“異質(zhì)同構(gòu)”1926-2019年間的湖南大學(xué)校園建筑
——紀(jì)念劉敦楨與柳士英創(chuàng)辦湖南大學(xué)建筑學(xué)科90周年

湖南大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院/School of Architecture, Hunan University

湖南大學(xué)的前身是創(chuàng)建于北宋（976 年）的岳麓書院，歷經(jīng)宋、元、明、清等朝代的時(shí)勢(shì)變遷，一直保持著文化教育的連續(xù)性。1903 年岳麓書院改制為湖南高等學(xué)堂，1926 年定名湖南大學(xué)， 1937年成為國(guó)民政府教育部國(guó)立大學(xué)之一。千余年來，學(xué)脈延綿，弦歌不絕，故有“千年學(xué)府”之稱。

“納于大麓、藏之名山”是湖南大學(xué)校園的總體形態(tài)特征，校園西倚岳麓山，東望橘子洲及長(zhǎng)沙城，北有鳳凰山，南抵天馬山，處于山水洲城之核心。校園自湘江西岸從古牌樓口到校園自卑亭，至岳麓書院及清風(fēng)峽，形成一條千年的古文脈。校園沿山麓逶迤展開，與城市有機(jī)融合，形成特有的開放型校園。近年來校園內(nèi)新建、改建、擴(kuò)建了一批建筑，對(duì)建筑的原有功能進(jìn)行了整合，各個(gè)區(qū)域之間既相互獨(dú)立又相互聯(lián)系，并始終保持其內(nèi)在活力。各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期不同風(fēng)格的建筑尊重山水格局，注重尺度控制，注意對(duì)自然質(zhì)感的材料與共生原則的運(yùn)用，共同組成了多元化且獨(dú)具特色的校園風(fēng)景，“異質(zhì)”卻“同構(gòu)”。

湖南大學(xué)校園的發(fā)展歷程可以分為3 個(gè)時(shí)期。第一個(gè)時(shí)期是傳統(tǒng)岳麓書院時(shí)期，學(xué)校主體建筑為岳麓書院建筑群。第二個(gè)時(shí)期是1926 年更名為湖南大學(xué)后，由劉敦楨、柳士英主持規(guī)劃進(jìn)行建設(shè)的理性開放時(shí)期，這一時(shí)期湖南大學(xué)建設(shè)了一批高質(zhì)量的校園建筑，如湖大二院、科技樓、工程館、大禮堂等。第三個(gè)時(shí)期則是改革開放后，進(jìn)入了新地域校園的建構(gòu)時(shí)期，近年來，學(xué)校在天馬西麓征地逾13.33hm2進(jìn)行新校區(qū)建設(shè)，湖南大學(xué)的總體格局基本成型。

Hunan University was originated from Yuelu Academy, established in 976 in the Northern Song Dynasty. Yuelu Academy went through the Song,Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties and now has still held the continuity of culture and education. In 1903 Yuelu Academy was transformed and called"Hunan College of Higher Education". In 1926, the name was changed to "Hunan University", and it was listed in the ten national universities under the tutelage of the Ministry of Education of the National Government in 1937. With over thousand years of history in education, Hunan University enjoys the reputation of "Millennium university with centuries of fame".

"The famous mountain of scenic beauty,an ideal cradle-land of talents." The location of the Hunan University campus gives it unique possibilities: Yuelu Mountain sits at the west of the campus, a historical setting for discussion on succession of history; Tianma Valley at the south stretches for miles along the waterfront of Xiang River, a lively space for accommodation and resident housing; Phoenix Hill at the north side connects to an adjacent campus and provides an open access to the city, a natural symbol for the education ethos of Hunan University, and finally, the waterfront area at the east offers an open view to the hustlebustle of central city lying to the east bank of the river. Over years of redevelopment on campus, the university has kept its identity by creating a modern and open space for the education needs while at the same time having respect for the past. Planning of the campus places emphasis on landscape layout,building-scale control, natural materials utilisation,and environmental harmony. The university campus generally features pluralistic culture and picturesque scenes and as a result of redevelopment, it emerges"Heterogeneous" in the "Isomorphism" context.

There are three distinguishing building types developed along the history of the campus of Hunan University. First, academy architecture started thousand years ago and is still in the process of development. Second, modern architecture spread widely in the campus when Chinese pioneers of modern architecture, i.e. Prof. LIU Dunzhen, Prof.LIU Shiying , came the university to take charge of the campus construction after 1926. Third,new regionalism architecture becomes dominant nowadays in the modern campus. About 13.33 hm2of land has been expropriated recently and designated as the site for new development. The University campus enters a new era of development.

1 湖南大學(xué)校區(qū)鳥瞰，2019

文字/Text: 湖南大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院/School of Architecture,Hunan University

攝影/Photos: 許昊皓，胡骉，高雪雪，姚力等/XU Haohao, HU Biao, GAO Xuexue, YAO Li, etc.

