魯爾大都市區(qū)后礦業(yè)景觀：從“第四自然”到“人造景觀建筑”，北萊茵-威斯特法倫州，德國

阿克塞爾·廷佩 文/Text by Axel Timpe

尚晉 譯/Translated by SHANG Jin

在文藝復(fù)興時期，學(xué)者區(qū)分了3 種形式的自然：第一自然，即未受人類擾動的荒地；第二自然，是人類為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)在可耕地、草地和菜園上形成的；第三自然，指所有以欣賞和休閑為目的的人造園。

而后礦業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型創(chuàng)造出了第4 種形式：工業(yè)自然。工業(yè)遺址作為完全人造的場所重歸于大自然的作用，讓它們成為主宰。動植物占據(jù)著這些遺址，創(chuàng)造出前所未有的自然景象。

各種自然與“人類世”的概念因此可以幫助我們更好地理解歐洲景觀建筑的后礦業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。例如，魯爾區(qū)是原先西德礦業(yè)和鋼鐵業(yè)的中心，如今則展示出景觀建筑師用全部四種形式的自然實(shí)現(xiàn)的后礦業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。通過這些設(shè)計(jì)，設(shè)計(jì)師在為能夠應(yīng)對社會和環(huán)境現(xiàn)實(shí)挑戰(zhàn)的宜居未來之地努力。

地區(qū)公園“埃姆舍爾景觀公園”是魯爾大都市區(qū)的綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施支柱。在這里，農(nóng)林業(yè)的第二自然占公園面積超過50%。除此之外，“埃姆舍爾景觀公園”包含了許多融合礦業(yè)遺產(chǎn)、工業(yè)自然和新景觀設(shè)計(jì)的地標(biāo)。下面介紹了各種案例及其因用自然的不同途徑：

（1）“工業(yè)森林萊茵易北”項(xiàng)目，通過最小干預(yù)發(fā)現(xiàn)后工業(yè)荒地的美；

（2）埃森“關(guān)稅同盟公園”，將工業(yè)自然重新構(gòu)建為聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)地“關(guān)稅同盟煤礦”的組成部分；

1 由魯爾區(qū)聯(lián)盟管理的埃姆舍景觀公園是該地區(qū)綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的支柱。它東西綿延逾80km，包含大量后礦業(yè)地標(biāo)和公園/The Emscher Landschaftspark managed by Regionalverband Ruhr is the backbone of the region's green infrastructure. It stretches out for more than 80km from East to West and includes numerous post-mining landmarks and parks（圖片版權(quán)/Copyright: Regionalverband Ruhr）

（3）生物量公園“雨果”和“哈瑟爾”的后礦業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，原先的褐地成為追求碳中和未來的公共空間和自然生產(chǎn)力之地；

（4）跨學(xué)科項(xiàng)目“鳳凰湖區(qū)與鳳凰西區(qū)”，水及其自然化處理是多特蒙德原鋼鐵工業(yè)遺址再利用的關(guān)鍵要素。

所有這些公園和綠色空間都設(shè)計(jì)在與魯爾區(qū)礦業(yè)歷史緊密相聯(lián)的后工業(yè)遺址上。它們以不同的形式讓自然融入其中，創(chuàng)造出“人類世”的景觀建筑。在這里，自然與文化之間不再有界限，而人與自然創(chuàng)造出融合自然作用與人類使用的新環(huán)境。

In the renaissance, scholars distinguished three forms of nature: the first nature, which is wilderness undisturbed by man; the second nature that is shaped by man for agricultural production on arable fields, grassland and in vegetable gardens; and the third nature meaning/comprising all the man-made gardens for esthetic enjoyment and leisure.

The post-mining transition created a fourth form: the industrial nature. Industrial sites as totally anthropogenic places are re-captured by natural processes. They re-gain the upper hand. Plants and animals conquer these sites and create images of nature previously unknown.

This concept of different natures and the Anthropocene era may thus help us to understand the post-mining designs of European landscape architecture better. The Ruhr region - the former heart of Western Germany's mining and steel industry - displays, for example, actual post-mining designs of landscape architects, using all four forms of nature. With the designs, the planners strive for livable future places that respond to the actual challenges of society and environment.

