王化清
until一詞在中考試題中出現(xiàn)頻率較高,且not...until又是一個重點句型,所以,希望同學們一定要掌握它的用法。
一、從含義上講,可與時間、地點連用。如:
He worked until midnight. 他一直工作到午夜。
The boy didn’t go to bed until ten o’clock. 這個男孩直到10點才上床睡覺。
Go along this street until the bridge,you’ll see the hospital.
沿這條街道往前走直到那座橋,你就會看見那個醫(yī)院。
二、從詞性上講,可作介詞或連詞。如:
Most of the shops are not open until nine o’clock. 大多數(shù)商店直到9點才開門。(作介詞)
He didn’t wake up until the class was over. 他直到下課才醒來。(作連詞)
三、從句型上講,可用于肯定句,也可用于否定句。
1. 用于肯定句表示主句動作或狀態(tài)結(jié)束。如:
The woman worked in the factory until 2005. 這個婦女在那個工廠一直干到2005年。(表示在2005年“work”這個動作結(jié)束)
He had been in Jiangsu for ten years until he moved to Beijing. 他在搬到北京之前在江蘇已經(jīng)住了10年了。(表示“他”在江蘇居住了10年后,搬到北京)
2. 用于否定句,構(gòu)成not … until句型,表示主句動作直到until所表示的時間才開始發(fā)生,即表示動作的起點。如:
He didn’t go to bed until the TV play was over.
他直到電視劇結(jié)束才上床睡覺。(當電視劇結(jié)束時,“上床睡覺”這個動作才開始)
The student won’t go home until he finishes his homework. 那個學生直到完成他的家庭作業(yè)才回家。(只有當他完成作業(yè)時,“回家”這個動作才開始)
溫馨提示:
(1)until用作連詞引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時,從句的動作若發(fā)生在將來,不要用將來時,而要用一般現(xiàn)在時。如:
I won’t do that until you come back. 在你回來之前,我不會做那件事。
(2)until也可放在句首。另外,當not until位于句首時,主句的主、謂語需要倒裝。如:
Not until the bell rang did the students stop talking. 直到鈴聲響起,學生們才停止講話。
四、until與after,before,as soon as,when之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
1. 與引導(dǎo)時間狀語(從句)的after之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,構(gòu)成主句否定,until直接替換after。如:
The scientist had supper after he finished the work at midnight.→ The scientist didn’t have supper until he finished the work at midnight.
He went to school after 8 o’clock. → He didn’t go to school until 8 o’clock.
2. 與引導(dǎo)時間狀語(從句)的before之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
(1)當before是介詞時,必須確保謂語動詞是否定形式才能用until替換before,否則句意發(fā)生變化與原句不符。如:
Most of the shops are not open before nine o’clock. → Most of the shops are not open until nine o’clock.
(2)當before是連詞時,原主句(肯定形式)變?yōu)閡ntil引導(dǎo)的從句,原從句變?yōu)橹骶?,并要?gòu)成否定形式。如:
Before you cross the street,the lights must turn green. → You can not cross the street until the lights turn green.
但如果主句原來是否定形式,只需把before變?yōu)閡ntil即可。如:
I didn’t leave before my brother came. → I didn’t leave until my brother came.
3. 與引導(dǎo)時間狀語(從句)的as soon as / when之間的轉(zhuǎn)換,主句變?yōu)榉穸ň?,until直接替換as soon as / when。如:
I’ll tell him the news as soon as he comes back. → I won’t tell him the news until he comes back.