盧薩蒂亞
——東德后礦業(yè)景觀，薩克森州，德國(guó)

羅爾夫·庫(kù)恩 文/Text by Rolf Kuhn

尚晉 譯/Translated by SHANG Jin

1 韋爾措露天礦/The opencast-mine Welzow（攝影/Photo: Uwe Jacobshagen）

盧薩蒂亞是毗鄰波蘭的鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)，擁有德國(guó)第二大褐煤礦區(qū)。采礦在這里有150 年的歷史，預(yù)計(jì)在2038 年徹底關(guān)閉。

如果今天還想看到有巨大排矸橋作業(yè)的露天礦，可以到韋爾措鎮(zhèn)北邊的高地上去（圖1）。一大片經(jīng)耕作的土地四周是重新培育出來(lái)的景觀，那里還有一處坡地葡萄園“沃爾肯貝格”（以一處開(kāi)采地命名），出產(chǎn)上乘白酒。還有一個(gè)例子是大雷申湖的葡萄園（圖2b）。

大部分煤礦，包括煤球廠、焦化廠和發(fā)電廠都在1990 年代德國(guó)統(tǒng)一后關(guān)閉。隨后它們被拆除和翻新，并由盧薩蒂亞與中德礦業(yè)管理公司（LMBV）改作新用。

此外，皮克勒親王郡國(guó)際建筑展（IBA）從2000 年舉辦到2010 年，用引人注目的設(shè)計(jì)賦予了景觀中新開(kāi)發(fā)部分前所未有的魅力。建筑展的工作成員相對(duì)較少，卻一心一意，成功協(xié)調(diào)實(shí)現(xiàn)了30個(gè)后礦業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（圖3）。

這個(gè)后礦業(yè)景觀有大約20 片由舊礦坑形成的湖，它的爭(zhēng)議之處引人關(guān)注。這個(gè)景觀周?chē)脑S多居民都對(duì)這種業(yè)已衰敗的工業(yè)漠不關(guān)心，而渴望一座看上去自然天成的湖水景觀。但I(xiàn)BA 代表的觀點(diǎn)截然相反。他們不想要冰川湖區(qū)的復(fù)制品，而是一處具有真實(shí)性的景觀。不否定過(guò)去，而是證明即使人造景觀也可以惹人喜愛(ài)、引人入勝。

這是通過(guò)保護(hù)、翻新和改造工業(yè)文化的最佳見(jiàn)證來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，并以此突出了景觀的特征和吸引力，并將遺產(chǎn)的本源娓娓道來(lái)。實(shí)例則包括利希特費(fèi)爾德的大型F60 采礦橋（作為游客礦井和聲光雕塑，圖4）、勞赫哈默原焦化廠的塔式生物濾池（圖5、6）、普萊薩發(fā)電廠（圖7）以及杜姆斯多夫的路易絲煤球廠（圖8）。森夫滕貝格附近布里斯克的馬爾加田園城市也再度成為吸引人的宜居之地（圖9）。

不過(guò)，與此同時(shí)，這個(gè)新景觀被我們時(shí)代的特征塑造出來(lái)。它的品質(zhì)與獨(dú)特屬性將在確定之后讓人們?nèi)ンw會(huì)。使之成為現(xiàn)實(shí)的，一方面是每座湖周?chē)鷶?shù)千米的新自行車(chē)和滑板道，以及將10 片中心湖連接起來(lái)的12 條通航運(yùn)河（有的帶船閘，圖10）。另一方面，為盧薩蒂亞湖區(qū)和我們時(shí)代特別設(shè)計(jì)的建筑突出了湖水的邊界。它們都是國(guó)際競(jìng)賽的成果。例子包括大雷申的IBA 臺(tái)地（圖2a-e）、森夫滕貝格碼頭（圖11、12），以及塞德利茨湖與蓋爾斯瓦爾德湖之間運(yùn)河上的地標(biāo)（銹甲，圖13、14）。

此外，許多湖面上都有漂浮建筑（圖15）。它們體現(xiàn)出該地區(qū)的工程設(shè)計(jì)和創(chuàng)造精神，并將由勃蘭登堡理工大學(xué)科特布斯-森夫滕貝格校區(qū)的漂浮建筑研究所進(jìn)一步深化，以期成為這里和世界各地水景的創(chuàng)新之作?！?/p>