The "Emscher Landschaftspark" as regional park constitutes the green infrastructure backbone of the Ruhr Metropolis. Here, the second nature of agriculture and forestry covers more than 50% of the park's surface. Apart from that, the "Emscher Landschaftspark" embeds numerous lighthouse locations where mining heritage, industrial nature and new landscape designs meet. The following showcases and their different strategies of working with nature are presented here:

(1) The project "Industriewald Rheinelbe",where minimal interventions discover the beauty of post-industrial wilderness;

(2) The "Zollverein Park" in Essen that reframes industrial nature as component of the UNESCO World heritage site "Zeche Zollverein";

(3) The post-mining designs of the biomass parks "Hugo" and "Hassel" - former brownfields becoming public spaces and sites of natural productivity for a carbon-neutral future;

(4) The interdisciplinary project of "PHOENIX See and PHOENIX West" where water and its natural treatment are the key element for redeveloping Dortmund's former steel industry sites.

All these parks and green spaces were designed on post-industrial sites that are tightly linked to the mining history of the Ruhr region. They blend nature in its different forms and create landscape architecture for the Anthropocene era, where the boundary between nature and culture cannot be traced any more,and where man and nature create new environments integrating natural processes and human uses.

工業(yè)森林萊茵易北：后礦業(yè)荒地的最小干預(yù)

萊茵易北煤礦于1861 年開采，1928 年停工。此后，第四自然開始以本土和外來植物組成的林地覆蓋這個大規(guī)模改造的遺址。這些植物能在極端的土壤和微氣候條件下生長。只有礦渣堆在不斷積累其他礦井的廢物。為了讓這個遺址再度引人矚目、便于游賞，林地里和礦渣堆頂放上了藝術(shù)家赫爾曼·普里甘的大地藝術(shù)作品，并由一位護(hù)林員向游客介紹這個新叢林的特殊植物。

Industriewald Rheinelbe: minimal interventions in post-mining wilderness

2 萊茵易北遺址包含工業(yè)林地和藝術(shù)家赫爾曼·普里甘的大地藝術(shù)作品。礦渣堆頂去掉了所有植被。這座黑色的小山被工業(yè)林地的第四自然包圍，成為該地區(qū)的一個重要地標(biāo)/The Rheinelbe site with the industrial woodland and land art interventions by artist Herman Prigann. All vegetation has been removed from the top of the Rheinelbe slagheap. The black mountain is surrounded by the fourth nature of industrial woodlands and an important landmark for the region（攝影/Photo: RaBoe/Wikipedia）

3 這座天梯通向赫爾曼·普里甘用原礦業(yè)建筑的混凝土構(gòu)件創(chuàng)造的地標(biāo)/Steps into the sky lead to the landmark crafted by Herman Prigann out of concrete elements of the former mining buildings（攝影/Photo: Axel Timpe）

The Rheinelbe mine was opened in 1861 and stopped its activity on the site in 1928. Since then fourth nature started to cover the deeply remodeled site with a woodland composed of indigenous and invasive species, which could grow in the extreme soil and microclimate conditions. Only the slagheap was continuously being built-up with material from other mines. To make the site attractive and accessible again, Land-Art interventions by artist Herman Prigann were placed in the woodland and on top of the slagheap. A forests guard introduces visitors to the special vegetation of the new jungle.

