同位語(yǔ)從句及引導(dǎo)詞

劉莉萍

同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句）的一種。掌握同位語(yǔ)從句可以從以下幾個(gè)方面入手：

[同位語(yǔ)及充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)的形式]

一個(gè)名詞（或其它形式）對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾、限定或說(shuō)明，這個(gè)名詞（或其它形式）就是同位語(yǔ)。單詞、短語(yǔ)、直接引語(yǔ)以及從句都可以充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)。

1. 單詞作同位語(yǔ)。

①This is my friend Harry.

②We both come from Hunan.

③We Chinese are brave and hardworking.

④You three take these seats.

這幾個(gè)句子中Harry，both，Chinese和three都是同位語(yǔ)。

2. 短語(yǔ)作同位語(yǔ)。

①He says that Computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason， to bring computers to people and make them “people-literate”.

②Wang Li， just back from the training class， was made director of the Maternity Home.

③People， old and young， took to the streets to watch the parade.

這幾個(gè)句子分別采用了不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)和形容詞作同位語(yǔ)。

3. 直接引語(yǔ)作同位語(yǔ)。

But now the question comes to their minds，“Did she die young because she was a clone？”

這個(gè)句子里則采用了直接引語(yǔ)來(lái)充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)。

[同位語(yǔ)從句及其位置]

按照同位語(yǔ)的概念，同位語(yǔ)從句就是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)的名詞性從句，用來(lái)表示與之同位的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)的實(shí)際內(nèi)容，或?qū)η懊娴拿~或名詞短語(yǔ)加以補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。一般情況下同位語(yǔ)從句跟在某些名詞如news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等（一般的“抽象”名詞都可以）的后面，用以說(shuō)明該名詞所表達(dá)的具體內(nèi)容。比如在Ive come from Mr Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon.這句中，that從句表示的就是message的內(nèi)容。有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后，而被別的詞語(yǔ)隔開，這在語(yǔ)法上叫做分隔式同位語(yǔ)從句，如The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.就是個(gè)很典型的例子。還有一些短語(yǔ)及固定句式后的同位語(yǔ)從句，如on condition，on supposition，on the ground（s），on the understanding，with the exception，in spite of the fact，on the assumption及句式There be+no doubt/hope/chance/possibility后的that從句都為同位語(yǔ)從句，如I will come on condition that John is invited.

[同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞]

同位語(yǔ)從句最常見的引導(dǎo)詞是that和whether。這里值得提到注意的有兩點(diǎn)：一是同位語(yǔ)從句中的that不能省略，二是雖然if和whether都有“是否”的意思，但是if不能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。

以下兩個(gè)句子分別含有that和whether引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句：

①The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.

②The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor.

除了這兩個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞，連接代詞what，who，whom，whose和連接副詞when，where，how，why也可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。

①I have no idea what size shoes she wears.

②The question who will take his place is still not clear.

③We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.

這三個(gè)句子分別含有以what，who和where引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句。

[同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別]

同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句很容易被混淆，因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)诰渥有问缴舷嘟?。它們的差別在于：

1. 先行詞的區(qū)別。

定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是名詞或代詞，而同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞只能是名詞，而且僅限于idea，plan，fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question，thought，belief，conclusion等少數(shù)名詞。

2. 引導(dǎo)詞的區(qū)別。

首先，that既可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句又可引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，其區(qū)別在于：同位語(yǔ)從句由連接詞that引導(dǎo)，連接詞that本身無(wú)意義，在同位語(yǔ)從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，不可省略，不可以用其他詞替代；而定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞that在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。

①The news that you told me yesterday was really exciting.

②We heard the news that our team had won.

在①句中，劃線部分是定語(yǔ)從句，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，在意義上指代先行詞news；在②句中，劃線部分是同位語(yǔ)從句，that沒(méi)有任何意義，只起連接作用。

其次，由when，where，why引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別在于：同位語(yǔ)從句由連接副詞引導(dǎo)，只起連接作用，沒(méi)有指代作用；定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系副詞具有指代先行詞的作用，常用一個(gè)介詞加關(guān)系代詞替換。

①I will never forget the day when I joined the army.

②We have no idea when she was born.