圖紙繪制/Drawings: 吳炳宇，趙茂繁，劉書慧，許逸倫，于思璐/WU Bingyu, ZHAO Maofan, LIU Shuhui, XU Yilun, YU Silu

2 湖南大學(xué)鳥瞰，1930

3 湖南大學(xué)建筑總平面分布圖，2017

4 清長(zhǎng)沙府疆域圖，岳麓書院與長(zhǎng)沙城隔江相望

5 岳麓山及岳麓書院的千年古文脈

6 湖南大學(xué)1930年代校舍平面

7 岳麓書院整體鳥瞰圖，1990

1 書院篇：詩(shī)意的原型

（岳麓書院時(shí)期） 976-1929

作為我國(guó)古代四大書院之一，岳麓書院前身可追溯到唐末五代（約958 年）智睿等二僧辦學(xué)。北宋開寶九年（976年）， 潭州太守朱洞在僧人辦學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上，正式創(chuàng)立岳麓書院。嗣后，歷經(jīng)宋、元、明、清各代，至清末光緒二十九年（1903 年）改為湖南高等學(xué)堂，爾后相繼改為湖南高等師范學(xué)校、湖南工業(yè)專門學(xué)校，1926 年正式定名為湖南大學(xué)。

岳麓書院位于岳麓山東側(cè)名曰清風(fēng)峽的山谷之中，與長(zhǎng)沙城隔湘江而望?，F(xiàn)存建筑大部分為明清遺物，其建筑可分為講學(xué)、藏書、供祀、園林四部分，各部分互相連接，合為整體，是一座庭院式磚木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑。書院的空間秩序蘊(yùn)涵著儒家文化尊卑有序、等級(jí)有別、主次鮮明的社會(huì)倫理關(guān)系。采用中軸對(duì)稱、縱深多進(jìn)的院落形式，營(yíng)造出一種莊嚴(yán)、神妙、幽遠(yuǎn)的縱深感。主體建筑如頭門、大門、二門、講堂、半學(xué)齋、教學(xué)齋、百泉軒、御書樓、湘水校經(jīng)堂、 文廟等集中于中軸線上，講堂位于中軸線之中央。齋舍、祭祀專祠等排列于兩旁。整個(gè)書院建筑群完整地展現(xiàn)了中國(guó)古代文人建筑的儒雅氣質(zhì)。中國(guó)書院的選址通常避開紛繁蕪雜的城市，擇清靜優(yōu)美山野之地，更注重人與自然的協(xié)調(diào)關(guān)系和自然環(huán)境的心理教育啟迪作用，其教育觀與儒家理學(xué)一脈相承，“寓情于景，情景交融，寓意于物，以物比德”。

南宋乾道三年（1167 年），朱熹與張栻在岳麓書院講堂講學(xué)，“論中庸之義，三晝夜不能合”“道林三百眾，書院一千徒”“坐不能容”“飲馬池水立涸，輿止冠冕塞途”，是為當(dāng)時(shí)之盛況寫照。這反映了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)書院的開放姿態(tài)，并不與世隔絕。

在1930 年代，湖南大學(xué)校園曾經(jīng)一度以書院建筑為主體，書院的傳統(tǒng)建筑群仍然作為現(xiàn)代學(xué)校的校舍。這一時(shí)期的校園即岳麓書院給我們的啟示包括：

（1）校園與城市雖相對(duì)分離，但其辦學(xué)開放且兼容并包。

（2） 高度整合與復(fù)合化的空間。教讀的講堂與習(xí)學(xué)的齋舍、游憩空間完全整合為一體，其功能的融合性之高，往往超越現(xiàn)代所謂機(jī)械式功能分區(qū)的校園。這種空間的互動(dòng)與相互映襯，使其使用效能優(yōu)于現(xiàn)代簡(jiǎn)單而涇渭分明的專屬空間校園布局。

（3） 適應(yīng)地域氣候特征。岳麓書院建筑群以基本的“庭院”單元為原型：天井相間，屋脊相連，形成連綿如蜂窩狀、四通八達(dá)的整體建筑群?！靶兄劣膸傻直冢崎T又見一重庭”，具有湖南傳統(tǒng)聚落的典型特征。

（4） 書院體現(xiàn)了尊卑有序、倫理有別的倫理關(guān)系，并且有清晰的軸線，但亦不拘泥于軸線，其空間在局部可依循環(huán)境關(guān)系發(fā)生偏轉(zhuǎn)。

（5） 書院多為一組較為龐大、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、 規(guī)整的建筑群，但由于重視地形的利用，多依山而建，層層疊進(jìn)，錯(cuò)落有致，建筑雖較封閉但不框囿于形，而環(huán)境的開拓則十分開敞，兩者相互映發(fā)，有機(jī)聯(lián)系，收到“骨色相和，神彩互發(fā)”之效， 這為校園后來的自由發(fā)展與布局埋下了伏筆。

2004 年，在湖南大學(xué)校園岳麓書院旁建設(shè)了“中國(guó)書院博物館”，選址于原柳士英先生設(shè)計(jì)的臨時(shí)校舍“靜一齋”，與岳麓書院原有的講學(xué)、藏書、祭祀三部分，共同形成了一個(gè)完整的書院建筑群，共同表達(dá)文人建筑的儒雅氣質(zhì)。

