產(chǎn)業(yè)：從農(nóng)業(yè)國(guó)到工業(yè)國(guó)的變遷

雷怡安

Ethiopia： shifting from agriculture to industry

從多個(gè)權(quán)威網(wǎng)站得到的消息顯示：埃塞俄比亞，一個(gè)有著3000多年歷史的文明古國(guó)，長(zhǎng)期帶著“世界最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家”之一的標(biāo)簽，經(jīng)濟(jì)以農(nóng)牧業(yè)為主，工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)薄弱。

然而就在幾年間，這個(gè)以農(nóng)業(yè)為主要生產(chǎn)方式的國(guó)家卻迎來(lái)了電氣化和工業(yè)化的雙重加持，“東方工業(yè)園”“阿瓦薩工業(yè)園”“克林圖工業(yè)園”等中埃合作的工業(yè)園區(qū)在其中起著舉足輕重的作用。2017年，埃塞更獲得“吸收制造業(yè)外國(guó)直接投資非洲排名第一”的殊榮，這份殊榮是中國(guó)和埃塞互聯(lián)互通，合作共贏的成果。

在當(dāng)?shù)靥岣窭渍Z(yǔ)中，亞的斯亞貝巴意為“新鮮的花朵”。這朵開在“非洲屋脊”上的花朵已不僅僅依賴于自然資源的滋養(yǎng)，隨著“一帶一路”倡議的落地落實(shí)，一個(gè)又一個(gè)工業(yè)園區(qū)的落成，正讓其更加茁壯。

杜卡姆鎮(zhèn)距首都僅30公里，在許多人眼里，這里從曾經(jīng)的荒蕪到如今的繁華，就是一個(gè)奇跡的誕生，而奇跡的源頭來(lái)自于一個(gè)工業(yè)園的建立。東方工業(yè)園管委會(huì)副主任焦永順親眼見證了這一切：幾年前，這里一片荒涼，別說(shuō)車輛，就是人影都幾乎見不著。而現(xiàn)在寬敞平整的公路已建好，的土穿梭往來(lái)，園區(qū)外開了很多家小飯館，生意火爆。

見證奇跡的還有工業(yè)園里的埃塞員工。阿勒瑪耶胡就職于力帆汽車集團(tuán)，5年前剛大學(xué)畢業(yè)的他跟著中國(guó)師傅學(xué)習(xí)汽車組裝?，F(xiàn)在他已升任為生產(chǎn)經(jīng)理，熟悉生產(chǎn)線上每一道工序，指導(dǎo)員工進(jìn)行操作。他說(shuō)：“在這家公司我學(xué)到了很多知識(shí)，讓自己得到了改變、家庭有了改變，也看到了國(guó)家的改變。”

回顧園區(qū)建立之初，這里并未受到埃塞政府的重視，各種政策都不到位，這令來(lái)投資興業(yè)的人大跌眼鏡。但作為中國(guó)著名的民營(yíng)汽車集團(tuán)，力帆汽車還是決定扎根于此，闖一闖。這種闖勁兒并非盲目蠻干，力帆綜合考察了埃塞的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展情況，發(fā)現(xiàn)該國(guó)汽車基本依靠進(jìn)口，急需內(nèi)部造血。再加上兩國(guó)政府在政策上的不斷溝通，埃塞政府還特別到中國(guó)園區(qū)實(shí)地考察，明確了對(duì)工業(yè)園區(qū)的支持，力度越來(lái)越大，成效也越來(lái)越顯著。

自2014年入駐東方工業(yè)園至今，力帆汽車已在當(dāng)?shù)赜脩糁蝎@得很好的口碑，力帆牌出租車隨處可見。而埃塞更是成為了力帆汽車在海外的重要基地，也是力帆投資非洲力度最大的市場(chǎng)。曾來(lái)力帆參觀的蘇丹拉卜伊茲研究中心主任阿巴斯·易卜拉欣說(shuō)：“產(chǎn)能5000臺(tái)車的生產(chǎn)線讓人印象深刻，如果不是親眼所見，我很難相信在埃塞俄比亞還能有這樣的汽車組裝工廠。它為非洲帶來(lái)的不僅僅是一輛輛汽車，更是產(chǎn)業(yè)、技術(shù)的升級(jí)，是發(fā)展的希望，在這里我看到了非洲發(fā)展的未來(lái)！”

