英語定語從句與同位語從句之異同探析

◎

對英語復(fù)合句異同點的考查已成為近年來高考英語試題中的熱點。比如，對定語從句與同位語從句的異同點的考查。由于這兩類從句外部構(gòu)成具有一些相似性，許多中學(xué)生遇到相關(guān)的語法考題，常常難于辨析作答。那么，這兩大從句的區(qū)別究竟在哪里? 在回答這個問題之前，首先我們來一起看看下面的兩道高考英語試題：

例1：The idea__________he was chosen attracted our attention.

a.which b.where c.that d.why

例2?：Did you know that pretty girl__________stood there just now

a.which b.who c.whose d.where

許多同學(xué)一看兩道高考英語試題的答案選項，就有點迷糊。所給的四個答案選項中，其中三個選項(which、that 和where)在定語從句與同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞中都存在。以例1 來說，如果僅憑以先行詞the idea 為物，引導(dǎo)詞可以為which 或that，草草答題，就會得出“a.which”或“c.that”的答案。甚至，有部分同學(xué)發(fā)出感慨，這出題老師也太不負(fù)責(zé)任了，竟出現(xiàn)了兩個正確選項。與此同時，同位語從句學(xué)得認(rèn)真的一些同學(xué)，通過“a.which”與“d.why”對比，會果斷的選擇“d.why”。例2，許多考生心中暗暗竊喜，先行詞that pretty girl 為人，且是一個具體的人，果斷選擇“b.who”選項。這樣一來，上述兩道選擇題考查的都是英語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。為什么會出現(xiàn)這種情況呢? 原因有二：1、部分英語老師過分強調(diào)定語從句的重要性，而對同位語從句持忽略態(tài)度。久而久之，學(xué)生也對其不夠重視。2、由于定語從句與同位語從句具有一定的相似性，加上兩者的引導(dǎo)詞大部分相同，進(jìn)而造成學(xué)習(xí)上的困難。遇到具體考題，學(xué)生往往難于辨別作答。下面，筆者將從定語從句與同位語從句的異同進(jìn)行梳理，以便為高考學(xué)生有效掌握這兩塊語法知識點提供幫助。

Ⅰ.定語從句與同位語從句：形似

ⅰ.位置——一般都位于先行詞(一般由名詞充當(dāng))之后。

定語從句：

The boy who is reading The Old Man and the Sea is Frank.

There are servicemen from the UK who fought for and with Britain to defend democracy.

It was Winston Churchill，who was himself no stranger to those black dogs.

We can all enjoy the brighter future that I very much believe lies ahead.

同位語從句：

Most Americans held their belief that God is sovereign over their nation.

The fact that Mr.Smith was killed by his old friend last night was only a rumor.

He couldn’t figure out the reason why we were standing outside in masks.

ⅱ.引導(dǎo)詞——都可用that，which，who，when，where，why 等詞。

定語從句：

Do you know that handsome boy that/who stood there just now?

So many people who got sick like my dad and my husband never came home.

We remember the old days when most houses had an outside toilet.

But there are many people who have gotten sick，lost friends or family members.

同位語從句：

We held the belief that he was doing prescription drugs to sleep.

Alice has no idea who will be her new P.E.teacher next term.

He has no idea when Lucy will return his mobile phone.

The question why he got married to a widow is still under discussion.

ⅲ.從句語序——都為陳述句語序。

定語從句：

A dawn is the early morning when light appears in the sky.

This is a nominee who has already criticized Roberts for upholding the Affordable Care Act.

同位語從句：

This is the reason that they can’t give us an answer.

Next comes the question that we need to discuss and deal with the difficulties.

II.定語從句與同位語從句：質(zhì)異

ⅰ.先行詞——從詞類上看，定語從句的先行詞(中心詞)可以是各類名詞或代詞，同位語從句的先行詞多為抽象名詞。

定語從句：

The tramp who has no job and moves from place to place is Tom’s sister.

