梁政 鐘劍鋒 吳源聰 溫文 陳燦 李波
[摘要] 目的 研究小鼠脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mASCs)來源外泌體(Exo)對(duì)新生小鼠心肌細(xì)胞缺氧/復(fù)氧(H/R)誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞凋亡的影響。 方法 采用超高速離心法分離提取mASCs來源Exo(mASCs-Exo),透射電子顯微鏡(TEM)、納米顆粒示蹤分析技術(shù)(NTA)和蛋白質(zhì)免疫印跡法(WB)觀察并鑒定Exo;差速貼壁法提取C57BL/6乳鼠心肌細(xì)胞,免疫熒光檢測(cè)心肌標(biāo)志蛋白CTnI和conexin43表達(dá);PKH-26標(biāo)記Exo示心肌細(xì)胞攝取能力;實(shí)驗(yàn)分為3組:正常對(duì)照組(control組)、缺氧/復(fù)氧組(H/R組)和缺氧/復(fù)氧+mASCs-Exo組(H/R+mASCs-Exo組);TUNEL染色檢測(cè)心肌細(xì)胞凋亡;WB檢測(cè)凋亡相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)水平。 結(jié)果 與control組比較,H/R組心肌細(xì)胞凋亡率升高(P < 0.01),與H/R組比較,H/R+mASCs-Exo組心肌細(xì)胞凋亡率降低(P < 0.05);與control組比較,H/R組p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt、Bcl-2/Bax比值降低(P < 0.01),而cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9比值升高(P < 0.001);與H/R組比較,H/R+mASCs-Exo組p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt、Bcl-2/Bax比值升高(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9的比值降低(P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 mASCs-Exo可抑制H/R誘導(dǎo)心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,這可能通過激活PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路介導(dǎo)的。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;外泌體;C57BL/6乳鼠心肌細(xì)胞;缺氧/復(fù)氧;PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路
[中圖分類號(hào)] R541.4? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)02(b)-0004-05
Effect of the exosomes extracted from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis
LIANG Zheng? ?ZHONG Jianfeng? ?WU Yancong? ?WEN Wen? ?CHEN Can? ?LI Bo
Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang? 524000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of mouse adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (mASCs) derived exosomes (Exo) on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) induced apopotosis of cardiomyocytes neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. Methods The mascs-derived Exo (mascs-exo) was isolated and extracted by ultra-high speed centrifugation. The Exo was observed and identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracer analysis (NTA) and Western blot (WB). C57BL/6 suckled rat cardiomyocytes were extracted by differential adherent method. Expression of CTnI and conexin43 was detected by immunofluorescence. Pkh-26 was labeled Exo to indicate the uptake capacity of cardiomyocytes. The experiment was divided into three groups: normal control group (control group), hypoxia/reoxygenation group (H/R group) and hypoxia/reoxygenation + mascs-exo group (H/R+ mascs-exo group). Apoptosis of was detected by TUNEL staining. The expression level of apoptosis-related protein was detected by WB. Results compared with the control group, the apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes in the H/R group was increased (P < 0.01), and the apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes in the H/R+ mascs-exo group was decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, p-PI3K /PI3K, p-Akt /Akt, and Bcl-2 /Bax were decreased in the H/R group (P < 0.01), while the cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9 ratio was increased (P < 0.01). Compared with H/R group, the ratio of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt /Akt and Bcl-2 /Bax in H/R+ mascs-exo group was increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the ratio of cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9 was decreased (P < 0.01). Conclusion mASCs-Exo can inhibit H/R induction of cardiomyocytes apoptosis, which may be mediated by activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
[Key words] Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; Exosomes; Primary cardiomyocytes; Hypoxia/reoxygenation; PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
心肌梗死在全世界發(fā)病率和死亡率仍居高不下,對(duì)個(gè)人和社會(huì)造成巨大負(fù)擔(dān)[1]。針對(duì)心肌梗死目前公認(rèn)最有效的治療方法是快速恢復(fù)血液灌注降低心肌損傷[2]。雖然及時(shí)恢復(fù)血液灌注能夠挽救瀕死心肌,但可引起心肌缺血再灌注損傷(myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury,MIRI)[3]。盡管已經(jīng)報(bào)道許多干預(yù)措施可減輕動(dòng)物模型MIRI,但臨床上尚無有效治療方法[4]。
近年來再生醫(yī)學(xué)在心肌梗死治療中表現(xiàn)出巨大的潛力,Wernly等[5]研究顯示動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中移植干細(xì)胞可降低心肌梗死面積,改善心臟功能。研究顯示,干細(xì)胞主要通過旁分泌起治療作用。來源外泌體(exosomes,Exo)是細(xì)胞旁分泌的一種物質(zhì),直徑為30~150 nm,內(nèi)含豐富的蛋白質(zhì)、脂類、核酸等。大量研究顯示[6-8]其在細(xì)胞通訊中充當(dāng)重要的作用,并且可以充當(dāng)疾病的標(biāo)志物及治療劑。已有研究[9]顯示間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchyma stem cell,MSC)來源的Exo對(duì)MIRI具有治療作用,但其作用機(jī)制如何仍需進(jìn)一步研究探索。本研究利用原代心肌細(xì)胞在體外模擬MIRI,研究mASCs-Exo對(duì)H/R誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞凋亡的影響,并進(jìn)一步探究其作用機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物與細(xì)胞株? SPF級(jí)C57BL/6小鼠,購(gòu)自濟(jì)南朋悅實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物繁殖有限公司,許可證號(hào):SCXK(魯)20190003。動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)于廣東醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物中心,生產(chǎn)許可證號(hào):SCXK(粵)2018-0008。本研究方案在廣東醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)審批后實(shí)施。小鼠脂肪間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞株(mASCs)購(gòu)自廣州賽業(yè)生物科技有限公司。