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

項(xiàng)目/Project: 工業(yè)森林萊茵易北/Industriewald Rheinelbe

地點(diǎn)/Location: 德國蓋爾森基興/Gelsenkirchen, Germany

概念設(shè)計(jì)/Concept: IBA Emscher Park

大地藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)/Land Art: Hermann Prigann

責(zé)任機(jī)構(gòu)/Responsible Institutions: Ministry for Urban Planning and Ministry of the Environment of the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia

執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)/Executing Bodies: Landesbetrieb Wald und Holz NRW and NRW urban GmbH&Co kg

基底面積/Built Area: 36hm2

設(shè)計(jì)開始時間/Design Start Time: 1995（IBA埃姆舍爾

公園第一次概念研討會/First concept workshop at IBA Emscher Park）

施工時間/Realisation Period: 1996（開始設(shè)置護(hù)林員，至今/Start of implementation with forest ranger staff hired,ongoing until today）；1996-2003（逐步實(shí)施赫爾曼·普里甘的大地藝術(shù)作品/Step-by-step implementation of Land Art by Hermann Prigann）

埃森關(guān)稅同盟公園：重構(gòu)工業(yè)自然

Zollverein Park Essen: reframing industrial nature

4 關(guān)稅同盟公園總平面，原關(guān)稅同盟煤礦在東，關(guān)稅同盟焦化廠在西。公園的設(shè)計(jì)是逐步實(shí)施的，并考慮了原有的微環(huán)境和植被。紅線標(biāo)出的環(huán)形步道限定了公園的內(nèi)核，它又被綠色標(biāo)出的工業(yè)林地包圍/General plan of the Zollverein Park with the former Zollverein mine in the East and the Zollverein Coking Plant in the West. The design for the park is implemented step by step and with respect to the existing micro-situations and the vegetation. The ring promenade represented as a red line confines the inner core of the park which is also surrounded by the industrial woodlands represented in green （規(guī)劃/Plan:Planergruppe Oberhausen）

5 環(huán)形步道被設(shè)計(jì)成一條10m寬的廊道。它從天然林地的第四自然中穿過，打開了面向遺產(chǎn)建筑的視野，并大受體育活動歡迎。環(huán)形步道是關(guān)稅同盟遺址照明方案的一部分/The ring promenade has been designed a 10m wide corridor.It cuts through the fourth nature of the spontaneous woodland,opens the view on the heritage buildings and is popular for sports activities. The ring promenade is part of the lighting concept of the Zollverein site

6 環(huán)形步道從后工業(yè)林地中穿過/The ring promenade cutting though the post-industrial woodland（5.6攝影/Photos: Claudia Drey?e）

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

項(xiàng)目/Project: 關(guān)稅同盟公園/Zollverein Park

地點(diǎn)/Location: 德國埃森/Essen, Germany

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: Planergruppe Oberhausen

藝術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)/Art: Observatorium, Rotterdam

信號設(shè)計(jì)/Signalisation: F1irstdesign, Cologne

燈光概念設(shè)計(jì)/Lighting Concept: Licht Kunst Licht

基底面積/Built Area: 80hm2

造價/Cost: 約1500萬歐元/Approx 15M EUR

設(shè)計(jì)開始時間/Design Start Time: 2005

施工時間/Construction Period: 2005-2006（一期/1st stage），2007-2009（二期/2nd stage），2010-2014（三期/3rd stage），2016-2020（四期/4th stage）

7 所謂的軌道大街位于公園的中心。在它被遺產(chǎn)建筑包圍的地方，所有的天然植被都被去掉，使它成為遺產(chǎn)地的中心廣場，可用于各種臨時活動/The so called track boulevard is at the heart of the park. In its part surrounded by the heritage buildings,all spontaneous vegetation has been removed and it is the central square of the heritage site, which can be used for temporary events（攝影/Photo: Thomas Mayer）

8 在軌道大街上，原先運(yùn)送煤炭的火車軌道被改造為公園游客的小徑。景觀建筑師改變了第四自然的植被。那是在工業(yè)活動停止后形成的陽光明媚的樺樹林。為營造通透感，灌木和部分樹木被去掉/On the track boulevard the former train tracks for transporting coal have been transformed into pathways for the park visitors. The landscape architects have transformed the fourth nature vegetation, which developed after the end of the industrial activity to a birch grove full of light. Bushes and parts of the trees have been removed to create transparency（攝影/Photo: Claudia Drey?e）

9 公園小徑和刺槐樹。第四自然也能創(chuàng)造出吸引人的花草地，并有很高的生物多樣性價值/The park alley with its Robinia pseudoacazia "Frisia" trees. Forth nature can also create attractive flower arrangements and has a high biodiversity value