2a IBA大雷申湖坡地。來(lái)自美因河畔法蘭克福的建筑師費(fèi)迪南德·海德在國(guó)際比賽中為皮克勒親王郡國(guó)際建筑展的信息和展覽中心設(shè)計(jì)了這一形式/IBA Terraces Gro?r?schen.The architect Ferdinand Heide from Frankfurt am Main designed the form for the information and exhibition centre of the IBA Fürst-Pückler-Land in an international competition（圖示/Illustration: Professional photo Kliche）

2b IBA坡地葡萄園/The IBA Terraces with vineyard

2c IBA大雷申湖坡地鳥(niǎo)瞰，顯示了城市與景觀環(huán)境/Aerial view of the IBA Terraces at the lake Gro?r?schen, showing the urban and landscape context（攝影/Photo: Professional photo Kliche, 2009）

2d.2e 費(fèi)迪南德·海德對(duì)IBA坡地的設(shè)計(jì)效果/Visualisations of the IBA Terraces by Ferdinand Heide

Lusatia is a rural region on the border with Poland and home to Germany's second largest lignite mining district. Mining has been in operation here for 150 years and is due to close definitively in 2038.

If you still want to see an opencast mine with a huge conveyor bridge in operation today,you can do so at a vantage point on the northern edge of the town of Welzow (Fig. 1). A large area of ploughed earth is surrounded by already recultivated landscape, to which even a vineyard slope"Wolkenberg" (named after an excavated place)belongs, which delivers a very good white wine.Another example is the vineyard at the lake of Gro?r?schen (Fig. 2b).

Most of the coal mines including briquette factories, coking plants and power stations were closed down in the 1990s after the reunification of Germany and were dismantled, renovated and prepared for new uses by the company "Lausitzer und Mitteldeutsche Bergbauverwaltungsgesellschaft"(LMBV).

In addition, the International Building Exhibition (IBA) Fürst-Pückler-Land, which ran from 2000 to 2010, was to lend new appeal to the newly usable parts of the landscape with an attractive design. The building exhibition worked with relatively few members and civic commitment. It coordinated 30 projects of post-mining design (Fig. 3).

What is attractive for this post-mining landscape, with some 20 lakes stemming from former mines, was controversial. Many inhabitants of this landscape did not want to know anything more about the now dilapidated industry and wished for a natural looking lake landscape. The IBA representatives had a completely different view.They did not want an unreal copy of glacial lake areas, but a landscape with authenticity, which does not deny its past and shows that even a man-made landscape can be lovable and attractive.

This has been achieved by preserving,renovating or retrofitting the best testimonies of industrial culture, thus strengthening the character and attractiveness of the landscape and telling of its origins. Examples are the large F60 mining bridges at Lichterfeld (as a visitor mine and light and sound sculpture, Fig. 4), the bio-towers of the former coking plant in Lauchhammer (Fig. 5, 6), the Plessa power plant (Fig. 7) and the Louise briquette factory in Domsdorf (Fig. 8). The garden city of Marga in Brieske near Senftenberg also became an attractive place to live in (Fig. 9).

3 IBA（2000-2010）總平面圖“皮克勒親王郡”標(biāo)示出30處IBA項(xiàng)目/Site plan of the International Building Exhibition(2000-2010) "Fürst-Pückler Land" showing the 30 IBA projects

IBA項(xiàng)目/IBA Projects

1-IBA起始點(diǎn)大雷申湖南部/IBA Start Site Grossr?schen-South

2-F60游客礦井/F60 Visitors' Mine

3-漂浮探索中心“太陽(yáng)”/Floating Discovery Centre "The Sun"

