王麗 孫文沖 裴凌
中圖分類號(hào) R765.9 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1001-0408(2020)05-0617-05
DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2020.05.22
摘 要 目的:系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)右美托咪定對(duì)比其他控制性降壓藥用于功能性鼻內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)術(shù)中控制性降壓的有效性和安全性,為其臨床應(yīng)用提供循證參考。方法:計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、EBSCO、Springer、Ovid、Cochrane 圖書館、中國(guó)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)獲取相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),同時(shí)手工檢索相關(guān)專業(yè)雜志并追溯納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn),收集右美托咪定(試驗(yàn)組)對(duì)比其他控制性降壓藥物(對(duì)照組)用于鼻內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)術(shù)中控制性降壓的有效性和安全性的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)。對(duì)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行資料提取,并采用改良Jadad質(zhì)量記分法評(píng)價(jià)納入文獻(xiàn)的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量后,采用Rev Man 5.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果:共納入8項(xiàng)RCT,合計(jì)497例患者。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,試驗(yàn)組降壓藥補(bǔ)充患者數(shù)比例[OR=0.37,95%CI(0.21,0.65),P=? 0.000 6]和術(shù)中出血量 [MD=-77.74,95%CI(-99.52,-55.96),P<0.001]更少,拔管時(shí)平均動(dòng)脈壓[MD=-13.40,95%CI(-16.24,? ?-10.56),P<0.001]和拔管時(shí)心率[MD=-30.13,95%CI(-33.40,-26.87),P<0.001]等血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更穩(wěn)定,F(xiàn)romme術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分更低[MD=-0.80,95%CI(-0.96,-0.65),P<0.001],寒顫[OR=0.37,95%CI(0.18,0.75),P=0.006]和惡心嘔吐[OR=0.28,95%CI(0.14,0.59),P=0.008]等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率更低。結(jié)論:右美托咪定在鼻內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)術(shù)中控制性降壓的效果和安全性具有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)。
關(guān)鍵詞 右美托咪定;控制性降壓;功能性鼻內(nèi)鏡手術(shù);Meta分析
Effectiveness and Safety of Dexmedetomidine for Controlled Hypotension during Functional Nasal Endoscopic Surgery: A Meta-analysis
WANG Li,SUN Wenchong,PEI Ling(Dept. of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China)
ABSTRACT? ?OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dexmedetomidine versus other controlled hypotension drugs for functional nasal endoscopic surgery, and to provide evidence-based reference for clinic. METHODS: Retrieved from PubMed, EBSCO, Springer, Ovid, Cochrane library, CJFD, VIP, Wanfang database, relevant journals and references of the included literature were also searched manually. RCTs about the effectiveness and safety of dexmedetomidine (trial group) versus other controlled hypotension drugs (control group) for functional nasal endoscopic surgery were collected. After data extraction of included literatures, quality evaluation with modified Jada quality scoring method, Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.3 software. RERULTS: A total of 8 RCTs involving 497 patients were included. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with control group, the ratio patients of hypotensive drug supplement [OR=-0.37, 95%CI(0.21,0.65), P=0.000 6] and the bleeding volume [MD=-77.74, 95%CI(-99.52,-55.96), P<0.001] of trial groups were lower; hemodynamics such as MAP during extubation [MD=-13.40, 95%CI(-16.24,-10.56), P<0.001] and heart rate during extubation [MD=-33.13,95%CI(-33.40, -26.87),P<0.001] was more stable during extubation; quality score of Fromme surgical field was higher [MD=-0.80, 95%CI(-0.96,-0.65), P<0.001]; while the incidence of chill [OR=0.37, 95%CI(0.18,0.75), P=0.006], nausea and vomit [OR=0.28, 95%CI(0.14, 0.59), P=0.008] were lower. CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine has a certain advantage than routine drugs for controlled hypotension during nasal endoscopic surgery, and with better safety.