10 公園小徑是公園中為數(shù)不多的新增要素之一。它從軌道大街上跨過，與公園各處及工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)建筑相連。那里種有刺槐，并與樺樹林的天然植物融為一體/The park alley is one of the few newly added elements in the park. It crosses the track boulevard to connect the different parts of the park and the industrial heritage building. Its Robinia pseudoacazia "Frisia"trees have been planted, but blend into the spontaneous vegetation of the birch grove（9.10攝影/Photos: Thomas Mayer）

11 軌道大街和公園小徑/Track boulevard and park alley

12.13 公園中的多功能活動島，用于照片中的跑酷運(yùn)動/Multifunctional activity island in the park, used for Parkour sports on the photos（11-13攝影/Photos: Claudia Drey?e）

蓋爾森基興生物量公園：生產(chǎn)性公共公園

將工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)與第四自然結(jié)合在一起的辦法并不能用到每個后工業(yè)遺址上。后礦業(yè)未來也需要生產(chǎn)能源的新方式。生物量可以成為一種解決方案。蓋爾森基興的兩座生物量公園以2～3 年輪伐短期林的形式，將第二自然重新引入城區(qū)。與此同時，游客能親身體驗(yàn)這種不斷變化的生產(chǎn)性景觀。

Biomasseparks Gelsenkirchen: productive public parks

Combining industrial heritage and fourth nature are not the solution to be applied on every post-industrial site. The post-mining future also needs new ways of energy production. Biomass can be one solution for it. The two biomass parks in Gelsenkirchen reintroduce second nature to the urban areas in the form of short rotation forests to be harvested every 2～3 years. At the same time,visitors experience this ever changing productive landscape.

14 雨果生物量公園的設(shè)計(jì)/Design for Biomassepark Hugo（規(guī)劃/Plan: lohrberg stadtlandschaftsarchitektur, Stuttgart）

15 蓋爾森基興-布爾城市肌理中的雨果生物量公園位置/The site of Biomassepark Hugo in the urban fabric of Gelsenkirchen-Buer（規(guī)劃/Plan: RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Landscape Architecture）

16 哈瑟爾生物量公園的設(shè)計(jì)，生物量作物在公園南部/Design for Biomassepark Hassel with the biomass plantations in the southern part of the park

17 短期輪伐林形成了第二自然的地塊，它與后工業(yè)公園成為一個整體。通過每3～5年的輪伐，公園的空間特征在開放與封閉之間不斷變換/The short rotation forest form block of second nature which are integrated into the post-industrial park. Through harvesting them every 3～5 years, the spatial character of the park is constantly changing between open and closed spaces（16.17規(guī)劃/Plan: lohrberg stadtlandschaftsarchitektur,Stuttgart）

18 雨果生物量公園的入口以原煤礦的井塔為中心。集裝箱將包含公園信息/The entrance to Biomassepark Hugo is centred on the shaft tower of the former mine. The container will accommodate information on the park（攝影/Photo:lohrberg stadtlandschaftsarchitektur, Frank Lohrberg）

19-21 按地塊收割的做法使公園在冬天為之一變。白楊將在次年春夏從留存的根部重新生長出來。幾年后達(dá)到原先的高度，然后再收割/Blockwise harvesting transforms the park in the winter. The poplars will regrow from their rootstocks within the next spring and summer, reach their previous after a few years to be harvested again（19-21攝影/Photos: RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Landscape Architecture, Jasmin Matros）

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

地點(diǎn)/Location: 德國蓋爾森基興/Gelsenkirchen, Germany建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architect: Lohrberg stadtlandschaftsarchitektur

基底面積/Built Area: 22hm2（雨果生物量公園/Biomassepark Hugo），30hm2（哈瑟爾生物量公園/Biomassepark Hassel）設(shè)計(jì)時間/Design Period: 2006-2014（雨果生物量公園/Biomassepark Hugo），2012-2014（哈瑟爾生物量公園/Biomassepark Hassel）

