Surprising Statistics About Women in the Workplace數(shù)據(jù)中的職場(chǎng)女性

里奇·亨森

“We are becoming the men we wanted to marry，” Gloria Steinem declared in the 1970s. A journalist and social activist， Steinem was a leading voice in the feminist movement that took off in the 1960s.

So， have women really become the men they admired？ Well， women have dramatically joined the workforce. And they are increasingly doctors， lawyers， politicians and scientists.

But for her quote to be true today， all those men would have to take a 22.5% pay cut. For a better understanding， here are 9 fascinating and very true stats about woman at work：

1） Women are taking higher education by storm.

One of the great shifts in gender equality is taking place in education. More women graduate from high school， attend and graduate from college， and earn post-graduate degrees than men. In 1994， 63% of female high school graduates and 61% of male high school graduates were enrolled in college the following fall， according to the Pew Research Center. By 2012， that same number for women jumped to 71%， but remained unchanged for males， at 61%.

Some say the reason for this is because workplace barriers to women are easing， and so the benefits of a college education are more attractive to women. But it is also a possibility that more men are foregoing college due to other reasons， including disciplinary and behavioral problems in high school.

2） Higher they climb， the greater the wage gap.

Even as women are flooding onto college campus， heres a disappointing trend： The higher women climb in the work world， the harder it is for them to earn what men are paid. Women in professional specialty occupations earn 72.7% of what men in the same position earn. Women in upper level executive， administrative and managerial occupations earn even less at 72.3%. The pay gap across all occupations is 77.5%.

3） Is there any place women earn the same as men？

No， unfortunately， there is no such place. But， it can be to a womans advantage to work in a labor union. Women who work in unionized professions make 82% of mens incomes. So， while theres still a gap， its much less than in professions without unions， where women make 72% of mens incomes.

4） The accumulative wage gap is more than the price of a house.

By age 65， the average working woman will have lost more than $430，000 over her working lifetime vs. men， because of the wage gap. She couldve bought a pretty nice house with that！

5） Women bring home more of the bacon.

More than ever before， women are the breadwinners in their household. Over 40% of moms are now the sole or primary source of income in U.S. households. Women are now the primary or co-money maker in nearly two thirds of American families and working married women bring home 44% of their familys income.

6） More women are owning their own businesses.

Though men still outnumber women in the business world， women continue to embrace the entrepreneurial spirit. Today， 30% of all businesses are owned and operated by women， though other research has put that number closer to 40%. Between 1997 and 2014， the total number of businesses in the United States increased by 47%， but the number of women-owned firms increased by 68%—a rate 1? times the national average.

7） Women-owned businesses have generally lower revenues.

Though there is clear growth in female-owned businesses， they tend to have lower revenue. American Express OPEN， the small-business payment card vendor， says women-owned businesses have average annual revenues of $155，000 vs. $400，000 for a typical privately held business. Thats 61% less revenue. Further， the more employees in a female-owned business， the greater the gap in revenue versus all similar-sized enterprises.

8） Women like their jobs more than men.

Looking for a loyal employee？ Hire a women. It seems women are more engaged in their work than men， which is a bit of surprise in light of the lower pay and glass-ceiling issues1 woman face. A? Gallup study showed women were 33% engaged at work， 50% not engaged， and 17% actively disengaged. Men were 28% engaged， 53% not engaged， and 19% actively disengaged. The folks who did this particular survey insist that 33% versus 28% is a statistically significant difference.

9） Women are more likely to have an unstable retirement.

Today， half of all women over age 75 live alone， and a variety of factors contribute to women having a much less stable retirement than men. They make less during their working years， are less likely to have a pensioned position， have smaller 401（k）s2 and will spend less time in the workforce than men. Women typically have taken more part-time jobs. Add smaller Social Security checks and longer life spans and that leaves many women unprepared to support themselves in their later years. Education on financial planning is one key way to help change this， but evening out the playing field in the workplace is also a critical step.

20世紀(jì)70年代，格洛麗亞·斯泰納姆曾說(shuō)：“我們女性正在變成自己想嫁的男人。”記者和社會(huì)活動(dòng)家斯泰納姆引領(lǐng)了20世紀(jì)60年代興起的女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)。

那么，女人是否真的變成了她們傾慕的男人？現(xiàn)實(shí)是，女性工作者數(shù)量顯著增多。女性醫(yī)生、律師、政治家和科學(xué)家越來(lái)越多。

但是，倘使斯泰納姆的預(yù)言現(xiàn)在成真，那么男性的工資應(yīng)該統(tǒng)統(tǒng)削減22.5%。為便于理解，下面列出了關(guān)于職場(chǎng)女性的9項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)非常有趣也非常真實(shí)：