8 岳麓書院齋舍內(nèi)部庭院

9 岳麓書院內(nèi)天井

10 中國(guó)書院博物館外景

1 Academy architecture: A poetic building prototype: Yuelu academy, 976-1929

Yuelu Academy is one of the four ancient Chinese academies of classic learning. Its history could be traced back to a school run by two monks in the late Tang Dynasty (around 958). In 976, Yuelu Academy was officially funded by Zhu Dong, magistrate of Tanzhou prefecture. It survived the dynasty alternation of centuries, such as Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. In 1903 at the late of Qing Dynasty, it functioned as a school for higher learning called "Hunan Gaodeng Xuetang", and then changed to Hunan Normal College, Hunan Public Polytechnic School in succession. Finally in 1926 it took the name "Hunan Daxue (Hunan University)" that is still in use today.

Yuelu Academy is lying quietly in the valley of Breeze Cool at the east mountain foot, overlooking the city centre of Changsha to the east bank of Xiang River.Most of the existing building complex is relics of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and it basically comprises of four parts used for different purposes, such as lecturing,library, worship and leisure in the garden. Each part of the academy interconnects each other by courtyards as a whole, and it is a characteristic layout of a traditional Chinese in brick and wood.

The spatial sequence of the academy implies underlying social value and ethical relation in classic Confucian culture, which reflects a strict hierarchy system of a class society and concepts of superiority and inferiority. The building complex is symmetrically arranged in general and the buildings of significance including the Main Gate, the First Gate, the Second Gate, the auditorium, study hall, lecture theatre, Baiquan Pavilion, Yushu Library, Xiang Research Institute and Confucian Temple are positioned in order along the central axis. Other buildings for accommodation, worship etc. are built away from the central line according to the zoning strategies of the academy. The overall building plan reveals principles of Chinese traditional architecture: building siting has regard to the environment inhabitability("Fengshui") upon which a harmony relationship between man and nature could be built, and the favourable built environment may be therefore created to inspire users both physically and psychologically. Chinese educational architecture has the same principles and follows the motto of Confucian: "being sympathetic to nature for open-mind,being thoughtful to matter for self-integrity."

In 1167, Confucian master ZHU Xi and ZHANG Shi gave open lectures in the auditorium of the Yuelu Academy.They presented views on different Confucian schools and debated openly on hot topics in Confucian. There was a record turnout of over thousands attendees for such an event of that time. It is a typical portrait of open education mode in the traditional Chinese Academy buildings.

Yuelu Academy was once dominant in the university campus and then functions as a part of educational infrastructure in the campus of the modern age. Yuelu Academy of this period suggests that it has the following valuable architectural aspects in light of campus development:

(1) Academy was though located in a remote region from city, but its education system pursued openness and excellence at the same time.

(2) Spatial arrangement of academy was highly integrative and compact. One building complex could facilitate purposes of teaching, study, research and recreation. The space organisation appears particularly efficient and is better than the functional zoning in modern buildings.

(3) Building layout responded to bio-climate of the region. Courtyard is the building prototype of the academy, which is advantageous to create the favourable environment inside as well as to allow buildings to interconnect each other at any direction according to space requirement. Its overall configuration turns out "passage seems never to end as one courtyard after another".

(4) Educational architecture follows classic principles of spatial order, but it is also pragmatic and seems to put function at the first place when the surroundings are not flexible.

(5) Academy architecture is a large scale of building complex. Its site is carefully selected and its buildingform reflects the surrounding conditions. The focus of attention is generally given to hold a balance and harmony relation between man and nature. This set up a basic law for later campus development that is "to harmonise with surroundings, to synergise for mutual benefits".

11 湖南大學(xué)重要校園建筑時(shí)序圖

12 劉敦楨

13 柳士英

14 柳士英規(guī)劃的湖南大學(xué)校園同心圓

15 湖南大學(xué)的文脈軸和教學(xué)軸

岳麓書院建筑與文化

作者：楊慎初

出版：湖南科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，2003

營(yíng)造

Construct

作者：魏春雨

出版：中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社，2005

異質(zhì)同構(gòu)：從岳麓書院到湖南大學(xué)