4-普萊薩發(fā)電廠/Event Power Plant Plessa

5-勞赫哈默生物塔/Lauchhammer Bio-Towers

6-馬爾加工業(yè)區(qū)和田園城市/Marga Industrial Estate and Garden City

7-森夫滕貝格湖水小鎮(zhèn)/Lake Town Senftenberg

8-盧薩蒂亞湖區(qū)地標(biāo)/Landmark Lusatian Lake Land

9-蓋爾施瓦德湖上的漂浮建筑/Floating Homes at Lake Geierswalde

10-塞德利茨瀉湖村/Sedlitz Lagoon Village

11-塞德利茨湖上漂浮船塢/Floating Pontoon on Lake Sedlitz

12-塞德利茨湖水上運(yùn)動(dòng)中心/Lake Sedlitz Water Sports Centre

13-韋爾措景觀項(xiàng)目/Landscape Project Welzow

14-韋爾措能源景觀/Welzow Energy Landscape

15-巴特穆斯考皮克勒王子公園/Prince Pückler Park Bad Muskau

16-穆斯考地質(zhì)公園新月煤礦/Geopark Muskau Coal Crescent

17-古賓主教堂/Gubin's Main Church

18-古本羊毛 - 尼薩河中島 - 狼之屋/Gubener Wolle - Island in the River Neisse - Wolf House

19-科特布斯東湖/East Lake in Cottbus

20-布拉尼茨皮克勒王子公園/Prince Pückler Park Branitz

21-薩克申多夫-馬德洛大定居點(diǎn)/Large Settlement Sachsendorf-Madlow

22-拉杜什斯拉夫人堡壘/Slavic Fort Raddusch

23-狂歡水世界/Water World of the Spree

24-萬(wàn)寧申希爾曼自然景觀/Sielmann's Natural Landscape Wanninchen

25-弗斯蒂申德瑞赫文化景觀/Cultural Landscape Fürstlich Drehna

26-阿爾德貝爾恩景觀藝術(shù)“手”/Landscape Art "The Hand" Altd?bern

27-格拉本多夫湖上漂浮房屋Floating Homes on Lake Gr?bendorf

28-普林岑藝術(shù)景觀/Pritzen Art Landscape

29-能量 - 盧薩蒂亞工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)之路/ENERGY - The Lusation Route of Industrial Heritage

30-皮克勒王子小徑/Prince Pückler Path

景觀島嶼 - IBA主題規(guī)劃區(qū)域/Landscape islands - of the IBA thematically processed planning areas

能量 - 盧薩蒂亞工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)之路/ENERGY - The Lusation Route of Industrial Heritage

A-IBA坡地游客中心/IBA-Terraces Visitor Centre

B-F60游客礦井/F60 Visitors' Mine

C-路易絲煤球廠作品/Louise Briquette Works

D-普萊薩發(fā)電廠/EEvent Power Plant Plessa

E-勞赫哈默生物塔/Lauchhammer Bio-Towers

F-馬爾加工業(yè)區(qū)和田園城市/Marga Industrial Estate and Garden City

G-克納皮恩羅德工廠/Energy Factory Knappenrode

H-黑泵電站/Schwarze Pumpe Power Station

I-韋爾措南部露天礦井/Welzow-South Opencast Mining

J-科特布斯電站藝術(shù)博物館/Art Museum Cottbus Power Station

At the same time, however, the new landscape was to be shaped by the signs of our time, and its quality and unique character were to be determined and experienced. This was achieved on the one hand by the many kilometres of new cycling and skating paths around each lake and the twelve canals (some with locks) that connect the ten central lakes in a navigable way (Fig. 10). On the other hand,architecture tailored to the Lusatian Lakeland and our times accentuate the edges of the lakes. They resulted from international competitions. Examples include the IBA Terraces in Gro?r?schen (Fig. 2ae), the harbour in Senftenberg (Fig. 11, 12) and the landmark (Rostiger Nagel) on the canal between Lake Sedlitz and Lake Geierswald (Fig. 13, 14).

In addition, there are the floating architectures on several lakes (Fig. 15). They correspond to the engineering and inventive spirit of the region to be further developed by the Institute for Floating Buildings of the BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg in order to be innovative for our and other water landscapes of this world. □

4 F60采礦橋這一盧薩蒂亞最大的典型采礦機(jī)器被改造成了一個(gè)步入式游客礦井和聲光雕塑/The largest mining machine typical of Lusatia, the F60 conveyor bridge, was converted into a walk-in visitor mine as well as into a light and sound sculpture（攝影/Photo: Gerhard Kassner）

5 勞赫哈默原焦化廠的塔式生物濾池。前大型焦化廠的生物污水處理廠已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榫哂歇?dú)特工業(yè)建筑的探險(xiǎn)和活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所/The Biotowers of Lauchhammer. A biological sewage treatment plant for the former large coking plant has been transformed into an adventure and event location with unique industrial architecture（攝影/Photo: Thomas Kl?ber）