除了東方工業(yè)園的順利開園運(yùn)營(yíng)，在埃塞政府第二個(gè)“增長(zhǎng)與轉(zhuǎn)型”5年計(jì)劃中，還有14個(gè)工業(yè)園區(qū)陸續(xù)在2015年至2019年建設(shè)。

2017年6月20日，有著“9個(gè)月建成”“零排放承諾”的阿瓦薩工業(yè)園正式開園。這座占地130公頃的工業(yè)園區(qū)別于東方工業(yè)園的民營(yíng)性質(zhì)，它是一座完全由埃塞政府主導(dǎo)、中國(guó)土木工程集團(tuán)埃塞公司承建的園區(qū)。同年，克林圖工業(yè)園第二期項(xiàng)目建設(shè)也正式開工，建成后將成為埃塞境內(nèi)最大的工業(yè)園項(xiàng)目。

在工業(yè)園合作之初，建設(shè)進(jìn)展非常緩慢，為了讓埃塞政府能更清楚了解園區(qū)的規(guī)劃建設(shè)，中方將他們請(qǐng)到了中國(guó)蘇州、常州、昆山等地，實(shí)地了解工業(yè)園的建設(shè)情況?？疾旖Y(jié)束，埃塞政府增長(zhǎng)了信心，由總理牽頭成立了工業(yè)籌劃委員會(huì)和技術(shù)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)，每3個(gè)月開一次會(huì)，來(lái)解決園區(qū)發(fā)展的問(wèn)題。

同時(shí)，最早開園的東方工業(yè)園開啟了“一站式服務(wù)”流程，清關(guān)、辦工作許可、免稅業(yè)務(wù)等，都可以在園區(qū)內(nèi)完成。甚至在園區(qū)建立了變電站，保證電力的供應(yīng)。

東方工業(yè)園董事長(zhǎng)盧其忠是園區(qū)創(chuàng)始人。2006年他來(lái)埃塞考察建水泥廠，恰逢中國(guó)商務(wù)部正進(jìn)行境外經(jīng)貿(mào)合作區(qū)招標(biāo)，符合條件的境外園區(qū)將獲資金支持。于是，盧其忠當(dāng)即決定，干脆就在埃塞做個(gè)工業(yè)園。但建立之初，困難重重。盧其忠說(shuō)：“東方工業(yè)園一期工程總投入了2億美元，大部分都是自己的資金，由于入園企業(yè)無(wú)法與工業(yè)園辦理土地分割，因此企業(yè)到園區(qū)興業(yè)投資異常艱難。最艱難的時(shí)候甚至要變賣國(guó)內(nèi)資產(chǎn)來(lái)支撐。”

得益于中埃兩國(guó)政府的通力合作，以及埃塞政府對(duì)工業(yè)園的認(rèn)識(shí)不斷加深，盧其忠的產(chǎn)業(yè)園終于看到了希望。2012年，時(shí)任埃塞總理梅萊斯通過(guò)行政命令，給入園企業(yè)辦理了土地證。經(jīng)過(guò)3年的不懈努力，到2015年4月，埃塞政府出臺(tái)首部《工業(yè)園法》，徹底解決了這一問(wèn)題。

走進(jìn)坐落于東方工業(yè)園里的華堅(jiān)鞋廠廠區(qū)，可以看到數(shù)千名當(dāng)?shù)貑T工身著制服在六條生產(chǎn)線上忙碌，為一雙雙女鞋剪裁、縫紉、拉底、定型。截至2018年8月，華堅(jiān)鞋廠累計(jì)出口超過(guò)1億美元，解決了當(dāng)?shù)?000人就業(yè)，其中殘疾人員工28人。

作為最早入駐工業(yè)園的民營(yíng)企業(yè)，華堅(jiān)鞋廠可謂是中國(guó)民營(yíng)企業(yè)走出去的典范。在2017年4月底的博鰲亞洲論壇上，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家林毅夫給予了華堅(jiān)鞋廠高度評(píng)價(jià)，“非常成功，埃塞因?yàn)檫@家工廠，改變了在國(guó)際上的影響。”