Heterogeneous Isomorpism

作者：魏春雨，宋明星

出版：中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社，2013

中國(guó)近代建筑綱要（1840-1949）

Outline of Chinese Architecture of Modern Times

作者：黃元炤

出版：中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社，

2015

柳士英 中國(guó)近代建筑師系列

作者：黃元炤

出版：中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社，2015

論湖湘建筑的思與辯/湖湘當(dāng)代建筑師：二十四人側(cè)訪

24 Huxiang Architects/Thoughts on Contemporary Huxiang Architecture

作者：王蔚 等

出版：中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社，

2019

2 先賢篇： 理性的開放

（早期湖南大學(xué)建立時(shí)期）1929-1953

劉敦楨與柳士英為開創(chuàng)湖南大學(xué)建筑學(xué)科的兩位先賢。1929 年，劉敦楨在湖南大學(xué)土木系中創(chuàng)立建筑組，是為湖南大學(xué)建筑學(xué)科的開端。隨后劉敦楨應(yīng)邀去北京參加中國(guó)營(yíng)造學(xué)社的工作，邀請(qǐng)其留日師兄柳士英來湖南。柳士英1934 年來到湖南大學(xué)，繼續(xù)發(fā)展建筑學(xué)教育， 聘請(qǐng)了蔡澤奉、許推等一批留日、留歐美的學(xué)者擔(dān)任教授，此時(shí)有建筑學(xué)專業(yè)教師10 余人，成為一支強(qiáng)大的建筑學(xué)專業(yè)隊(duì)伍。1953 年院系調(diào)整，湖南大學(xué)、中山大學(xué)、南昌大學(xué)、廣西大學(xué)、武漢大學(xué)、云南大學(xué)、四川大學(xué)的土建與道路、鐵建各專業(yè)合并，成立中南土木建筑學(xué)院， 成為中南地區(qū)實(shí)力最強(qiáng)的土木類的學(xué)院，柳士英任院長(zhǎng)。從劉敦楨、柳士英、蔡澤奉等人在1920- 1940 年代設(shè)計(jì)校園建筑開始，到之后楊慎初、黃善言對(duì)岳麓書院的修復(fù)，直至今日的教學(xué)建筑、校園環(huán)境設(shè)計(jì)，湖南大學(xué)建筑學(xué)院始終進(jìn)行著對(duì)湖南大學(xué)校園的設(shè)計(jì)、改造、保護(hù)工作。柳士英先生在湖南大學(xué)一直從事教學(xué)與設(shè)計(jì)工作直至1973年逝世，他不僅制定了這一時(shí)期湖南大學(xué)的校園規(guī)劃，也在這里留下了大量經(jīng)典的校園建筑作品。因此，湖南大學(xué)的校園被深深地打上了柳氏的烙印。

岳麓書院自建立之初就形成了一條明顯的中軸線，它自上而下經(jīng)自卑亭、牌樓口、一直延伸到湘江邊。這是規(guī)劃中非常重要的一條軸線，但柳士英力圖避開這條軸線，以理性、開放的思想建構(gòu)理想中的新型校園，與此同時(shí)，對(duì)舊的文脈與形式保持了最大的尊重。他根據(jù)校園的地形地貌特征提出4 個(gè)同心圓的規(guī)劃理念，核心的圓為體育活動(dòng)區(qū)，第二個(gè)圓為教學(xué)區(qū)，第三個(gè)圓為學(xué)生活動(dòng)區(qū)，第四個(gè)圓圈為教職工生活區(qū)。最外層為岳麓山景區(qū)。體育區(qū)在最中心方便師生集合，教職工生活區(qū)接近公園景區(qū)， 成為師生課余休憩之地。日常教學(xué)、教職工、學(xué)生3 個(gè)區(qū)之間相互融合，聯(lián)系便捷。而美麗的岳麓山環(huán)繞校園四周，形成了以廣場(chǎng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)、 綠地、大型公共教學(xué)樓為主的開放型校園。

湖南大學(xué)在中國(guó)的大學(xué)校園中具有非同一般的獨(dú)特性，那就是她的“開放性”。一直以來， 湖大沒有圍墻，甚至沒有校門，市政道路、公共交通及岳麓山的游客穿行相間。在這樣的校園中， 校內(nèi)與校外、社會(huì)與大學(xué)的區(qū)別被模糊了，古與今的界限也被模糊了。

這一時(shí)期的校園與建筑變化給我們的啟示是：

（1）隱形的軸線。由于柳士英的規(guī)劃，岳麓書院原有的強(qiáng)烈的軸線感被消解了，校園的結(jié)構(gòu)更加自由，形成同心圓式的分散式布局，在校園的規(guī)劃中體現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代大學(xué)的自由精神。

（2）形成了“異質(zhì)同構(gòu)”的校園特色。這一時(shí)期建成的校園建筑不拘泥于傳統(tǒng)形式，大膽創(chuàng)新，取各家之長(zhǎng)，在校園內(nèi)中國(guó)與西洋、傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代、大學(xué)與城市之間，形成了共生與融合的氛圍。

