注意空格位置，根據(jù)功能選擇

常玉國

解答七選五閱讀題，我們可以根據(jù)空格所處的位置，根據(jù)其不同功能選出正確選項(xiàng)。

一、分析高考真題，了解命題規(guī)律

近三年高考題的設(shè)空位置、題號及題量如下表所示：

注：本表中的首段末，包括首段中首句后的所有句子空格處。

從上表可以看出：

1. 首段首句是不設(shè)空的;

2. 設(shè)空有六類位置;

3. 考查的重點(diǎn)在中間段中、中間段首、首段末。

二、注意選項(xiàng)位置，根據(jù)功能選擇

在解題時，注意以下三點(diǎn)：

一是根據(jù)說明文的“總—分（—總）”結(jié)構(gòu)。

二是根據(jù)設(shè)空位置，首段末—承上啟下;段首—主題句，概括段落大意或承上啟下;段末—結(jié)論或總結(jié)句;段中—銜接句，注意前后的邏輯關(guān)系。

三是根據(jù)空格處與上下文，特別是與上下句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，主要有：主旨概括，承上啟下，并列遞進(jìn)，轉(zhuǎn)折讓步，解釋例證，因果推論等。

以下對處于各個位置的題目進(jìn)行一一剖析。

1. 首段末——承上啟下，過渡句

位于首段末的句子，一般是上下過渡句，既要銜接上文，又要引起讀者關(guān)注下文，起著過渡的作用。如：

（2017年全國Ⅰ卷）If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping. I would have laughed heartily. Campers， in my eyes， were people who enjoyed insect bites， ill-cooked meals， and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me.??? 36

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer ...

I was， nevertheless， talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness ...

... We have done a lot of it since ...

... It must be true that sooner or later， everyone finds his or her way back to nature...

D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then， however.

E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

解析：根據(jù)“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)，先讀懂第一段這個“總”。首句用的是虛擬語氣，“假如三年前有人叫我去野營……”說明現(xiàn)在不一樣了，作者過去是持否定態(tài)度的，現(xiàn)在應(yīng)是持肯定態(tài)度了，正確選項(xiàng)很可能是表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的;再看“分”，第二段是說露營受苦的經(jīng)歷，第三段說再次露營有了不一樣的經(jīng)歷，第四段講自那以后經(jīng)常去露營，說明愛上露營，進(jìn)一步說明作者對露營態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變。

從空格位置上看，首段末應(yīng)是承上啟下的過渡句。空前句講作者不喜歡露營，快速瀏覽末段便知，作者主張露營，可見作者態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變，故選D項(xiàng)：然而，從那以后我學(xué)到了很多關(guān)于野營的知識。

2. 尾段首——綜上述下，概括句

說明文的尾段與首段相呼應(yīng)，常常起總結(jié)全文的作用。尾段首句既承擔(dān)總括上文的功能，又承擔(dān)著段落主題句的功用，具有高度的綜上述下的概括性。這個位置的考題很少。如：

（2017年全國Ⅰ卷）We have done a lot of it since. Recently， we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There is a separate bedroom， a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.

40???? It must be true that sooner or later， everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in style.

E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F. After the trip， my family became quite interested in camping.

解析：最后一段是結(jié)論段，首句應(yīng)能既概括前文，又銜接下文。選項(xiàng)E“我必須承認(rèn)我漸漸喜愛上野營了”能很好地總結(jié)作者對野營的態(tài)度轉(zhuǎn)變，又能引出下文給人們的建議和忠告。

3. 尾段末——總結(jié)文段，結(jié)論句

尾段末句既是對尾段的巧妙收尾，也常常是對全文的總結(jié)概括。用得好，會給人以前后呼應(yīng)，總結(jié)提升，圓滿收官的享受。如：

（2018年全國Ⅰ卷）The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls， ceilings， and floors. Whether youre looking at wallpaper or paint， the time， effort and relative expense put into it are significant.??? 40??? .

E. So it pays to be sure， because you want to get it right the first time.

解析：尾段承接發(fā)展了上文第三、四兩段內(nèi)容，末句很好地收結(jié)了尾段。該空前句說，“（在the walls， cellings and floors）大的方面的顏色選擇所投入的時間、精力和相關(guān)費(fèi)用都是相當(dāng)多的?！薄耙虼?，這也是值得的，因?yàn)槟阆胍淮尉桶咽伦龊?。”前后是因果關(guān)系。故選E項(xiàng)，與前文構(gòu)成全文結(jié)句。

4. 中間段首——段落主題句

此處“中間段首句”是指除首尾段首句之外的各個段落首句。中間段首句，一般是段落主題句，能很好地概括本段主要內(nèi)容?！爸虚g段首”是出現(xiàn)頻率第二的高頻考點(diǎn)。如：

（2018年全國Ⅲ卷）??? 36??? We dance from Florida to Alaska， from north to south and sea to sea. We dance at weddings， birthdays， office parties and just to fill the time.

B. Dance in the U.S. is everywhere.

C. If you like dancing outdoors， come to America.

解析：本題位于段首，應(yīng)為本段的主題句，能概括下文。由下文“We dance from Florida to Alaska， from north to south and sea to sea. We dance at weddings， birthdays， office parties”可知，舞蹈在美國無處不在。故選B項(xiàng)。

5. 中間段中——前后銜接句

中間段中間句，是設(shè)題頻率最高的位置。中間段中的句子，多為銜接句。解題時要特別注意分析與前后句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，做到前后連貫，語義銜接。除上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系外，還有指代、詞語復(fù)現(xiàn)或同現(xiàn)等重要銜接手段，解題時一定要重視。如：

（2019年全國Ⅰ卷）Recently， people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing（治愈）.

38???? In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. It turns out that just looking at green， growing things can reduce stress， lower blood pressure， and put people into a better mood（情緒）.

F. Just as importantly， we tend to associate fresh air with health care.

G. All across the country， recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.

解析：空前句“最近，人們開始研究自然世界和治療之間的聯(lián)系”空后句“在這些地方，病人在康復(fù)期間可以親近大自然?！边x項(xiàng)G“在全國各地，康復(fù)中心已經(jīng)開始建造康復(fù)花園。”是前句所說的一個具體例子，又與下文很好地銜接?？蘸缶渲械膖hese places指代選項(xiàng)G中的recovery centers，而recovery是原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，healing與recovery又是詞語同現(xiàn)。

6. 中間段末——概括結(jié)論句

中間段末句，常常是總結(jié)上文，概括段意，得出結(jié)論。如：

（2018年全國Ⅲ卷）So why do we dance？“I can tell you about one young couple，”says Bridges.“Theyre learning to do traditional dances. They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.??? 39??? ”

F. Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.

G. Thy stayed up all night long singing and dancing.

解析：本段講跳舞的原因或益處。由空格前句“他們帶著低落的情緒來上課，然后帶著微笑離開?！笨芍?，跳舞改變了這對夫婦的心情，故選F項(xiàng)，該項(xiàng)是對上文的概括。

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