張新慧 于靜紅
[摘要] 目的 探討磁共振不同序列在膝關節(jié)骨性關節(jié)炎(KOA)關節(jié)軟骨慢性損傷損傷程度評估中的應用價值。方法 收集2017年12月~2018年12月在內蒙古醫(yī)科大學第二附屬醫(yī)院行膝關節(jié)核磁共振成像(MRI)檢查的骨關節(jié)炎(OA)患者35例,作為病變組;另選取健康成人志愿者35名,作為正常組。兩組同時行膝關節(jié)MRI常規(guī)序列及功能成像序列[T2弛豫時間圖(T2-mapping)、擴散張量成像(DTI)]掃描,分別測量兩組股骨內、外側髁軟骨,脛骨內、外側平臺軟骨,髕骨軟骨這5個感興趣區(qū)T2-mapping值及髕骨軟骨表觀彌散系數(shù)(ADC)值、部分各向異性系數(shù)(FA)值。由兩名醫(yī)師(副主任醫(yī)師)根據Recht MRI分級標準對病變組膝關節(jié)各個感興趣區(qū)軟骨進行分級(分為Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ級),同時對所測量值進行病變組組間比較及與正常組之間的統(tǒng)計學分析。 結果 病變組股骨內、外側髁軟骨,脛骨內、外側平臺軟骨,髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面T2-mapping值,髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面ADC值均較正常組增高,髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面FA值較正常組降低,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.01)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ級組膝關節(jié)股骨內、外側髁軟骨,脛骨內、外側平臺軟骨,髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面軟骨T2-mapping值和膝關節(jié)髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面ADC值均較正常組明顯增高,且Ⅳ級組高于Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ級組,Ⅲ級組高于Ⅱ、Ⅰ級組,Ⅱ級組高于Ⅰ級組,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.01)。Ⅰ級組膝關節(jié)髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面FA值與正常組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ級組膝關節(jié)髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面FA值均較正常組降低,且Ⅳ級組低于Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ級組,Ⅲ級組低于Ⅱ、Ⅰ級組,Ⅱ級組低于Ⅰ級組,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.01)。股骨內、外側髁軟骨,脛骨內、外側平臺軟骨,髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面T2-mapping值和髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面ADC值均與Recht分級間呈明顯正相關(r > 0,均P < 0.01),髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面FA值與Recht分級間呈負相關(r < 0,P < 0.01)。病變組ADC值在髕骨軟骨區(qū)曲線下面積較同一部位的T2-mapping值及FA值大。 結論 T2-mapping、DTI成像技術可以對KOA患者關節(jié)軟骨損傷程度進行定量評估。
[關鍵詞] 核磁共振成像;T2弛豫時間圖;擴散張量成像;膝關節(jié)軟骨
[中圖分類號] R445.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)05(a)-0093-05
Study on the application of magnetic resonance T2-mapping and DTI sequence in chronic injury of knee articularcartilage
ZHANG Xinhui1? ?YU Jinghong2▲
1.Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Hebei Province, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China; 2.Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot? ?010030, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the application value of different magnetic resonance sequences in the assessment of chronic injury severity of articular cartilage in knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods A total of 35 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) who underwent knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from December 2017 to December 2018 were selected as the pathological group and another 35 healthy adult volunteers were selected as the normal group. The two groups were simultaneously scanned with the conventional and functional MRI sequences of the knee joint (T2 relaxation time diagram [T2-mapping], diffusion tensor imaging [DTI]). T2-mapping values, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and fractional anisotropic (FA) value of the five areas of interest of the medial and lateral condylar cartilage of the femur, the medial and lateral tibial plateau cartilage, and patellar cartilage in the two groups were measured respectively. By two physicians (associate chief physician) according to the Recht MRI classification standard of the lesion group of knee joint cartilage in various areas of interest (divided intoⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ level). At the same time, the measured values were compared between the groups of the pathological group and were statistically analyzed between the pathological group and the normal group. Results The T2-mapping values of the medial and lateral condylar cartilage of the femur, the medial and lateral tibial plateau cartilage, the articular surface of the patella cartilage, the ADC values of the articular surface of the patella cartilage in the pathological group were all higher than those of the normal group, and the FA values of the articular surface of the patella cartilage were lower than those of the normal group, with highly statistically significant differences (all P < 0.01). The T2-mapping values of knee joint of the medial and lateral condylar cartilage of the femur, the medial and lateral tibial plateau cartilage, the articular surface of the patella cartilage and the ADC values of of knee joint of the articular surface of the patella cartilage in theⅠ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ level groups were significantly higher than those in the normal group, and Ⅳ level group was higher than Ⅲ, Ⅱ, Ⅰ level groups, Ⅲ level group was higher than Ⅱ, Ⅰ level group, Ⅱ level group was higher than Ⅰ level group, the differences were highly statistically significant (all P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between the FA value of articular surface of patellar cartilage of the knee in theⅠ level group and that in the normal group (P > 0.05). The FA value of articular surface of patellar cartilage in the Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ level groups was lower than that in the normal group, and Ⅳ level group was lower than Ⅲ, Ⅱ, Ⅰ level groups, Ⅲ level group was lower than Ⅱ, Ⅰlevel group, Ⅱ level group was lower than Ⅰ level group, the differences were highly statistically significant (all P < 0.01). The T2-mapping values of the medial and lateral condylar cartilage of the femur, the medial and lateral tibial plateau cartilage, the articular surface of the patella cartilage, the ADC values of the articular surface of the patella cartilage were significantly positively correlated with the Recht classification (r > 0, all P < 0.01), and the FA values of the articular surface of the patella cartilage were negatively correlated with the Recht classification (r < 0, P < 0.01). The ADC value of the pathological group under the curve of the patellar cartilage area was larger than the T2-mapping value and the FA value of the same site. Conclusion T2-mapping and DTI imaging techniques can quantitatively assess the degree of articular cartilage injury in KOA patients.
