關(guān)于幾種特殊的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的歸納

韓宇航

一.Whatever做讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的情況：

（一）whatever 做讓步狀語(yǔ)從句后面常引導(dǎo)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：

1.Whatever+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)：（這里所指的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，即以主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)為基礎(chǔ)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)具體情況，可用SV,SVO,SVC等基本句型，下文提到的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)皆是如此）

①Whatever abstract logic may suggest,…[1]

②Whatever the line is,it needs to be drawn by Congress.

注意，在第一種結(jié)構(gòu)中，有時(shí)會(huì)在主語(yǔ)后面加一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)做定語(yǔ)，修飾用做主語(yǔ)的名詞，例如：

③"... all communities, of whatever nature they may be are impelled by a secret instinct towards independence.

在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中whatever相當(dāng)于是其后面名詞的前置修飾語(yǔ)，表示后面被修飾名詞的一種屬性或狀態(tài)。

此外，在第一種結(jié)構(gòu)中，還有一種非常見(jiàn)特殊情況，如下面例句④：

④whatever be the reasons for it, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.[i]

在第④例句中，原形be的這種用法，是古英語(yǔ)的殘存，be放在了主語(yǔ)the reasons之前。關(guān)于該讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)可以這樣表達(dá)：

⑴Whatever the reasons forit（are）

⑵Whatever the reasons forit（maybe）

⑶Whatever the reasons forit（willbe）

⑷Whatever the reasons forit（為了簡(jiǎn)練，上面三個(gè)括號(hào)中的斜體部分，可以全部省略）

2.Whatever+謂語(yǔ)：（例句①-③謂語(yǔ)主要為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，例句④-⑦則以be動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)為主）[1]

①The law is whatever makes the best sense of the relevant legal materials.

②The law is either (a)whatever satisfies the criteria that officials treat as providing the necessary and sufficient conditions of making…

③some to the avenues of speech or to swell the aggregate amount of speech beyond whatever would result from the decisions of private speakers enjoying " absolute freedom from First Amendment…

④Whatever are you talking about

⑤And all the graphics or whatever are just so silly,….

⑥…or whatever are disrupted, they don’t always change the same…

⑦Whatever are still figuring out,…

3.Whatever+名詞：

①…for which"neither reporter nor source is immune from conviction for such conduct, whatever the impact on the flow of news. "

②Whatever the setting,humor tailored to the occasion can be highly effective.

4.Whatever+不定式+that從句

①Though the arresting officer "had no other reason whatever to suppose that the suspect might be armed,"…

（二）Whatever 做讓步狀語(yǔ)從句前面常用的引導(dǎo)詞歸納總結(jié)：

當(dāng)whatever 做讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，前面的引導(dǎo)詞通常與“whatever”后面所接名詞緊密相關(guān)，如下面例句⑴①中source表示“起源”，若要表示“從…中起源時(shí)”，常與“from”搭配

⑴from：

①"The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States,

⑵along with：

①…levels after the competition, including any preparation done before the competition, along with whatever the student learned during the preparation for the CDC.

⑶in：

①recruits would not receive in law school.30 Rather than immediately immersing the new recruit in whatever specialized area of the law the firm currently needed,同理，該例句中in明顯是與其后面的area搭配，表示“在…的領(lǐng)域中

⑷of

①of the corporate legal market, law firms could pass most of the cost of whatever resources they did invest in training junior associates on to their clients.

⑸to

①in order to follow the remainder of the argument：to whatever extent doctrines are problematically parochial in the aggregate,

一 般 extent常 接 to， 如“to some extent”，表示在“某種程度上”，此句中“whatever”相當(dāng)于做“extent”的定語(yǔ)，用于修飾extent

⑹on

①As a result, they argued Congress had sweeping authority to remake the Confederacy on whatever plan it saw fit.

二.筆者認(rèn)為no matter what與whatever 在用法結(jié)構(gòu)上極為相似，基本上可分為以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)：

1.no matter what+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)：

① Afterwards Broadbent,perhaps realizing that everyone is going to watch this no matter what he says,…

與whatever 類似，在第一種結(jié)構(gòu)中，no matter what修飾名詞時(shí)，該名詞必須緊隨其后，后面同樣為“主+謂”結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：

②Girls will continue to scrape their knees forever, no matter what name people call them.