這是校園的第一次傳承與“變異”，是一次異質(zhì)同構(gòu)的過程。自此確立了兼容并包的開放型校園特質(zhì)。

2 Influential Predecessors of modern campus architecture (Hunan University): Rationalism and Openness, 1929-1953

There were two important figures in the history of architectural education in Hunan University: Prof.LIU Dunzhen and Prof. LIU Shiying. In 1929 Prof. LIU Dunzhen initiated an architectural research group within the Department of Civil Engineering, which marked the beginning for architectural disciplinary development.Then he invited his alumnus Prof. LIU Shiying to join him in the university when he went to Beijing for the work of the Society for the Study of Chinese Architecture (SSCA).Since Prof. LIU Shiying came to Hunan University, more scholars with overseas study background had taken lecturing positions in the university. A team of over 10 architectural professionals gradually took shape. In 1953, the departments of civil engineering in several key universities, such as Hunan University, Sun Yat-sen University, Nanchang University, Guangxi University,Wuhan University, Yunnan University, and Sichuan University, merged together and founded a School of Civil Engineering of the Middle South of China under the leadership of Prof. LIU Shiying. Construction work on the university campus was initiated by Prof. LIU Dunzhen,Prof. LIU Shiying and Prof. CAI Zefeng in the 1920s to the 1940s, respectively. Following the restoration of Yuelu Academy led by Prof. YANG Shenchu and Prof. HUANG Shanyan, School of Architecture in the Hunan University has carried out work regarding planning, environment strategies, campus redevelopment and building renewal in the university campus ever since. Prof. LIU Shiying had engaged very work of architecture education and design in the campus until his death in 1973. A great number of architectural works he had done remains in the campus and become precious living memories of the history of this period.

The campus has a clear central axis starting from the academy, passing through Humble Pavilion and down to the waterfront of Xiang River. It was a reference line to guide the campus planning. However with respect to the tradition culture and exiting terrain situation, Prof.LIU Shiying proposed a new plan of the campus upon the axial mode: four concentric rings concept. The central area of the rings was designated to sport events. The area of the second ring facilitated space requirement for education, meanwhile the student accommodation and residential sector for staff located in the third and fourth ring respectively. At the outmost area was the resort of Yuelu Mountain located close to the staff living district.This plan allows different districts of the campus to be independent but they are also connected efficiently when needed. Consequently an open campus took its form with a square, playgrounds, green-base and relative bulky educational buildings in the central area.

Hunan University features unique "openness" in the education system and campus organisation. Until now, the university campus pride herself on holding an open attitude both to the public and the city. The campus interweaves the fabric of the Changsha city, hereby the boundary between the "inside" and "outside", the campus and community, eventually the past and present is unidentifiable.

The university campus of this period had notable characteristics as below:

(1) Resilient structure of the campus. There were two basic modes of planning interrelating with one another so that a free and open campus has been created. The present university campus could be an epitome of modern university of free spirit.

(2) Campus architecture of heterogeneous isomorphism. Having respect for historical buildings,the predecessors of modern architecture in this period took innovative concepts of modern architecture and technologies with ambition to build a unique university campus for the locals.

To sum, the campus of Hunan University had established her uniqueness in openness and integration after its first transformation.

16 湖南大學(xué)校園建筑

二院/The Second Teaching and Research Centre

建筑師/Architect: 劉敦楨/LIU Dunzhen

建筑面積/Built Area: 2929.6m2

占地面積/Site Area: 1464.8m2

建設(shè)年代/Construction Time: 1925

湖南大學(xué)二院是中國(guó)早期著名建筑師劉敦楨先生少數(shù)的建成建筑作品之一，并且是劉敦楨先生剛開始從事建筑設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的作品。劉先生一直從事大量的理論研究，幾乎沒有留下幾棟建筑作品。因此，這棟建筑的價(jià)值不僅在于其富有個(gè)性的設(shè)計(jì)， 更多的是它的歷史和學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值。二院原為教學(xué)樓，有西洋式屋頂，平面呈“山”字形，門窗形式統(tǒng)一，富有特點(diǎn)；磚的砌法考究，并有多種預(yù)制磚。

The Second Teaching and Research Centre is one of a few completed architectural work done by Prof. LIU Dunzhen, who was an early renowned architect in China,and it was a result of work at the early stage of his career.Prof. LIU Dunzhen had been engaging the theoretical studies immensely, and hence only a limited number of buildings have been left to us. This building is of historical and academic value owing to its uniqueness in design.

17 二院

科學(xué)館/The Building of Science and Technology

建筑師/Architects: 蔡澤奉，柳士英/CAI Zefeng, LIU Shiying

建筑面積/Built Area: 4353m2

建設(shè)年代/Construction Period: 1933-1937

加建時(shí)間/Building Extension Time: 1948

最先由當(dāng)時(shí)土木系的蔡澤奉教授設(shè)計(jì)，1933 年開始興建，到1935 年建成。磚混結(jié)構(gòu)、西洋古典風(fēng)格，檐口、拱券形大門等處均為典型的古典復(fù)興樣式，具有完美的比例，均衡的體量，細(xì)膩的大樣還有相得益彰的陰影效果。1948 年由柳士英主持加建了一層，保留了原有塔樓和女兒墻及檐口，將原有的平屋頂找平作為第三層樓板，而后加上了琉璃瓦的西洋式坡屋頂。很好地延續(xù)了原有建筑的風(fēng)格和氣質(zhì)，渾然一體，成為柳士英一大杰作。

This building was initially two storeys designed by Prof. CAI Zenfeng from the Department of Civil Engineering and completed in 1935 at first. It is brickreinforced concrete structure built in the classic western style as the building details, for instance, cornice, archery door and so on, were typical style of classic renaissance.The scale of building is in a perfect proportion and its appropriate space volume helps to create delicate light shades. In 1904, an extension had been made by Prof. LIU Shiying to add one more storey on top of the old building.