[Key words] Magnetic resonance imaging; T2 relaxation time diagram; Diffusion tensor imaging; Knee cartilage
膝關節(jié)骨性關節(jié)炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)是臨床常見慢性骨關節(jié)病,晚期致殘率極高。核磁共振成像(MRI)生理成像序列如T2弛豫時間圖(T2-mapping)、擴散張量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI),彌散加權成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)等能夠對軟骨損傷早期尚未出現(xiàn)形態(tài)學改變前進行診斷。本文通過對正常志愿者及KOA患者膝關節(jié)軟骨T2-mapping值、表觀彌散系數(shù)(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值及部分各向異性系數(shù)(fractional anisotropic,F(xiàn)A)值進行測量與分析,探討T2-mapping、DTI序列對膝關節(jié)慢性軟骨損傷的定量診斷價值。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集2017年12月~2018年12月在內蒙古醫(yī)科大學第二附屬醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)影像科行膝關節(jié)MRI檢查的骨關節(jié)炎(OA)患者35例作為病變組,無外傷及膝關節(jié)不適史的健康成人志愿者35名為正常組,兩組一般臨床資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。見表1。本研究已得到我院醫(yī)學倫理委員會的批準,所有受試者均已知情同意。
1.2 納入及排除標準
1.2.1 納入標準? ①1個月內膝關節(jié)反復疼痛;②X線片(站立位或負重位)示關節(jié)間隙變窄、關節(jié)面硬化和(或)囊性變、關節(jié)緣骨贅形成、軟骨下骨硬化;③關節(jié)液清亮、赤稠,白細胞計數(shù)<2000個/mL;④中老年患者(≥40歲);⑤晨僵≥30 min;⑥活動時有骨摩擦音(感)。符合以上①+②條或①+③+⑤+⑥條或①+④+⑤+⑥條者。
1.2.2排除標準? ①有膝關節(jié)外傷史、藥物治療史;②有免疫性疾病,例如類風濕關節(jié)炎、強直性關節(jié)炎等關節(jié)腫痛者;③MRI檢查禁忌及不能配合完成檢查者、掃描圖像未滿足診斷標準者。
1.3掃描方法
1.3.1受試者準備? 檢查采用GE 1.5T磁共振儀MR-360(GE Medical System,USA),使用八通道膝關節(jié)掃描線圈。受試者采取仰臥位,足先進,膝關節(jié)伸直,且膝關節(jié)長軸與掃描床長軸平行。
1.3.2掃描參數(shù)? 對病變組及正常組行FSE-fs-T2、T2-mapping及DTI序列掃描。①FSE-fs-T2掃描參數(shù)為:TR=4500 ms,TE=66 ms,層厚4.0 mm,F(xiàn)OV 20 mm×20 mm,矩陣320×320,NEX=4;②T2-mapping成像掃描參數(shù)為:TR=1500 ms,TE= 12.1 ms/24.3 ms/36.4 ms/45.5 ms/60.7 ms/72.8 ms/85 ms/97.1 ms,層厚4.0 mm,層間距2 mm,F(xiàn)OV 20 mm×20 mm,矩陣256×224,NEX=1。③DTI成像采用軸位掃描,掃描參數(shù)為:TR=6000 ms,TE=91.1 ms,層厚3.0 mm,層間距2 mm,F(xiàn)OV 20 mm×20 mm,矩陣96×96,NEX=6,b=600。
1.4圖像觀察與后處理
將掃描完成后的原始圖像數(shù)據傳至AW 4.6工作站,利用Functool 9.4.05軟件進行重建得到T2-mapping、DTI偽彩圖。在偽彩圖上分別畫出股骨內、外側髁軟骨,脛骨內、外側平臺軟骨,髕骨軟骨5個感興趣區(qū);在ADC偽彩圖上畫出髕骨軟骨。感興趣區(qū)包括軟骨全層,盡量避開軟骨下骨、軟骨缺損和關節(jié)腔積液,并對其進行三等分并測量,計算其平均值,記錄其平均T2-mapping、ADC及FA值。
1.5膝關節(jié)軟骨MRI分級標準
根據Recht[1]MRI分級標準,0級:正常關節(jié)軟骨,軟骨彌漫性均勻變薄,但表面光滑,仍認為是正常關節(jié)軟骨。Ⅰ級:軟骨分層結構消失,軟骨內出現(xiàn)局灶性低信號區(qū),軟骨表面光滑。Ⅱ級:軟骨表面輪廓輕至中度不規(guī)則,軟骨缺損深度未及全層厚度的50%。Ⅲ級:軟骨表面輪廓重度不規(guī)則,軟骨缺損深度達全層厚度的50%以上,但未完全剝脫。Ⅳ級:軟骨全層缺損、剝脫,軟骨下骨質暴露伴或不伴軟骨下骨質信號改變。由兩位副主任醫(yī)師分別閱片,如結果不一致,進行協(xié)商達成一致意見。
1.6 統(tǒng)計學方法
利用SPSS 21.0軟件對數(shù)據進行統(tǒng)計學分析,對MRI不同分級的所有數(shù)據進行Levene方差齊性檢驗。計量資料符合正態(tài)分布采用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD法。計數(shù)資料采用百分率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。利用ROC曲線分析ADC、FA及T2-mapping值鑒別病變組髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面曲線下面積并比較其大小。Recht分級及膝關節(jié)軟骨退變分期為分類變量,采用Spearman檢驗分析膝關節(jié)軟骨各感興趣區(qū)T2-mapping、ADC及FA值與Recht分級相關性。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結果
病變組35例(36個膝關節(jié))行磁共振檢查,圖像質量良好。股骨內、外側髁軟骨,脛骨內、外側平臺軟骨,髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面中0級3個(1.8%),Ⅰ級損傷35個(21.1%),Ⅱ級損傷37個(22.2%),Ⅲ級損傷46個(27.7%),Ⅳ級損傷45個(27.2%)。見表2。