③Buffalo WomenServices,the providers will be there for patients no matter what decision they make about their pregnancies.

2.no matter what+謂語(yǔ)：

①No matter what happens, they're still going to be a player.

3.no matter what+名詞：

①I'll make all appearances no matter what the circumstances,…

4.與whatever有所不同的是，no matter what可以單獨(dú)使用，并在后面加上完整的句子且用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，例如：

①No matter what, I'm going to get better today.

三.No matter how的用法：

No matter how與No matter what同樣也有共通之處，只不過(guò)因?yàn)橐蓡?wèn)詞的不同，其后分別所搭配的詞性也就有所不同。前面已經(jīng)提到，no matter what最常用的結(jié)構(gòu)是no matter what+名詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)；類似地，no matter how最常用的結(jié)構(gòu)則是no matter how+形容詞/副詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

1.no matter how +形容詞/副詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：

①But no matter how good he is at 14,…

②Congress cannot delegate rulemaking authority to private parties no matter how carefully it specifies an intelligible principle.

注意：在此類結(jié)構(gòu)中，no matter how常加many, much,often等這類固定搭配詞，后面加主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：

③No matter how often we repeat our favorite platitudes, …

④No matter how much I wish he would go away.

⑤And it's a quality that no matter how many pleasing interviews she does and how many twisted defenses she can offer,…

⑥No matter how many times we straighten it out, it keeps curling back.

⑦…,no matter how many people voted for it.

略有不同的是，no matter how加many時(shí)，many后通常會(huì)帶有所修飾的名詞，后面依然通常為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如上述⑤⑥句。有時(shí)則據(jù)實(shí)際情況，many后面的名詞即為主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)，如上述⑦句。

2.no matter how+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：

①No matter how she does it,…

四.however 做讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，也同理。主要結(jié)構(gòu)同No matter how 相似，主要有兩種：

1.however+形容詞/副詞+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：[2]

①She has the window open, however cold it is outside.

②However carefully I explained, she still didn’t understand.

2.however+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

①However you look at it, it’s going to cost a lot.

五.whether做讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的情況：[3]

1.由whether引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，一方面其可以引導(dǎo)句子，另一方面也常與“or”或“or not”進(jìn)行搭配，也可以稱這類從句為選擇性讓步從句（alternative conditional---concessive clause）

例如：①You are entitled to a free gift whether you accept our offer of insurance or not.

②I’m going whether you like it or not.

③ Whether or not we’re successful, we can be sure that we did our best.

2.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，有時(shí)whether前也可用no matter.

例如：④No matter whether you agree or not, I shall pay him the price he asked.

⑤Rates are paid by the occupiers of houses or shops,no matter whether they are owners or not.

3、Whether 引導(dǎo)名詞性分句時(shí)，該名詞性分句可在句中作介詞補(bǔ)足成分：

例如：①Vanya’s experiences show that if someone can do their job really well,then the question of whether they are male or female is not important.

六.If,though, lest, although在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的特殊用法總結(jié)：

1.注：be- 型虛擬式能用于由 if, though, lest(正 式)（表“以免”）等引導(dǎo)的分句中表示讓步等含義。例如：[5]

If the rumor be true,everything is possible.

If he be found guilty,John shall have the right of appeal.

Though everyone (should)desert you,I will not.

Lest(注：在被連接的狀語(yǔ)從句里常用should 或原形動(dòng)詞)表示“唯恐”；“免得”；“為了不使”：[2]

例如：①Lest the wall(should) collapse, they evacuated the building. （他們生怕墻倒塌，便撤離了大樓）

②The colonel forbade the use of artillery lest the city’s industry be damaged.（上校禁止使用大炮，以免該城的工業(yè)遭受破壞。）

③Glenn, lest the reader has forgotten, was the first American astronaut to orbit in space. 提醒讀者一下，格倫是第一個(gè)進(jìn)入太空軌道的美國(guó)宇航員。

另外，lest 還有一種用法，即用于表示恐懼、擔(dān)心、危險(xiǎn)等詞的后面，起連接從句的作用，相當(dāng)于that：

例如：① I was in mortal fear lest he should see me.我非常害怕他會(huì)看見(jiàn)我。

②We were afraid （或worried）Lest he should be late.我們擔(dān)心他會(huì)遲到。

（古英語(yǔ)，原意： whereby less that）

2.上述用法現(xiàn)在只限于正式書面語(yǔ)體，在非正式語(yǔ)體中通常用動(dòng)詞陳述式或用should/ may+不定式。

例如：①If the rumor is true, everything is possible.