施工時間/Construction Period: 2012-2017（雨果生物量公園/Biomassepark Hugo），2016-2020（哈瑟爾生物量公園/Biomassepark Hassel）

多特蒙德鳳凰區(qū)：城市水體

多特蒙德赫爾德區(qū)原來的鳳凰煉鋼廠從2000年起被改造為集辦公、商務(wù)、居住、無擾工業(yè)和教育為一體的新片區(qū)。水作為一種自然要素在這個改造過程中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。鳳凰湖是這個后工業(yè)城市發(fā)展中最重要的吸引點(diǎn)。作為一個人造生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，它以基于自然的方法保持了水質(zhì)。在鳳凰西經(jīng)濟(jì)活動區(qū)，地表水積蓄在精心設(shè)計(jì)的沼澤和水池系統(tǒng)中，之后流入埃姆舍爾河中。這一系統(tǒng)有助于城市適應(yīng)氣候變化帶來的極端天氣?！?/p>

PHOENIX Dortmund: Urban Water

The former PHOENIX steelworks in Dortmund's district of H?rde have been redeveloped as new neighbourhoods for offices, business, dwelling,non-disturbing industry and education since the year 2000. Water as a natural feature plays the key role in this development. The PHOENIX lake is the most important attractor for the post-industrial urban development. As a constructed ecosystem it maintains its water quality though nature-based solutions. In the PHOENIX West economic activitiy zone, surface water is retained in a designed system of swales and ponds before running-off into the Emscher river. This system helps the city to adapt to the extreme weather events that it will face due to climate change.□

22 總平面；包括東側(cè)的鳳凰湖區(qū)及鳳凰西區(qū)。兩區(qū)由城市中心赫爾德和規(guī)劃區(qū)域北部的埃姆舍河聯(lián)系起來/Masterplan for the PHOENIX lake area in the East and the PHOENIX West area. The link between the two areas is provided by the H?rde urban centre and the Emscher river in the North of the planned area（圖片來源/Sources: SPAP Architektur Stadt Landschaft Dortmund l Stadt Dortmund）

23 1999年的航拍圖顯示出城市中心赫爾德區(qū)東西側(cè)的大型工業(yè)區(qū)。在隨后的幾年中，工業(yè)裝置被拆除，部分運(yùn)往中國，在那里仍用于煉鋼/The aerial photo of 1999 shows the large industrial areas East and West of the urban centre of the H?rde district. During the next years the industrial installations have been dismantled and partly transported to China where they are still used for steel production（圖片來源/Sources: Stadt Dortmund）

24 1998/1999年諾貝特·克爾岑貝格的鳳凰湖設(shè)計(jì)方案/Design proposal for the PHOENIX lake by Norbert Kelzenberg in 1998/1999（圖片來源/Sources: Norbert Kelzenberg,Stadt Dortmund）

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

地點(diǎn)/Location: 德國多特蒙德/Dortmund, Germany

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: City of Dortmund, Norbert Kelzenberg （鳳凰湖區(qū)/PHOENIX See）; stegepartner,Dortmund （鳳凰西區(qū)規(guī)劃/Masterplan PHOENIX West）

基底面積/Built Area: 214hm2

設(shè)計(jì)時間/Design Time: 1998

施工時間/Construction Period: 2004-2011（鳳凰湖區(qū)/PHOENIX See），2002-至今/2002-Ongoing（鳳凰西區(qū)/PHOENIX West）

25 沼澤會收集鳳凰西區(qū)的地表水/Swales collect the surface water on the PHOENIX West site（攝影/Photo: RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Landscape Architecture, Rieke Hansen）

26 用于調(diào)控鳳凰西區(qū)地表水的沼澤，背景為煉鋼高爐中保留下來的部分。遺址中留下了兩座高爐作為工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)，作為導(dǎo)游項(xiàng)目的一部分是可以參觀的/Swales for surface water management at PHOENIX West with the conserved part of the blast furnace for steel production in the background.Two furnace units have been conserved on the site as industrial heritage and are accessible as part of guided visits（攝影/Photo: Sebastian Hopp Architectural photographer）