18 科學(xué)館

七舍/The 7th Student Hall

建筑師/Architect: 柳士英/LIU Shiying

功能/Function: 學(xué)生宿舍/Student dormitory

建筑面積/Built Area: 2511m2

占地面積/Site Area: 979.7m2

竣工時(shí)間/Complete Time: 1951

七舍最大的特征是南立面那極富表現(xiàn)主義色彩的牌樓。曲線的母題貫穿整個(gè)牌樓，從底層拱門及上方的曲面浮雕，到上部并列的3 個(gè)圓窗，再以圓弧封頂。中部則用豎向長(zhǎng)窗貫通，在提供樓梯間大面積采光的同時(shí)成為立面簡(jiǎn)潔的構(gòu)圖元素。七舍“7”字的八角形底板也與拱門左右兩個(gè)八角形窗形成呼應(yīng)。七舍南立面上也運(yùn)用了與工程館相似的手法，將窗間墻塑造成三角形截面以形成陰影，由于窗下墻使用了與清水磚墻不同的材質(zhì)，突出的窗間墻形成了豎向的完整線條，凸顯了分離派的特點(diǎn)。

The distinguishing features of the 7th Student Hall are the curvature motifs which appear throughout this building, such as the three fenestra rotundas on the top middle of the southern elevation, an archery way on its main entrance, and the elegant curve reliefs on the wall. The varied designs of octagon adorn the south side of the building. The piers between the windows were devised in a triangular section so that a delicate lightshade effect could be created. The effect has then been enhanced by the external cement plaster on the breast under the windows in contrast to Shimizu bricks on the otherwise wall area. In all, the elevation design of the 7th Student Hall Seven attains a flavour of Expressionism and Secessionism in architectural details.

19 七舍

教學(xué)北樓（工程館）/North Building for Education(Building for the Department of Engineering)

建筑師/Architect: 柳士英/LIU Shiying

建筑面積/Built Area: 7430m2

占地面積/Site Area: 2060m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 1947

竣工時(shí)間/Complete Time: 1953

湖南大學(xué)工程館（現(xiàn)為教學(xué)北樓）是柳士英先生現(xiàn)代主義風(fēng)格最典型的代表作。一方面，建筑為砌體建構(gòu)，表面部分涂刷素混凝土；另一方面，未用任何細(xì)小裝飾，把細(xì)小線條變成了面的延續(xù)。平屋頂高低錯(cuò)落。建筑樓梯間的圓弧形墻體，墻面上通長(zhǎng)的水平線條，以及圓弧形窗檐，窗臺(tái)和窗口墻體， 都具有典型的德國(guó)表現(xiàn)主義流動(dòng)線條的造型特征。而各種曲線面處理的承前啟后，有起有落，體現(xiàn)了他將這些獨(dú)立的元素通通揉進(jìn)建筑肌體之中的設(shè)計(jì)方式，人稱“柳式圓”。

The North Building could exemplify the design style of Prof. LIU Shiying in his career as a modern architect. Two leading schools of modern design, Vienna Secessionism and German Expressionism, influenced the thinking and aesthetics of architectural design of Prof. LIU when he was in his academic pursuit of architecture in Japan. On the one hand, the staircase is screened inside a curve wall,and windows were designed with round lintel, curved sills and breasts underneath. These building designs reflect the influence of German Expressionism featuring flowing lines,but are imprinted with his own style of "Dynamic in static"as a flowing line is completed with a circle, which is the treatment thereafter given a name "LIU's Circle".

20 教學(xué)北樓（工程館）

湖南大學(xué)大禮堂/The Grand Hall of Hunan University

建筑師/Architect: 柳士英/LIU Shiying

建筑面積/Built Area: 2142m2

占地面積/Site Area: 1094m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 1951

竣工時(shí)間/Complete Time: 1953

21 大禮堂

大禮堂采用官式綠色琉璃大屋頂，但又不拘泥于法式做法，力求淡雅、明快，禮堂裝修采用國(guó)漆紅黑色主調(diào)，點(diǎn)綴金飾，既保存了湖南楚漢文物的藝術(shù)特色，又頗具現(xiàn)代意味。外墻粉刷以普通水泥摻和黃泥石灰碎玻璃等，達(dá)到了經(jīng)久耐用的目的和較好的彩色效果。

The interior decoration is a mix of modern design and traditional Chinese fine art of Xiang, which dated back to Han dynasty 2000 years ago. Chinese lacquer paint is dominant with a garnish of golden design. A mixture of cement, yellow limestone and glass cullet had been used on the exterior wall, and hereby a long last colour shade of external wall had been achieved.