6 勞赫哈默原焦化廠的歷史照片，塔式生物濾池在其后方，生物廢水處理廠為工業(yè)用水服務(wù)/Historic view of the coking plant in Lauchhammer with the biotowers in the back, serving biological wastewater treatment plant for industrial waters（圖片來(lái)源/Source: Disos archive）

7 普萊薩發(fā)電廠。令人印象深刻的普萊薩發(fā)電廠已有80多年的歷史，被認(rèn)為是歐洲最古老的褐煤發(fā)電廠，該發(fā)電廠保留了原有的結(jié)構(gòu)。直到1992年，該計(jì)劃才產(chǎn)生電力。這個(gè)“工作大教堂”現(xiàn)在向游客開(kāi)放/Plessa power station.The impressive Plessa power plant, which is over 80 years old,is considered to be the oldest lignite-fired power plant in Europe, which has been preserved in its original structure.Until 1992, the plan produced electricity. This "Cathedral of Work" is now open to visitors（攝影/Photo: Johannes Lange,2007）

8 路易絲煤球廠。路易絲的工業(yè)紀(jì)念碑，作為一個(gè)前煤球廠，不僅是一個(gè)能源教育機(jī)構(gòu)，也是一個(gè)生產(chǎn)生物炭的能源農(nóng)場(chǎng)。該址屬于“盧薩蒂亞工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)能源之路”的旅游路線/Briquette factory LOUISE The industrial monument LOUISE -a former briquette factory - is to house not only an energy educational institution but also a producing energy farm for biochar. The site belongs to the touristic route "Lusatian Energy Route of Industrial Heritage"（攝影/Photo: Cornelia Rumpf, 2006）

9 馬爾加田園城市。馬爾加曾被建設(shè)為工程定居點(diǎn)，如今是德國(guó)最古老的田園聚落。 它在鐵幕落下后重建，從此煥發(fā)出新的輝煌。/The Garden city Marga. Marga has been built as works settlement and is today the oldest garden settlement in Germany. It was reconstructed after the fall of the iron curtain and has shone in new splendour ever since（攝影/Photo: Radke LMBV, 2007）

10 盧薩蒂亞湖區(qū)鳥(niǎo)瞰/Aerial view of Lusatian Lakeland（攝影/Photo: Radke LMBV, 2008）

11 森夫滕貝格碼頭。憑借其獨(dú)特的形狀，港口將為前褐煤之都森夫滕貝格（一個(gè)擁有24,500名居民的城市）的新形象做出貢獻(xiàn)。這是通過(guò)獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)甙亓謆gmr景觀設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所的設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)的/The city habour of Senftenberg. With its characteristic shape, the harbour was to contribute to a new image for the former lignite capital: Senftenberg, a city of 24,500 inhabitants. This was achieved by the design of firstplaced landscape architects bgmr from Berlin （攝影/Photo: Mario Hambsch）

12 獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)甙亓謆gmr景觀設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所的森夫滕貝格碼頭設(shè)計(jì)效果圖/The city habour of Senftenberg - visualisation of the competition winner bgmr, Berlin

評(píng)論

劉伯英：IBA SEE是繼IBA埃姆舍爾之后又一個(gè)成功的傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)區(qū)復(fù)興項(xiàng)目，它被分解為30個(gè)子項(xiàng)，分別建立合作伙伴關(guān)系進(jìn)行實(shí)施。將大面積露天礦坑注水形成湖泊景觀，組織水上觀光和沿岸體驗(yàn)，生態(tài)得以恢復(fù)，并成為大型郊野公園。F60這座“躺著的埃菲爾鐵塔”成為紀(jì)念碑。項(xiàng)目突出了經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化、環(huán)境等問(wèn)題的綜合解決，最終讓一個(gè)生態(tài)破壞、環(huán)境污染、人口大量流失的衰退地區(qū)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會(huì)、旅游的綜合復(fù)興，讓居民重拾自信，成為世界礦業(yè)城市復(fù)興的典范。