1.1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)主要試劑? TUNEL細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒(綠色熒光)購(gòu)自Roche Life Science公司(批號(hào):3900 6700);抗熒光淬滅封片液購(gòu)自上海碧云天生物技術(shù)公司(批號(hào):032819190412);小鼠脂肪干細(xì)胞完全培養(yǎng)基購(gòu)自蘇州賽業(yè)生物科技有限公司(批號(hào):RASMD-90011);4′,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)(批號(hào):D9542-1MG);Akt rAbbit mAb、Phospho-Akt Rabbit mAb、Bcl-2 Mouse mAb、Bax Rabbit mAb、Anti-mouse IgG,HRP-linked antibody、Anti-rabbit IgG,HRP-linked antibody均購(gòu)自美國(guó) Cell Signaling Technology公司;Anti-CD9 antibody(批號(hào):ab92726)、Recombinant Anti-CD63 antibody(批號(hào):ab217345)購(gòu)自美國(guó)Abcam公司。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.2.1 mASCs細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及外泌體提取? 復(fù)蘇mASCs細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞融合至80%~90%用無血清培養(yǎng)基處理48 h,收集上清,4℃、300 g/min離心10 min,2000 g/min離心10 min和10 000 g/min離心30 min。吸取上清120 000 g/min離心90 min得沉淀,PBS洗滌,100 μL PBS重懸,-80℃保存。
1.2.2 C57BL/6原代心肌細(xì)胞提取及鑒定? 健康3 d內(nèi)出生C57BL/6乳鼠6只,無菌操作剪取乳鼠心臟置于冰浴PBS溶液中并剪碎。1∶5比例0.25%胰酶吹打混勻,加入混合酶(0.125%胰酶+2%膠原酶Ⅱ)充分吹打,37℃孵育5 min,重復(fù)加入混合酶至心肌細(xì)胞全部消化,收集上清加入終止液。1000 r/min離心5 min,取沉淀重懸后100目篩網(wǎng)過濾,T75超貼壁培養(yǎng)瓶37℃培養(yǎng)90 min,吸取上清至新的超貼壁培養(yǎng)瓶。第3天觀察細(xì)胞貼壁和生長(zhǎng)搏動(dòng)情況,并檢測(cè)conexin43/cTnⅠ心肌標(biāo)志蛋白表達(dá)。
1.2.3蛋白質(zhì)免疫印跡法(Western blot,WB)? 實(shí)驗(yàn)分為3組:正常對(duì)照組(control組)、缺氧/復(fù)氧(H/R)組和缺氧/復(fù)氧+mASCs-Exo組(H/R+mASCs-Exo組)收集蛋白樣品100℃加熱10 min變性,凝膠電泳(SDS-PAGE)使蛋白分離。90 V 120 min恒壓轉(zhuǎn)膜,5%脫脂牛奶封閉1 h;根據(jù)分子量大小剪切目的條帶;4℃一抗孵育過夜;第2天室溫復(fù)溫1 h,TBST緩沖液洗膜,加入抗兔或小鼠的IgG,室溫孵育1 h;洗膜后加入發(fā)光液曝光拍片。
1.2.4 TUNEL染色? 共聚焦皿接種細(xì)胞,生長(zhǎng)融合至70%~80%處理細(xì)胞,免疫染色固定液固定30 min,0.2% Triton-X100通透液孵育30 min;TdT與dUTP按1∶9比例避光配置,100 μL/孔,暗濕盒孵育1 h;DAPI(1∶2000)孵育40 min;抗熒光猝滅封片液封片避光保存,熒光拍攝。
1.2.5 PKH-26標(biāo)記Exo? PKH-26紅色熒光標(biāo)記試劑盒(Sigma-Aldrich)標(biāo)記mASCs-Exo,與心肌細(xì)胞共孵育。4%多聚甲醛固定15 min,DAPI染核,抗熒光猝滅封片液封閉保存,熒光拍攝。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,3次重復(fù)獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn),組間比較采用單因素方差分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 mASCs-Exo分離和鑒定
透射電子顯微鏡(TEM)下觀察mASCs-Exo呈圓形囊泡狀,質(zhì)膜邊緣清晰,中間顏色較邊緣深(圖1A)。納米顆粒示蹤分析技術(shù)(NTA)結(jié)果顯示粒子大小在30~120 nm范圍,平均(47.5±0.5)nm,與Exo特征一致(圖1B)。WB顯示Exo特異性標(biāo)志蛋白CD9/CD63陽性表達(dá)(圖1C)。分離獲得的囊泡即為Exo。
2.2 小鼠原代心肌細(xì)胞提取和鑒定
2.2.1 小鼠原代心肌細(xì)胞形態(tài)觀察與鑒定? 光鏡下觀察心肌細(xì)見剛分離單個(gè)未貼壁心肌細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)完整,呈圓形,恒溫培養(yǎng)2 d后大部分心肌細(xì)胞貼壁,細(xì)胞分散,呈橢圓形或菱形,中央高亮,出現(xiàn)自主搏動(dòng),頻率緩慢(4~15次/min)。4 d后細(xì)胞融成集落,搏動(dòng)頻率一致且呈放射狀(30~50次/min)。7 d后觀察細(xì)胞搏動(dòng)頻率減弱,體積縮小并逐漸脫落(圖2A,封三)。三色免疫熒光鑒定心肌細(xì)胞純度。紅色熒光標(biāo)記conexin43,綠色熒光標(biāo)記CTnI,藍(lán)色熒光為DAPI染細(xì)胞核。心肌細(xì)胞陽性率為(94.3±4.2)%(n = 5)(圖2B,封三)。
2.3 mASCs-Exo對(duì)H/R誘導(dǎo)心肌細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
2.3.1 Exo標(biāo)記和心肌細(xì)胞攝取? PKH-26標(biāo)記mASCs-Exo,與心肌細(xì)胞共孵育0、12、24 h,DAPI復(fù)染細(xì)胞核。在12 h出現(xiàn)心肌細(xì)胞攝取PKH-26標(biāo)記mASCs-Exo,且紅色熒光信號(hào)隨著時(shí)間增強(qiáng),24 h時(shí)絕大部分心肌細(xì)胞顯示紅色熒光(圖3,封三)。
