進(jìn)行問卷調(diào)查,被用于各種膝關(guān)節(jié)疾病的評(píng)估[16]。本研究用LKS評(píng)分對(duì)患者治療前后進(jìn)行評(píng)估,C組LKS評(píng)分高于A、B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。溫能通脈,動(dòng)則活血,這可能和C組療效較好有關(guān)。
KOOS評(píng)分由膝關(guān)節(jié)癥狀、活動(dòng)功能、生活狀態(tài)等5個(gè)維度構(gòu)成,多用于中青年患者急性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷的評(píng)估[17]。與治療前比較,治療后A、B、C三組KOOS評(píng)分均升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療后,B、C組KOOS評(píng)分高于A組,且C組高于B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。溫針灸把艾的溫度和針刺結(jié)合起來,溫通經(jīng)脈可以較好的解決不通則痛的癥狀,關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度訓(xùn)練加快了氣血運(yùn)行,通利關(guān)節(jié)。
AKS評(píng)分由美國(guó)于1989年研制的綜合性評(píng)估表,由疼痛、跛行等多個(gè)評(píng)估點(diǎn)組成[18]。經(jīng)該表估算,與治療前比較,治療后A、B、C三組AKS評(píng)分均升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。治療后,C組AKS評(píng)分高于A、B組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05),疼痛是針灸治療的優(yōu)勢(shì),關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)可以促進(jìn)炎癥吸收,二者相配,療效顯著[24]。
IKDC評(píng)估表是歐美各大運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)組織通過反復(fù)修改后于2000年提出,對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)癥狀、功能和體育活動(dòng)適應(yīng)能力進(jìn)行評(píng)估[19]。經(jīng)評(píng)定,C組總有效率高于A、B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),在關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度和疼痛方面,與寧凱等[24]的結(jié)論不謀而合,這可能和運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷特點(diǎn)有關(guān),運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷主要累及肌肉、肌腱等組織,溫針灸和運(yùn)動(dòng)療法對(duì)肌肉彈性和收縮性的恢復(fù)有明顯作用[25-28]。
綜上所述,運(yùn)用LKS、KOOS、AKS、IKDC四種膝關(guān)節(jié)評(píng)估量表對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)性膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷恢復(fù)期的治療進(jìn)行評(píng)估,總體效果溫針灸聯(lián)合運(yùn)動(dòng)療法最好。究其原因有二,一是從疾病特點(diǎn)來看,運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷都急性發(fā)生,氣滯、血瘀、寒凝是主要特點(diǎn);二是從治療手段來看,溫針灸帶有溫和針刺的效應(yīng),溫通經(jīng)脈,消瘀散寒,很好地解決了氣滯、血瘀、寒凝特點(diǎn)。此外,運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期過程,活動(dòng)受限會(huì)影響康復(fù)后的功能,配合運(yùn)動(dòng)療法能更好地保持運(yùn)動(dòng)的感覺和信心,有助于患者重返賽場(chǎng)或工作崗位。所以,在治病過程中既要從疾病本身出發(fā),尋找疾病的特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)對(duì)之法,又要從人出發(fā),關(guān)注患者心理,配合一些積極的康復(fù)方式,有利于患者早日康復(fù)。但對(duì)于一些器質(zhì)性疾病,如骨折、韌帶斷裂等需要另尋他法。
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(收稿日期:2020-01-09)
[基金項(xiàng)目] 湖北省科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2017ACA192)。
[作者簡(jiǎn)介] 秦桂福(1981.10-),女,碩士;研究方向:中西醫(yī)結(jié)合治療風(fēng)濕病。
[通訊作者] 梁博(1982.9-),男,碩士;研究方向:運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)、四肢骨折創(chuàng)傷。