圖書館/The Library

建筑師/Architect: 柳士英/LIU Shiying

建筑面積/Built Area: 2362m2

占地面積/Site Area: 1097m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 1946

竣工時(shí)間/Complete Time: 1948

擴(kuò)建設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Extension Start Time: 1951

擴(kuò)建竣工時(shí)間/Extension Complete Time: 1954

22 圖書館

圖書館所處位置較為特別。沿岳麓山清風(fēng)峽而下，經(jīng)岳麓書院，這里是被讀書人稱為“風(fēng)水寶地” 的地方，形成了湖南大學(xué)建筑的第一條中軸線。在這根中軸線上，建有3 座圖書館：岳麓書院御書樓、老圖書館和現(xiàn)在的圖書館。由建筑大師柳士英設(shè)計(jì)建造的老圖書館，1948 年竣工，有書庫(kù)3 層，目錄廳和辦公房若干。碧瓦紅磚，飛檐畫棟，形式古樸。1947 年館藏圖書79,182 冊(cè)。該館曾于1951 年擴(kuò)建，總面積超過2300m2。她與岳麓書院前的大禮堂組成了極富民族特色的仿古建筑群，成為湖大校園建筑的“經(jīng)典”。

This old library is located on the central axis of the university campus, like other two libraries in the campus.The old library was designed by Prof. LIU Shiying and completed in 1948. It had three-storeyed storage rooms for books, one category and load service hall, as well as a few offices. In 1947, the book storage was up to 79,182 copies and a building extension had been made in 1951 so that the overall floor area had reached 2300m2.

3 營(yíng)造篇：新地域的建構(gòu)

（現(xiàn)代湖南大學(xué)發(fā)展時(shí)期）1954-現(xiàn)在

1960-1980 年代，學(xué)校的建筑量并不大，這一時(shí)期建成的有化工樓、電氣樓、中樓、東樓等一批較樸實(shí)的校園建筑。然而自1980 年代起，由于學(xué)校迅速的發(fā)展，校園面積不斷擴(kuò)大，故而在原有校園中心區(qū)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了大幅 的改造、擴(kuò)建及新建。這是校園的第二次傳承與變異 , 書院仍然是湖南大學(xué)的文化中心，校園的文脈與特色得以保留。我們選擇將原有中心區(qū)南移， 在天馬山西麓新征用地進(jìn)行教學(xué)建設(shè)，將校園的發(fā)展引向南面。于是形成了相互垂直的兩條軸線：一條為文脈軸，起始于岳麓書院，垂直于岳麓山，收于湘江畔牌樓口，所謂“藏之名山”；另一條為新的軸線，我們稱之為教學(xué)軸，平行于岳麓山，新老校區(qū)通過軸線結(jié)合，該軸線在運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)處進(jìn)行了扭轉(zhuǎn)，形成一個(gè)完整而又富于變化的空間序列，所謂“納于大麓”。

從總的校園發(fā)展歷程來看，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其中交融著幾種關(guān)系，主導(dǎo)了校園空間形態(tài)的變遷：

（1）校園與城的關(guān)系：書院選址與城市相對(duì)脫離，須經(jīng)牌樓口擺渡登岸方可進(jìn)入學(xué)府修身求學(xué)之地。而現(xiàn)代大學(xué)則在形態(tài)上與城市氣息相吻合，較為現(xiàn)代。

（2）校園與山的關(guān)系：岳麓書院最早興起于宋朝佛僧興辦佛堂，并一直延續(xù)到元、明、清，其主要建筑藏于山林峽谷。而現(xiàn)代校園規(guī)劃中，岳麓山更多的是做為一個(gè)大的屏障，學(xué)校的建筑逐漸與山脫離，盡量不把活動(dòng)導(dǎo)入山間。

（3）新與舊的關(guān)系：早期岳麓書院是自然生長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展模式，如岳麓書院的齋舍，順應(yīng)山勢(shì)以及地形自然生長(zhǎng)。而近20 年的發(fā)展，校園內(nèi)新建了一大批現(xiàn)代建筑，在建筑形體、材料及尺度上更多是順應(yīng)場(chǎng)地，而且沒有完全克隆傳統(tǒng)的材料與風(fēng)格，在總體校園環(huán)境中形成了風(fēng)格相對(duì)明顯的區(qū)域，但因時(shí)因地的新地域手法使岳麓書院的文脈與空間形態(tài)得以延續(xù)。

3 New campus architecture (Hunan University):Regionalism and construction, 1954-present

In 1960s-1980s, there were only a number of purpose-built educational buildings, such as Building of the Department of Chemistry, Building of the Department of Electrical engineering, Central Building for Education, East Building for Education, etc. They were built in the architectural style of modernism emphasising on minimalism and functionalism. Since the 1980s, the university campus expanded quickly and has experienced a large scale of redevelopment upon its historical central area.

In the overall course of the campus development,it is found that the dominant relations exerting considerable influence on the spatial transformation of the campus can be identified as below:

(1) Spatial relation between the campus and the city. With the changes over the years, the campus has interwoven with the urban fabric intensively, and is not the same as it used to be.

(2) Positional relation between the campus and the Yuelu Mountain. The Yuelu Mountain nowadays functions as a natural protective screen overlooking the campus rather than a part of redevelopment site for campus architecture as before.

(3) Historical relation between the campus architecture of the past and the present. The new campus architecture has created its own identity from the angle of regionalism, managed to integrate the different styles of architecture in vary construction approaches which are responsive to the surroundings and the times, and kept striving to achieve sustainability of the campus development.