2.1 不同分組膝關節(jié)軟骨各感興趣區(qū)T2-mapping值測量結果比較
Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ級組在膝關節(jié)股骨內、外側髁軟骨,脛骨內、外側平臺軟骨,髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面軟骨T2-mapping值均較正常組明顯增高,且Ⅳ級組高于Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ級組,Ⅲ級組高于Ⅱ、Ⅰ級組,Ⅱ級組高于Ⅰ級組,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.01)。見表3。
2.2 不同分組膝關節(jié)髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面ADC及FA值測量結果比較
Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ級組膝關節(jié)髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面ADC值均較正常組明顯增高,且Ⅳ級組高于Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ級組,Ⅲ級組高于Ⅱ、Ⅰ級組,Ⅱ級組高于Ⅰ級組,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.01);Ⅰ級組與正常組膝關節(jié)髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面FA值比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ級組膝關節(jié)髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面FA值均較正常組降低,且Ⅳ級組低于Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅰ級組,Ⅲ級組低于Ⅱ、Ⅰ級組,Ⅱ級組低于Ⅰ級組,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.01)。見表4。
2.3膝關節(jié)各感興趣區(qū)與Recht分級相關性
股骨內、外側髁軟骨,脛骨內、外側平臺軟骨,髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面T2-mapping值均與Recht分級呈明顯正相關(r = 0.852、0.809、0.830、0.920、0.838,均P < 0.01);髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面ADC值與Recht分級呈正相關(r = 0.591,P < 0.01);髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面FA值與Recht分級呈負相關(r = -0.608,P < 0.01)。
2.4 兩組膝關節(jié)各感興趣區(qū)T2-mapping值及髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面ADC、FA值結果比較
病變組股骨內、外側髁軟骨,脛骨內、外側平臺軟骨,髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面T2-mapping值,髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面ADC值均較正常組增高,髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面FA值較正常組降低,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.01)。見表5。
2.5 ADC值、FA值及T2-mapping值評估病變組髕骨軟骨退變的ROC曲線下面積比較
ADC值曲線下面積為0.958,較同一節(jié)段的T2-mapping值(0.953)、FA值(0.914)大。見圖1。
3 討論
T2-mapping是一種定量MRI技術,是國內外應用最廣泛的MR生理成像技術。近年來國內一些研究表明T2-mapping成像技術能夠診斷早期OA[2-3],隨著軟骨損傷程度的加重,T2-mapping值逐漸增高,可以很好地區(qū)分早晚期OA[4-9]。這與本研究結果相同,這是由于退變早期,軟骨內自由水含量顯著增加且PG含量減低,而T2-mapping值與水含量呈正相關,與PG含量呈負相關,故而T2-mapping值可以反映早期關節(jié)軟骨的損傷[10-14]。Soellner等[15]研究表明隨著軟骨損傷等級的增加,T2-mapping值增加,與分級標準之間存在顯著正相關,與本研究中股骨內、外側髁軟骨,脛骨內、外側平臺軟骨,髕骨軟骨關節(jié)面T2-mapping值均與Recht分級呈明顯正相關的結果相同,即T2-mapping值對定量分析膝關節(jié)軟骨退變具有重要意義。
蛋白多糖主要影響關節(jié)軟骨ADC值,而FA值能夠間接反映膠原纖維網絡的完整性。趙丹丹等[16]對髕骨軟骨退變不同年齡組的研究表明,隨著軟骨的退變著年齡的增長,髕骨軟骨的FA值逐漸下降,而ADC值逐漸增加。Raya等[17]研究表明OA組中髕骨軟骨的FA值在Ⅰ~Ⅲ級中差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,這與本研究結果相似,即說明FA值可以檢測軟骨損傷但不能區(qū)分早期軟骨損傷。有學者[18-20]通過對OA患者的1年隨訪測試發(fā)現(xiàn),ADC值可以發(fā)現(xiàn)OA早期改變,這與本研究成果相同,這是由于OA的最早征兆即PG的喪失和膠原網絡的破壞,故DTI可以鑒別早期關節(jié)軟骨的退變。
本研究通過對病變組及正常組髕骨軟骨的T2-mapping、ADC、FA值進行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)ADC值診斷膝關節(jié)軟骨退變的能力更強,即敏感度、特異度相較其他兩個檢查參數(shù)更高,為KOA的診斷提供了參考。
總而言之,本研究中樣本量相對較少,還需要繼續(xù)擴大樣本量并進行深入研究,以期得出更準確的數(shù)據。
[參考文獻]
[1]? Recht MP,Kramer J,Marcelis S,et al, Abnormalities of articular cartilage in the knee:analysis of available MR techniques [J]. Radiology,1993,187(2):473-478.