在園區(qū)另一家來(lái)自中國(guó)的骨干企業(yè)江蘇利達(dá)牛仔褲廠里，數(shù)百名埃塞工人身著整潔的工作服在生產(chǎn)線上忙碌著，從裁剪、染色到裝箱，每個(gè)步驟都一絲不茍。總經(jīng)理汪濤說(shuō)：“埃塞人力資本優(yōu)勢(shì)和電價(jià)優(yōu)勢(shì)是我們來(lái)投資的重要原因。我們的牛仔褲憑借著優(yōu)異的質(zhì)量和時(shí)尚的設(shè)計(jì)得到了越來(lái)越多埃塞人的認(rèn)可。工人們不僅學(xué)會(huì)了一技之長(zhǎng)，收入也比當(dāng)?shù)匾话闫髽I(yè)多出50%左右?！蓖魸€介紹，現(xiàn)在開始出現(xiàn)了“跳槽”現(xiàn)象，“這正反映出我們帶來(lái)的積極變化。工人掌握了更多的勞動(dòng)技能，有了更多的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，才有機(jī)會(huì)‘跳槽’。”

幾年來(lái)，工業(yè)園已經(jīng)為埃塞帶來(lái)了天翻地覆的變化。從農(nóng)業(yè)國(guó)升級(jí)為工業(yè)國(guó)，這不僅是埃塞國(guó)民生活的徹底變遷，更是發(fā)展道路上難得的騰飛機(jī)遇。

Sources from several authoritative websites showthat Ethiopia， an ancient civilization with ahistory of more than 3，000 years， is one of the leastdeveloped countries in the world. Agriculture andanimal husbandry are the backbone of this country'seconomy， while the industrial foundation is relativelyweak.

Over the past years， however， this country withagriculture as its main pillar has witnessed remarkabledevelopment in electrification and industrialization.This is attributed to the establishment of China-Ethiopia industrial parks to some extent， such as"Eastem Industry Zone"， "Hawassa Industrial Park"，and "Kilinto Industrial Park". In 2017， Ethiopiaeven ranked No. 1 for the foreign direct investment（FDI） in manufacturing among African countries，which was due to the interconnectivity and win-wincooperation between China and Etlriopia.

A miracle happened in the desert

In Tigre language， Addis Ababa means "freshflowers". Now， these "flowers" blooming on the "roofof Africa'： have not only relied on the unique naturalresources in Africa， but also been nourished byvarious industrial parks which spring up as the Beltand Road Initiative is put in place.

Dukem Town is 30 kilometers away from AddisAbaba， capital of Ethiopia. Once a barren place，Dukem now enjoys great prosperity. Many people seethis transition as a miracle， which originated from theestablishment of the industrial park. Jiao Yongshun，deputy director of the administrative committeeof the Eastem Industry Zone， witnessed the robustdevelopment of the park. He said， "just a few yearsago it was a desolate place， where even people couldhardly be seen， not to mention a car." But now inthe park， a patchwork of spacious and smooth roadshas taken shape， on which taxis are shuttling backand forth. Rows of restaurants outside the park haveopened with booming businesses.

Ethiopian employees in the industrial park arealso the witnesses of the miracle. Five years ago，Alemayehu began to learn car assembly from hisChinese master after graduating from college. Nowhe has been promoted as production manager of LifanGroup. Familiar with every process on the productionline， he is now also an operating instructor. He said："I have learned a lot in this company. I have seenpositive changes not only in myself and my family，but also in the whole country."

When the park was just established， thegovernment of Ethiopia did not attach importanceto it， and was not ready to roll out various favorablepolicies for it， which discouraged many potentialinvestors' enthusiasm. However， Lifan Group， awell-known Chinese private-owned car maker， wasdeternuned to take root here and resolutely embarkon a venture. The decision Lifan Group made is notreckless. Through comprehensive investigationsof Ethiopia's economic development， LifanGroup learned that in Ethiopia cars were basicallyimported by then and the country was badly inneed of domestic auto manufacturing. In addition，the Ethiopian government showed its resolutionto support the industrial parks， after carrying outcontinuous communications on related policies withChinese counterparts and especially visiting manyindustrial parks in China. These increasing effortshave led to remarkable results.