During the second period of transformation in the campus, the position of Yuelu Academy as a culture centre remains intact. Apart from the old central axis of planning as a reference to "hold historical campus of scenic beauty", a new axial line has developed in the campus that intersects the old one at a right angel.The new one parallel to the Yuelu Mountain range and suggests a new planning strategies for "creating a modern cradle land of great talents", notably for the educational development on the campus.

法學(xué)院、建筑學(xué)院建筑群/The Building Complex for the School of Law and the School of Architecture

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architects: 魏春雨，宋明星，李煦，齊靖/WEI Chunyu, SONG Mingxing, LI Xu, QI Jing

建筑面積/Built Area: 10,784m2（法學(xué)院/School of Law）， 5000m2（建筑學(xué)院/School of Architecture）

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 2002（法學(xué)院/School of Law），2003（建筑學(xué)院/School of Architecture）

竣工時(shí)間/Complete Time: 2003（法學(xué)院/School of Law）， 2004（建筑學(xué)院/School of Architecture）

23 法學(xué)院、建筑學(xué)院建筑群

法學(xué)院、建筑學(xué)院建筑群體現(xiàn)了“場(chǎng)域”意識(shí)，讓“建筑從土里生長(zhǎng)出來”。在自身限定的區(qū)域中，設(shè)計(jì)從場(chǎng)地到建筑統(tǒng)一采用水刷石飾面，對(duì)光形成漫反射，使建筑“折舊”而易于融入周遭。結(jié)合坡地地形設(shè)置的舒緩臺(tái)階踏步，在逐級(jí)上升過程中自然漸變?yōu)榻ㄖ倔w，完成一個(gè)共同的“場(chǎng)域”。嘗試用湘江中的石子作為原料，通過水刷石這種傳統(tǒng)工藝做成外墻。把石子墻面延伸到室內(nèi)，水刷石對(duì)光具有漫反射和折射效果，在不同季節(jié)、天氣和陽光角度下可以呈現(xiàn)不同的色澤和明暗感覺。

The building complex for the School of Law and School of Architecture seeks for the architectural succession of tradition and integration in the campus. The design principles of Regionalism have been displayed when designing this complex. Granitic plaster, a local sourcing of building materials from nearby Xiang River, has been applied in a large quantity on the interior/exterior walls of the building in order to create a material identity of the place. Terraces gently run down along the building's north and west wings. A building responsive to the site where it is embedded and therefore takes its shape.

綜合教學(xué)樓/Multi-purpose Building

24 綜合教學(xué)樓西北角透視

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architects: 魏春雨，李煦/WEI Chunyu, LI Xu

建筑面積/Built Area: 20,997m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 2008

竣工時(shí)間/Complete Time: 2010

理工大樓建筑群/Science and Engineering Building Complex

25 理工大樓大樓梯

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: 魏春雨，宋明星/WEI Chunyu, SONG Mingxing

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architects: 李煦，張光，沈昕，歐陽素淑，李雅俠，熊丹丹，張文雅/LI Xu, ZHANG Guang, SHEN Xin,OUYANG Sushu, LI Yaxia, XIONG Dandan, ZHANG Wenya建筑面積/Built Area: 10,378.5m2（A棟/A），6739m2（B棟/B），7323m2（C棟/C）

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 2012

竣工時(shí)間/Complete Time: 2016

中國(guó)書院博物館/China Academy Museum

26 書院博物館

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: 魏春雨/WEI Chunyu

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architects: 齊靖，胡曉軍，梁寶燕，凌鈺翔，馬迪，王雨前/QI Jing, HU Xiaojun, LIANG Baoyan, LING Yuxiang, MA Di, WANG Yuqian建筑面積/Built Area: 4736m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 2004-2007

竣工時(shí)間/Complete Time: 2012

工商管理學(xué)院/Building of the Business School

27 工商管理學(xué)院西面透視

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architects: 魏春雨，宋明星，李煦，齊靖/WEI Chunyu, SONG Mingxing, LI Xu, QI Jing

建筑面積/Built Area: 16,291m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2003-2004

竣工時(shí)間/Complete Time: 2006

游泳館/Aquatic Centre

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: 魏春雨，黃斌/WEI Chunyu, HUANG Bin

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architects: 顧紫薇，彭軍，呂昌，周瑞，蔣康寧/GU Ziwei, PENG Jun, LYU Chang, ZHOU Rui, JIANG Kangning

建筑面積/Built Area: 6900m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 2010

竣工時(shí)間/Complete Time: 2016

研究生院樓/Graduate School

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: 魏春雨，李煦/WEI Chunyu, LI Xu

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architects: 伍帥，劉海力，陳天意，覃麗伊，盧晶，劉鏡淇，付超云，王記成/WU Shuai, LIU Haili,CHEN Tianyi, QIN Liyi, LU Jing, LIU Jingqi, FU Chaoyun,WANG Jicheng

建筑面積/Built Area: 29,012m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Time: 2011

竣工時(shí)間/Complete Time: 2016

29 研究生院樓