2.3.3 拔管時(shí)的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變 ① 2項(xiàng)RCT報(bào)道了拔管時(shí)平均動(dòng)脈壓[11-12],共108例患者,各研究之間雖存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,但進(jìn)行敏感性分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)兩種模型結(jié)果一致,最終采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者拔管時(shí)平均動(dòng)脈壓低于對(duì)照組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[MD=-13.40,95%CI(-16.24,? -10.56),P<0.001]。②2項(xiàng)RCT報(bào)道了拔管時(shí)的心率(HR)[11-12],共108例患者,各研究之間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.21,I 2=35%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者拔管時(shí)心率低于對(duì)照組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[MD=-30.13,95%CI(-33.40, -26.87),P<0.001],詳見圖4。
圖4 拔管時(shí)的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變的Meta分析森林圖
2.3.4 Fromme術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分 4項(xiàng)RCT報(bào)道了Fromme術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分[7-8,11-12],共234例患者,各研究之間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.07,I 2=57%),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者Fromme術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分顯著低于對(duì)照組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[MD=-0.80,95%CI(-0.96,-0.65),P<0.001],詳見圖5。
圖5 Fromme術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分的Meta分析森林圖
2.3.5 蘇醒情況 ①3項(xiàng)RCT報(bào)道了拔管時(shí)間[5,11-12],共165例患者,各研究間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.65,I 2=0),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者拔管時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[MD=1.86,95%CI(0.82,2.89),P=0.000 5]。②3項(xiàng)RCT報(bào)道了清醒時(shí)間[6,10,12],共188例患者,各研究之間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P=0.24,I 2=31%),故采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者清醒時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于對(duì)照組,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[MD=3.17,95%CI(2.73,3.60),P<0.001]。③4項(xiàng)RCT報(bào)道了出PACU時(shí)間[5,7-8,10],共223例患者,各研究間存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P<0.000 01,I 2=97%),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者出PACU時(shí)間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[MD=-0.15,95%CI(-5.72,5.42),P=0.96],詳見圖6。
圖6 術(shù)后蘇醒情況的Meta分析森林圖
2.3.6 術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率 將不同的不良反應(yīng)指標(biāo)分成不同的亞組進(jìn)行分析,各研究之間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性,故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果顯示,試驗(yàn)組患者寒顫[5,6-8,10-12][OR=0.37,95%CI(0.18,0.75),P=0.006]、躁動(dòng)[10-11][OR=0.06,95%CI(0.00,1.15),P=0.06]、惡心嘔吐[5,6-8,10-12][OR=0.28,95%CI(0.14,0.59),P=0.000 8]的發(fā)生率均低于對(duì)照組;兩組患者心動(dòng)過緩[5,7-9,12]發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[OR=1.11,95%CI(0.56,2.20),P=0.76],詳見圖7。
2.4 發(fā)表偏倚分析
對(duì)各指標(biāo)進(jìn)行發(fā)表偏倚分析,倒漏斗圖均存在不對(duì)稱的情況,提示本Meta分析存在發(fā)表偏倚的可能性較大。其中選取Fromme術(shù)野質(zhì)量評(píng)分、術(shù)中出血量等指標(biāo)為例展示各倒漏斗圖的不對(duì)稱情況,詳見圖8、圖9。
3 討論
本Meta分析共納入8項(xiàng)RCT研究,共計(jì)497例鼻內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)患者。結(jié)果顯示,在鼻內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)中應(yīng)用右美托咪定行控制性降壓時(shí),F(xiàn)romme術(shù)野質(zhì)量明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,術(shù)中需要補(bǔ)充降壓藥的患者數(shù)占比明顯降低,術(shù)中出血量明顯減少,降壓達(dá)標(biāo)時(shí)間無明顯差異,拔管時(shí)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)更加穩(wěn)定;蘇醒期患者拔管時(shí)間和清醒時(shí)間與對(duì)照組相比較長(zhǎng),但PACU停留時(shí)間兩組基本相當(dāng);術(shù)后寒顫、惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率較低,但躁動(dòng)、心動(dòng)過緩的發(fā)生率兩組相當(dāng)。
有研究表明,減慢心率可能減少術(shù)中出血[13],這可能是試驗(yàn)組術(shù)野較清晰及出血量少的一個(gè)原因;右美托咪定具有鎮(zhèn)靜作用,可能有利于維持拔管期間的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,同時(shí)可能導(dǎo)致拔管時(shí)間及清醒時(shí)間較長(zhǎng); 右美托咪定的應(yīng)用不影響自主呼吸恢復(fù)并能減少術(shù)中麻醉藥用量[14],可能不影響出PACU時(shí)間,同時(shí)可以解釋術(shù)后較少的寒顫等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的原因。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道右美托咪定心動(dòng)過緩發(fā)生率較高[15],本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)心動(dòng)過緩的發(fā)生率并未增加,這可能與右美托咪定應(yīng)用方法和劑量有關(guān)。
本Meta分析存在一定的局限性,體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:(1)由于納入文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量較少,部分文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量較差,未給出具體數(shù)據(jù),部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)僅以圖表的形式描述結(jié)果,無法提取數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行合并分析,特別是血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo);(2)納入文獻(xiàn)中有些指標(biāo)的采集分析,如術(shù)中降壓藥補(bǔ)充情況及術(shù)后不良反應(yīng),各研究結(jié)果存在異質(zhì)性,可能與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道結(jié)果偏差較大,各報(bào)道的患者性別比例及體質(zhì)量指數(shù)差異、用藥量及用藥方法的不同有關(guān),得到的分析結(jié)果可能偏差較大;(3)1項(xiàng)研究[4]報(bào)道的用藥方法與其他文獻(xiàn)差別較大。
此外,由于各研究針對(duì)控制性降壓后血壓反跳的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一[16],本文選擇拔管時(shí)的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果可能存在偏差。有些少見不良反應(yīng)(如嗜睡、擴(kuò)張性頭痛)僅1篇[12]報(bào)道,其結(jié)果可信度不高。對(duì)于右美托咪定控制性降壓對(duì)內(nèi)環(huán)境及應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的影響研究較少,本文未進(jìn)行分析。納入的文獻(xiàn)中右美托咪定多為輔助用藥,其術(shù)中單獨(dú)使用進(jìn)行控制性降壓是否存在優(yōu)勢(shì)還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,右美托咪定用于鼻內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)患者術(shù)中控制性降壓不僅可以提供更清晰的術(shù)野,減少出血量,在使患者平穩(wěn)地術(shù)后蘇醒及減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥方面也存在較大優(yōu)勢(shì)。
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(收稿日期:2019-10-07 修回日期:2019-12-20)
(編輯:劉明偉)