[2]? 于秀英,何勇,趙蕾,等.MRI T2-Mapping成像對膝關節(jié)髕軟骨早期退變的診斷價值[J].中國中西醫(yī)結合影像學雜志,2019,17(1):10-12.
[3]? 孫兆男,王旭超,徐敏,等.磁共振T2 mapping成像評價膝關節(jié)骨關節(jié)炎軟骨損傷的應用價值[J].磁共振成像,2019,10(9):680-684.
[4]? 樊子健,吳麗萍,任有忠,等.3.0 T磁共振T2-Mapping、3D-FSE-Cube與常規(guī)序列對膝關節(jié)軟骨損傷分級對比分析[J].磁共振成像,2017,8(9):675-680.
[5]? 楊彥偉.MRI與CT診斷膝關節(jié)半月板和關節(jié)軟骨損傷的臨床價值對比研究[J].內蒙古醫(yī)學雜志,2018,50(2):188-189.
[6]? 武淑鋒.膝半月板和關節(jié)軟骨損傷CT與MRI診斷價值對比[J].影像研究與醫(yī)學應用,2018,2(10):82-83.
[7]? 徐國輝.CT與MRI診斷膝半月板和關節(jié)軟骨損傷臨床價值對比[J].影像研究與醫(yī)學應用,2018,2(9):132-133.
[8]? 李曉芬,張寧,徐榮春,等.3.0T磁共振T2-mapping成像對早期膝關節(jié)軟骨損傷的應用價值[J].江西醫(yī)藥,2016, 51(3):212-216.
[9]? 田明波,刑林卿,李守峰,等.CT與MRI在不同分期膝半月板和關節(jié)軟骨損傷患者中的診斷對比[J].中國CT和MRI雜志,2019,17(1):133-136.
[10]? Guermazi A,Alizai H,Crema MD,et al. Compositional MRI techniques for evaluation of cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis [J]. Osteoarthritis Cartilage,2015,23(10):1639-1653.
[11]? Wei B,Du X,Liu J,et al. Associations between the properties of the cartilage matrix and findings from quantitative MRI in human osteoarthritic cartilage of the knee [J]. Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2015,8(4):3928-3936.
[12]? Jungmann PM,Kraus MS,Alizai H,et al. Metabolic Risk Factors are associated with Cartilage Degradation assessed by T2 Relaxation Time at the Knee[J]. Arthritis Care Res(Hoboken),2013,65(12):1942-1950.
[13]? Wise BL,Niu J,Guermazi A,et al. Magnetic resonance imaging lesions are more severe and cartilage T2 relaxation time measurements are higher in isolated lateral compartment radio graphic knee osteoarthritis than in isolated medial compartment disease-data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative [J]. Osteoarthritis Cartilage,2017, 25(1):85-93.
[14]? 趙雙全.膝關節(jié)正常軟骨及骨性關節(jié)炎軟骨病變的MRI形態(tài)及T1、T2、T2* Mapping臨床研究[D].廣州:南方醫(yī)科大學,2019.
[15]? Soellner ST,Goldmann A,Muelheims D,et al. Intraoperative validation of quantitative T2 mapping in patients with articular cartilage lesions of the knee[J]. Osteoarthritis Cartilage,2017,25(11):1841-1849.
[16]? 趙丹丹,李紅,秦灝,等.DTI在正常成人髕骨軟骨的初步應用及臨床意義[J].磁共振成像,2016,7(2):131-135.
[17]? Raya JG,Arnoldi AP,Weber DL,et al. Ultra-high field diffusion tensor imaging of articular cartilage correlated with histology and scanning electron microscopy[J]. MAGMA,2011,24(4):247-258.
[18]? Raya JG. Techniques and Applications of in vivo Diffusion Imaging of Articular Cartilage[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging,2015,41(6):1487-1504.
[19]? 李明楷,石磊,王可欣,等.磁共振彌散張量成像在評估骨關節(jié)炎髕軟骨退變中的應用[J].疑難病雜志,2018, 17(9):918-921.
[20]? Ukai T,Sato M,Yamashita T,et al. Diffusion tensor imaging can detect the earlystages of cartilage damage:a comparison study[J]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord,2015, 16:35.
(收稿日期:2019-10-26? 本文編輯:顧家毓)