2.3.2 TUNEL法檢測(cè)mASCs-Exo對(duì)H/R誘導(dǎo)心肌細(xì)胞凋亡影響? 與control組比較,H/R組和H/R+mASCs-Exo組凋亡率明顯升高(P < 0.01);與H/R組比較,H/R+mASCs-Exo組細(xì)胞凋亡率降低(P < 0.05)(圖4,封三)。
2.3.3 mASCs-Exo對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt、Bcl-2/Bax、cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9蛋白表達(dá)的影響? 與control組比較,H/R組p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt、Bcl-2/Bax比值顯著下降(P < 0.01),而cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9比值增加(P < 0.01);H/R+mASCs-Exo組p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt、Bcl-2/Bax比值下降(P < 0.01或P < 0.05),cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9比值增加(P < 0.01);與H/R組比較,H/R+mASCs-Exo組p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt、Bcl-2/Bax比值升高(P < 0.01或P < 0.05),cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9的比值降低(P < 0.01)。見圖5。
3 討論
MIRI損傷過程復(fù)雜,涉及線粒體功能障礙,氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥等分子機(jī)制,這些機(jī)制導(dǎo)致心臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能損傷[10]。但針對(duì)這些機(jī)制進(jìn)行干預(yù)尚未證明可有效預(yù)防 MIRI[11]。近年來,基于干細(xì)胞療法在心血管疾病中受到了極大的關(guān)注,并且已應(yīng)用到臨床試驗(yàn)中[12]。MSCs因其具有多向分化潛能、免疫調(diào)節(jié)特性及容易在體外分離和擴(kuò)增的特性,可能成為最具臨床前景的干細(xì)胞[13]。多項(xiàng)研究顯示,應(yīng)用MSC植入能減輕MIRI[14-15]。然而,研究提示MSC治療MIRI僅1%干細(xì)胞有效發(fā)揮作用[16]。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),干細(xì)胞降低MIRI損傷是通過旁分泌介導(dǎo)的[17]。使用干細(xì)胞來源的Exo可能比單純使用活細(xì)胞具有更加可觀的優(yōu)勢(shì)[18]。本研究采用mASCs-Exo預(yù)處理對(duì)H/R誘導(dǎo)損傷的心肌細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)H/R處理心肌細(xì)胞凋亡顯著增加,而mASCs-Exo后心肌細(xì)胞的凋亡明顯減少,提示mASCs-Exo可以通過抑制心肌細(xì)胞凋亡從而減輕MIRI損傷。
MIRI過程中,不同時(shí)期可能激活了不同的病理信號(hào),從而通過多種機(jī)制導(dǎo)致心臟損傷[19]。PI3K/Akt途徑是體內(nèi)重要的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑,在細(xì)胞存活、增殖和凋亡中起著重要作用。PI3K激活催化了磷脂酰肌醇(3,4,5)-三磷酸的產(chǎn)生,其在膜上積累并激活磷酸化Akt。磷酸化Akt則增加了抗凋亡蛋白表達(dá),抑制促凋亡蛋白表達(dá)[20]。mASCs-Exo預(yù)處理H/R損傷心肌細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)PI3K/Akt激活,抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2水平顯著增加,而促凋亡蛋白Bax及caspase-9(cleaved caspase-9是其激活形式)表達(dá)減少。因此,結(jié)果提示mASCs-Exo抑制H/R后心肌細(xì)胞的凋亡可能是通過激活PI3K/Akt途徑介導(dǎo)的。
本研究仍然存在一些局限性,雖然研究采用乳鼠原代心肌細(xì)胞作為體外實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)胞,對(duì)比使用穩(wěn)定細(xì)胞系H9C2實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果更加可靠。但是H/R損傷模型只是在體外模擬MIRI損傷,與實(shí)際體內(nèi)復(fù)雜環(huán)境仍然存在差異,需要進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)。在機(jī)制研究上,通過WB驗(yàn)證了PI3K/Akt及凋亡相關(guān)蛋白水平的表達(dá)情況,如果再使用PI3K/Akt抑制劑進(jìn)行反向驗(yàn)證,會(huì)使實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果更加可靠。
總之,本研究提示,使用mASCs-Exo處理H/R損傷的心肌細(xì)胞可以激活PI3K/Akt信號(hào),上調(diào)Bcl-2蛋白,下調(diào)caspase-9和Bax蛋白的表達(dá),從而抑制心肌細(xì)胞凋亡達(dá)到保護(hù)心臟作用。本研究將為臨床治療MI/R損傷提供新方法和理論基礎(chǔ)。
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(收稿日期:2019-09-26? 本文編輯:劉永巧)