1）接受高等教育的女性數(shù)量激增。

教育是性別平等狀況變化巨大的領(lǐng)域之一。相比男性，更多女性獲得高中文憑，考入大學(xué)并獲得大學(xué)文憑，繼而獲得研究生學(xué)歷。皮尤研究中心數(shù)據(jù)顯示，1994年，分別有63%的女性和61%的男性從高中畢業(yè)并在同年秋季升入大學(xué)。截至2012年，女性的這一數(shù)據(jù)增長(zhǎng)為71%，而男性仍然保持在61%。

有人說(shuō)，這是因?yàn)榕缘穆殬I(yè)障礙在減少，因而接受高等教育的優(yōu)勢(shì)對(duì)女性而言更具吸引力。但也有可能是有更多男性由于其他原因（比如高中時(shí)的紀(jì)律和行為問(wèn)題）而放棄讀大學(xué)。

2）職位越高，薪酬差距越大。

盡管越來(lái)越多的女性涌入大學(xué)，但有一種趨勢(shì)令人失望：女性在職場(chǎng)的位置越高，越難獲得和男性相等的薪酬。專業(yè)技術(shù)崗位的女性獲得的薪酬是同一崗位男性薪酬的72.7%。在更高的行政、管理和經(jīng)理職位上，女性的薪酬只有相同崗位男性的72.3%。在所有崗位上女性的薪酬平均是男性的77.5%。

3）是否有男女同工同酬的崗位？

很不幸，沒(méi)有。沒(méi)有這樣的職位。但是，女性在工會(huì)可能更具崗位優(yōu)勢(shì)。在有工會(huì)組織的工作崗位，女性薪酬是男性的82%。盡管同樣有薪酬差距，沒(méi)有工會(huì)組織的工作薪酬差距更大，女性收入只有男性的72%。

4）累積的薪酬差距比房?jī)r(jià)還高。

到65歲，由于薪酬差距，女性將比男性平均少拿43萬(wàn)美元。這筆錢足以讓女性買一棟漂亮房子了！

5）女性為家庭帶來(lái)更多收入。

相比以往，越來(lái)越多的女性在掙錢養(yǎng)家。美國(guó)現(xiàn)在有超過(guò)40%的母親是家庭的唯一或主要經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源。在近三分之二的美國(guó)家庭中，女性是主要或共同的財(cái)富創(chuàng)造者。已婚職業(yè)女性收入占其家庭收入的44%。

6）女性企業(yè)家數(shù)量增多。

盡管在商業(yè)世界中，男性數(shù)量仍然超過(guò)女性，但是女性的創(chuàng)業(yè)精神絲毫未減。如今，30%的企業(yè)由女性擁有或經(jīng)營(yíng)，但也有其他研究顯示這一數(shù)字接近40%。1997至2014年之間，美國(guó)的企業(yè)總數(shù)增長(zhǎng)了47%，但女性擁有的企業(yè)數(shù)量卻增長(zhǎng)了68%，是美國(guó)平均水平的1.5倍。

7）女性擁有的企業(yè)營(yíng)收普遍較低。

盡管女性擁有的企業(yè)數(shù)量明顯增多，營(yíng)收卻往往偏低。小型企業(yè)支付卡供應(yīng)商美國(guó)運(yùn)通稱，女性擁有的企業(yè)年均營(yíng)收為15.5萬(wàn)美元，而傳統(tǒng)的私營(yíng)企業(yè)年均營(yíng)收為40萬(wàn)美元。前者比后者少了61%。此外，女性擁有的企業(yè)中員工越多，與所有類似規(guī)模的企業(yè)相比，收入差距就越大。

8）女性比男性更熱愛(ài)自己的工作。

想招忠誠(chéng)的員工？招女性。女性似乎比男性工作更投入，這一結(jié)果令人驚訝，因?yàn)榕允杖胼^低，又面臨玻璃天花板問(wèn)題。蓋洛普的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，有33%的女性工作投入，50%工作不投入，17%不想工作。相比之下，有28%的男性工作投入，53%不投入，19%不想工作。從事這項(xiàng)調(diào)查的人認(rèn)為，33%與28%在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上具有顯著差異。

9）女性退休后的生活更可能不穩(wěn)定。

如今，75歲以上的女性有半數(shù)處于獨(dú)居狀態(tài)，而導(dǎo)致女性比男性的退休生活更不穩(wěn)定的因素眾多。她們工作期間的收入相對(duì)較低，獲得具有退休金崗位的可能性較低，更少享受401k計(jì)劃，并且在工作上花費(fèi)的時(shí)間少于男性。女性通常會(huì)從事更多的兼職工作。此外，更少的社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)和更長(zhǎng)的壽命令許多女性晚年無(wú)力自足。財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃教育是改變這一狀況的重要途徑，但實(shí)現(xiàn)職場(chǎng)性別平等也很重要。? ? ? ? ? ? ? □

（譯者單位：上海交通大學(xué)）