27 鳳凰西區(qū)收集的地表水先在池中緩沖，之后流入埃姆舍河。通向高爐礦渣堆的鐵路橋如今是鳳凰西區(qū)公園中的一座紀(jì)念碑/The surface water collected on the PHOENIX West area is buffered in a pond before running off into the Emscher river. The railway bridge giving access to the slagheap of the furnaces today is a monument in the park area of PHOENIX West（攝影/Photo: Sabina Leopa）

評論

劉伯英：工業(yè)革命力量之強(qiáng)大在于它對人類社會的全面改變，包括環(huán)境和景觀。魯爾轉(zhuǎn)型的成功也正在于它不僅實(shí)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的再發(fā)展、社會的再認(rèn)同，還實(shí)現(xiàn)了對環(huán)境和景觀的再恢復(fù)，讓燒焦的大地轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槁蓜拥拇蟮亍５V渣山與大量保留的工業(yè)建構(gòu)筑物、設(shè)施設(shè)備、鐵路、橋梁、運(yùn)河共同形成了魯爾獨(dú)特的工業(yè)文化景觀。作者介紹的以第四自然概念為基礎(chǔ)的4種景觀設(shè)計(jì)方法，為延續(xù)和彰顯魯爾的景觀特色增添了新的內(nèi)涵。

薄宏濤：從第一自然到第四自然，自然不斷在人類對其認(rèn)知和占有的態(tài)度變遷中留存著或改變著模式與樣貌。從后工業(yè)荒地、工業(yè)自然、生產(chǎn)性公園到城市水體公園，體現(xiàn)了人類再介入強(qiáng)度的梯級變化。最小干預(yù)的后工業(yè)荒地是一種對土地精明收縮的認(rèn)知體現(xiàn)，除了擴(kuò)張式攫取，人類也可以嘗試把產(chǎn)能過剩的土地謹(jǐn)慎地還給自然；重構(gòu)的工業(yè)自然提供了自然和工業(yè)交融的對話通徑；工業(yè)遺存向城市水體公園的轉(zhuǎn)換則提供了土壤生態(tài)修復(fù)后對城市地產(chǎn)的強(qiáng)勁推動力；生產(chǎn)性公園最令人振奮，這種既可通過第二自然方式進(jìn)行生態(tài)修復(fù)，又同時提供互動式參與體驗(yàn)的生態(tài)再造模式，讓我們擁有了嶄新的視角。

Comments

LIU Boying: The power of the industrial revolution lies in its comprehensive changes in human society including the environment and landscape. The success of Ruhr's transition does not only rest with its accomplishment of the redevelopment of economy and social reidentification, but also lies in the recovery of both the environment and landscape that turns the scorched land into a rhythmical land. The slag heaps, a large number of retained industrial structures, facilities and equipment, railways,bridges and canals, together form the unique industrial cultural landscape of Ruhr. The four landscape design approaches based on the concept of the Fourth Nature that are introduced by the author has contributed to new meanings to continue and reveal the landscape characteristics in Ruhr. (Translated by Dandan Wang)

BO Hongtao: From the First Nature to the Fourth Nature, nature constantly preser ves or changes its patterns and appearances in tandem w ith the development o f human's attitudes of understanding and utilisation. From post-industrial wasteland, industrial nature,productive parks to urban water parks, a variety of cases reflect the gradual change of intensity in humanity's re-intervention. Minimal intervention of post-industrial wasteland is a cognitive reflection of smart land contraction. In addition to expansive expropriation, attempts can be made to return to nature land of excess production capacity in a prudent manner. Restructured industrial nature creates a path of dialogue for the integration of nature and industry. Conversion of industrial monuments into urban water parks provides strong impetus to urban real estate after ecological land restoration. Productive parks are most inspiring in that they enlighten us with brand new perspectives in such manner that is capable of both restoring the ecology through the Second Nature and providing interactive and participative patterns of ecological re-creation.(Translated by SHANG Jin)