②He hid himself in the bush lest he should be seen.

③Whatever his defense may be, we can’t tolerate his disloyalty.

④Though he should stand alone, he will never yield.

3.具體關(guān)于 though 和al-though[5]

⑴Though 與although 同義，在一般情況下可以互換使用。

例如：①Though/Although they know the war is lost,theycontinuetofight.（雖然他們知道這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已必?cái)o(wú)疑，但仍繼續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。）

⑵但although 比though 語(yǔ)氣較重，常用以強(qiáng)調(diào)讓步概念。

例如：①He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to.

Though 能接受even 的強(qiáng)調(diào)，而although 不可以。

比如可以說(shuō)：①He borrowed my mower, even though I told him not to.（他借走了我的割草機(jī)，雖然我叫他不要借。）

②I believe you are on duty---even though you are inplainclothes.（盡管你穿著便衣，我相信你是在值勤。）

卻不可以說(shuō)：”…even although I told him not to.”或是”even although you are in plain clothes.”

⑶當(dāng)讓步分句指一種臆想的情況時(shí)，通常用though,而不用although.

例如：①Though they all may fail, they all will try.（即使他們可能都失敗，他們?nèi)匀欢荚敢庖辉?。?/p>

⑷引導(dǎo)某些讓步分句通常也只能用though, 而不用although.

例如：①Poor though she is,herlifeishappy.（她盡管窮，但生活很幸福。）

⑸再者，though可在非正式語(yǔ)體中作連接性狀語(yǔ)，而although不可以。

例如：though 一方面可用于主句后，引接補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，意思為“可是，不過(guò)，然而”

例①It wasn’t entirely my decision, though I think that generally I agree with it.（這不完全是我的決定，不過(guò)我想我大體上是同意這一決定的。）

② She couldn’t help thinking(though she couldn’t be sure) that he did not trust her.她不能不認(rèn)為（不過(guò)并不能確定）他不信任她。

③The rooms are small,though not unsuitable.（房間較小，然而并非不適宜。）

另一方面though 在口語(yǔ)體中時(shí)，一般用在句末，表示“可是，不過(guò)，然而”

例如：①It’s hard work, I enjoy it though.（這工作很艱苦，可是我樂(lè)意干。）

②I can’t stay. I’ll have a coffee, though.（我不能多逗留，但可以喝杯咖啡再走。）

⑹另外，although也可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

例如①He passed the examination although he had been prevented by illness from studying.

七.So long as 的兩種用法總結(jié)

1.既然，由于：[2]

例如：①So long as you are going to town anyway,you can do something for me.既然你反正要進(jìn)城去，不妨替我辦一點(diǎn)事。

2.只要，如果：

例如：①You may use the book as you like, so long as you keep it clean.你盡管用這本書，只要不把它弄臟就行。

八.Even if和as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的用法例句歸納

1.Eveni（f即使，縱然；雖然）

例如：①I’ll come even if it rains.（即使天下雨我也會(huì)來(lái)的。）

②Even if you dislike ancient monuments, Warrick Castleisworthavisit（.縱 然你不喜歡古跡，但瓦里克城堡還是值得一游的。）

2.as（雖然，盡管）

例如：①Sick as he was,he came to work.（他雖然有病，還是來(lái)上班了。）

②Boy as he was, he behavedlikeagirl（.他雖然是個(gè)男孩，舉止卻像女孩。）

③Try as you may, you willneversucceed（.不管你怎樣努力，你決不會(huì)成功。）

④Gently as her words were spoken, there was no mistaking that she was displeased（.盡管她的話說(shuō)得很溫和，但誰(shuí)都看得出她生氣了。）