薄宏濤：隨著東西德統(tǒng)一，能源中心的遷移和能源產(chǎn)業(yè)的升級(jí)（天然氣），傳統(tǒng)褐煤生產(chǎn)基地的盧薩蒂亞面對(duì)了必然的衰退。10年的IBA在德國(guó)工業(yè)遺存更新領(lǐng)域展現(xiàn)了極大的城市動(dòng)員能力和專(zhuān)業(yè)導(dǎo)向作用，在盧薩蒂亞的更新進(jìn)程中，以保持和呈現(xiàn)工業(yè)歷史線索的方式與礦坑自然湖泊修復(fù)策略結(jié)合，無(wú)論是有如外星飛船般宏大尺度的排矸橋，還是如神廟柱廊般佇立的生物塔，抑或是至今仍能在參觀者面前隆隆生產(chǎn)煤球的廠區(qū)，都為區(qū)域的工業(yè)考古現(xiàn)場(chǎng)提供了明晰的標(biāo)志物。而在廣袤的綠野、葡萄園和清湛的湖面下，被掩埋的焦化廠、淹沒(méi)的露天礦坑都呈現(xiàn)了從工業(yè)圖景向自然圖景的回歸。

Comments

LIU Boying: IBA SEE has become another successful revitalisation project for the traditional industrial area after the IBA Emscher project. It is broken down into 30 sub-items, and each of them was completed with the partnership involved. The huge open-air pit became a lake landscape with the help of water injection. This not only allows visitors to enjoy both boat tours and coastal activities,but also contributes to the ecological restoration,thereby eventually transforming the pit into a large country park. F60, like the Eiffel Tower laid down, has now become a monument. This project presented a comprehensive solution to the issues including those that affect the economy, society,culture and environment, which ultimately enabled a depressed area with the problems of ecological damage, environmental pollution and population loss to achieve the integrated rejuvenation of the economy, culture, society and tourism. It helps the inhabitants regain confidence, while serving as a model of the revitalisation of mining cities in the world. (Translated by Dandan Wang)BO Hongtao: With the reunification of East and West Germany and the relocation of energy centres and upgrade of energy industry (natural gas), the traditional lignite production base of Lusatia is seeing inevitable decline. Ten years of IBA activities have demonstrated maximum level of urban mobilisation and professional guidance in the field of German industrial heritage renewal. The revitalisation of Lusatia is noted for its combination with the restoration strategy of mine pits into natural lakes by preserving and presenting traces of industrial history. Notwithstanding a huge conveyor bridge reminiscent of an alien spacecraft, or biotowers that stand like solemn temple columns, or even factories that still pump out briquettes in front of visitors today, they make up distinct landmarks in the district's industrial archaeology site. In the extensive green field and vineyards as well as beneath crystalline lakes, buried coking plant and submerged open mine pits signify a return from the industrial landscape to a natural one. (Translated by SHANG Jin)

13 盧薩蒂亞湖區(qū)地標(biāo)“銹甲”。來(lái)自慕尼黑的建筑師斯特凡·吉爾斯贏得了人造盧薩蒂亞湖區(qū)地標(biāo)象征的設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽/The Landmark Lusatian Lakeland - the "Rusty Nail".The architect Stephan Giers from Munich won the competition for a landmark symbolising the entire manmade Lusatian Lakeland（攝影/Photo: Christina Glanz）

14 盧薩蒂亞湖區(qū)地標(biāo)的樓梯/Staircase of the landmark Lusatian Lakeland（攝影/Photo: René Greger, 2008）

15 漂浮建筑。由于褐煤和其他工業(yè)，盧薩蒂亞具有許多工程和創(chuàng)新精神。這種精神被新勃蘭登堡工業(yè)大學(xué)的漂浮建筑研究所進(jìn)一步發(fā)展/Floating architecture. Lusatia has a lot of engineering and innovation spirit due to lignite and other industries. This spirit is further developed by the Institute for Floating Buildings of the BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg（攝影/Photo: Professional photo Kliche）

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

地點(diǎn)/Location: 德國(guó)盧薩蒂亞/Lausitz, Germany

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: Rolf Kuhn

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)支持/Team Consisting: 建筑設(shè)計(jì)師，景觀設(shè)

計(jì)師，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，城市規(guī)劃師，技術(shù)助理/Architects,landscape designers, economists, City- and Urban planners,and technical assistants

場(chǎng)地面積/Site Area: 400hm2

造價(jià)/Cost: 4400萬(wàn)歐元/44M EUR

設(shè)計(jì)與施工時(shí)間/Period of Design and Realisation: 2000-2010