George Mallory was an English teacher who loved climbing.

We are fighting to ensure the COVID-19 testing and tracing efforts，which were included in the Heroes Act.

同位語從句：

The fact that the earth is becoming warmer and warmer is clear.

The news that our team won the football game inspired all the fans.

The jury reached the conclusion that the men were guilty.

ⅱ.先行詞與從句的關(guān)系——在同位語從句中，作為先行詞的名詞所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與同位語從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是相同的，兩者之間可以劃等號；而在定語從句中，因定語從句是限制或修飾先行詞的，所以作為先行詞的名詞或代詞所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與定語從句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是不同的，兩者之間不能劃等號。

定語從句：

The young man whom you just talked to is an engineer of our factory.

(the young man ≠ whom you just talked to)

A pack is a piece of equipment on which you can plays records or tapes.

(a piece of equipment≠ on which you can plays records or tapes)

同位語從句：

We came to the conclusion that he was right.

(the conclusion=that he was right)

Who made the decision that the school should be closed?

(the decision=that the school should be closed)

ⅲ.從句的構(gòu)成——定語從句通常由陳述句構(gòu)成，而同位語從句有3 種構(gòu)成：that+陳述句、一般疑問句和特殊疑問句。定語從句：

I didn’t know the dictionary that you were looking for.

解析：該句可改寫為兩個簡單句，I didn’t know the dictionary.You were looking for the dictionary.從中我們可以看出定語從句that were looking for 原為陳述句.

I can’t undo the knot which is very tight.

解析：該句可改寫為兩個簡單句，I can’t undo the knot.The knot is very tight.從中我們可以看出定語從句which is very tight 原為陳述句.

同位語從句：

Knowledge is the information that you have facts in your mind about something.

解析：該句可改寫為兩個簡單句，Knowledge is the information.You have facts in your mind about something.從中我們可以看出后一句為陳述句。

There still exists doubt whether Yvonne received so many threats that she needed to take a bodyguard with her to school.

解析：該句可改寫為兩個簡單句，There still exists doubt.Did Yvonne receive so many threats that she needed to take a bodyguard with her to school? 從中我們可以看出后一句原為一般疑問句。

There is some doubt when the general manger will come back.

解析：該句可改寫為兩個簡單句，There is some doubt.When will the general manger come back.從中可以看出后一句原為特殊疑問句。

ⅳ.引導(dǎo)詞的具體表現(xiàn)

定語從句：

Ice is a kind of water that has frozen solid.

解析：關(guān)系代詞that 除了連接定語從句that has frozen solid 之外，還在該定語從句中作has frozen solid 的主語，不可以省略。

同位語從句：

And that’s among the reasons why I’ve established the Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities to examine where inequality exists across our society and to set out a positive agenda for change.

解析：why 在從句中既不充當(dāng)任何成份，又不可省略。

v.在定語從句中，關(guān)系副詞when，where，why，who，whom，which一般有表示相應(yīng)的時間、地點、原因、人和物的名詞(先行詞)；而同位語從句中，前面沒有相應(yīng)的名詞。

定語從句：

Lanzhou is the city where we stop for lunch tomorrow.

We’re celebrating the lives of black public servants who helped make the UK what it is.

This is my wife who I owe everything to.

同位語從句：

And that’s the reason why we should choose the next president.

She raised a question where they stopped for lunch.

The question which color I preferred required consideration.

vi.在定語從句中，引導(dǎo)詞who，whom，which，when，where，why 沒有疑問意義，而在同位語從句具有疑問意義。

定語從句：

We need a new generation of social protection programmers which also cover people working in the informal economy.

我們需要新一代的社會保障方案，將非正規(guī)經(jīng)濟的就業(yè)人口也包括在內(nèi)。

同位語從句：

The question who I should give the money to requires consideration.

把錢借給誰，這個問題需要考慮。

Mary has no idea which hand Tom writes with.

瑪麗不知道湯姆用哪只手寫字。