在①句中，劃線部分是定語(yǔ)從句，when在從句中作狀語(yǔ)，它可以轉(zhuǎn)換成on which的形式；在②句中，劃線部分是同位語(yǔ)從句，when在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，但不能轉(zhuǎn)換成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的形式。

3. 意義的差別。

同位語(yǔ)從句是用于說(shuō)明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，它與被修飾詞語(yǔ)通?？梢詣澋忍?hào)；而定語(yǔ)從句是限制所修飾名詞的，它的作用是將所修飾的名詞與其他類似的東西區(qū)別開來(lái)。

①We are glad at the news that he will come.

②We are glad at the news that he told us.

在①句中，news的內(nèi)容就是he will come，故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句，而②句中，that從句是限制the news的內(nèi)容的，即我們高興只是因?yàn)樗嬖V的這個(gè)news而不是其他的news，故that從句為定語(yǔ)從句。

[同位語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)氣]

在suggestion，advice，request，order等意為“建議；命令；要求”的名詞后，同位語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”的虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)，句中的should可以省略。

①Our teacher gave us some advice how we（should） use the computer.

②She made a request that the doctor （should） be sent for at once.

如果在高考英語(yǔ)試題中，同位語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)法填空的題型中，特別提示同學(xué)們一定要按照三個(gè)步驟來(lái)完成：第一步確定引導(dǎo)詞，第二步注意從句中的語(yǔ)序要用陳述句的句式，最后則要關(guān)注從句中的謂語(yǔ)部分的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)或者虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法。

[練習(xí)]

一、填空題。

1. The news made everybody happy. （take）

飛機(jī)將按時(shí)起飛的消息讓大家高興。

2. He made a promise when he is free.（hand）

他承諾有空時(shí)幫我。

3. You may have no idea when they experienced the first snowfall just before the New yeat. （fun）

你可能不知道，就在新年之前經(jīng)歷第一場(chǎng)雪時(shí)他們玩得有多開心。

4. Her mother is worried about the possibility . （dislike）

她的媽媽擔(dān)心她女兒可能不喜歡上學(xué)校。

5. The suggestion was accepted by him， which helps him a lot. （attitude）

他接受了讓它保持積極的態(tài)度這一建議，而這對(duì)他也起了很大的作用。

6. Lucy will win the first place in the final examination. （doubt）

毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，Lucy將在期末考試中獲得第一名。

7. I made a proposal a meeting next Monday. （hold）

我建議下周我們開個(gè)會(huì)。

二、完成句子。

1. 他還沒(méi)有做出決定是否去那里。

He hasnt made the decision .

2. 我們做出決定：我們必須立即行動(dòng)。

We came to the decision .

3. 他提議會(huì)議延期。

He made a proposal .

4. 他幸存的希望很小。

There was little hope .

5. 我們女排贏得冠軍的消息大大地鼓舞了我們所有人。

The news encouraged us all greatly.

6. 我從王先生那邊得知一個(gè)消息，他說(shuō)他今天下午不能來(lái)看你了。

Ive come from Mr Wang with a message

.

7. 我們懷疑他們是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成任務(wù)。

We have some doubt .

8. 我們是否需要解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題還沒(méi)有考慮。

That question has not been considered.

9. 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，小麥的價(jià)格將會(huì)上漲。

There is no doubt .

10. 他們是否能夠完成那個(gè)項(xiàng)目，這個(gè)問(wèn)題非常重要。

The problem is very important.

三、選擇題。

1. Where did you get the idea I could not come？

A. whether B. that

C. if D. what

2. They were all very much worried over the fact you were sick.

A. that B. if

C. whether D. why

3. Along with the letter was his promise he would visit me this coming Christmas.

A. which B. that

C. what D. whether

4. He always works hard even if he knows the fact he is not in good health.

A. what B. whether

C. if D. that

5. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt a cure for AIDS will be found.

A. which B. what

C. that D. whether

[參考答案]

一、1. that the plane would take off on time

2. that he would give me a hand

3. what great fun they had

4. that her daughter dislikes going to school.

5. that he （should） keep a positive attitude

6. There is no doubt that

7. that we （should） hold

二、1. whether he will go there

2. that we must act at once

3. that the meeting be postpone

4. that he would survive

5. that our women volleyball team had won the championship

6. that he wont be able to see you this afternoon

7. whether they can complete the task on time

8. whether we need to solve it

9. that the price of wheat will go up

10. whether they could finish the project

三、1～5 BABDC