Since settling in Eastem Industry Zone in 2014，Lifan motors have gained a good reputation amonglocal users， and Lifan taxis can be seen everywhere inthe country. More importantly， Ethiopia has becomean important overseas base for Lifan Group as well asthe largest investment market for the group in Africa.Abass Ibrahim， director of Rakaiz Al-marifahforResearch & Studies， Sudan， who visited Lifan Group，said， "the production line with a capacity to produce5，000 cars is impressive. If I hadn't seen it with myown eyes， it would be hard for me to believe thatthere is such a car assembly factory in Ethiopia.What it brings to Africa is not only cars， but alsothe upgrading of industry and technology as well asthe hope for development. Here I see the future ofAfrica's development."

Close cooperation brings more chances

Apart from Eastern Industry Zone， the Ethiopiangovernment begins to build another 14 industrialparks under its Growth and Transformation Plan II（GTPII） during 2015 and 2019.

On June 20， 2017， Hawassa Industrial Park，featuring "completion with nine months" and "zeroemission commitment"， officially opened. This130-hectare industrial park is different from theprivate-owned Eastem Industry Zone， for it is entirelyfunded by the Etluopian government and built byCCECC Ethiopia Construction Private limitedCompany. In the same year， the construction of thephase II of Kilinto Industrial Park kicked off， thelargest industrial park under construction in Ethiopia.

At the beginning of cooperation， both sidesdid not see rapid progress in the construction ofthe industrial park. In order to help the Etluopiangovernment get a full picture of the planning andconstruction of the industrial park， Chinese sideinvited Ethiopian officials to visit industrial parksin Suzhou， Changzhou， Kunshan and other cities.The investigation boosted the confidence of theEthiopian government. As a result， the prime nunisterof Etluopia has led establishment of the IndustrialPlanning Committee and the Technical SteeringCommittee. Every three months， these committeeshold meetings to solve problems facing thedevelopment of the park.

Meanwhile， the Eastern Industry Zone haslaunched a "one-stop service" process， with whichcustoms clearance， work permits and duty-freebusiness can all be completed in the park. In addition，to ensure the supply of electricity the substationshave been established in the park.

Lu Qizhong， president of the Eastern IndustryZone， is also the founder of the park. In 2006， hecame to Ethiopia to inspect the construction ofa cement plant， during which China's Ministryof Commerce called for the bidding of overseaseconomic and trade cooperation zones， claiming thateligible overseas parks will receive financial support.Therefore， Lu Qizhong decided to set up an industrialpark in Ethiopia. But at the beginning， many obstacleslied ahead. Lu Qizhong said， "a total of USD 200million has been invested in the first phase of EasternIndustry Zone， most of which is our own funds. Asthe enterprises intending to settle in the park couldnot solve land subdivision with the industrial park， itwas very difficult for them to make investment andstart business in the park. In the toughest moment， weeven had to sell domestic assets to provide funds forthe park."

Thanks to the joint efforts of the Chineseand Ethiopian governments， and as the Etluopiangovernment gained in-depth understanding ofindustrial parks， Lu's industrial park saw hopeeventually. In 2012， then Ethiopian Prime MinsterMeles Zenawi passed an administrative order toissue land certificates to enterprises in the park. Afterthree years of unremitting efforts， the Ethiopiangovernment issued the first industrial park law inApril 2015， which completely solved this problem.Jobs ignite dreams

Entering Huajian shoe factory located in theEastern Industry Zone， you can see thousands oflocal employees dressed in overalls are engaged insix production lines， cutting， sewing， sole pullingand shaping pairs of women's shoes. By the end ofAugust 2018， Huajian had exported products worthmore than USD 100 nullion， and provided 7，000jobs for local communities， including 28 disabledemployees.

Among the first batch of private-ownedenterprises entering the industrial park， Huajianshoe factory serves as a model for Chinese privateenterprises to go global. At the Boao Forum for Asiaheld at the end of April 2017， economist Justin YifuLin spoke highly of the factory saying： "the successof Huajian Group in Ethiopia has exerted a globalinfluence."

At Jiangsu Lida Textiles Jean Factory，established by another key Chinese enterprise inthe park， hundreds of Ethiopian workers dressedin neat overalls was busy on the production lines，meticulously in every procedure from cutting，dyeing to packing. Wang Tao， general manager ofthe enterprise， said， "Ethiopia's cheap labor andelectricity price are important factors attracting us toinvest in the park. Our jeans， featuring high-qualityand fashionable design， are recognized by more andmore Ethiopians. Our workers can not only masterprofessional skills， but also earn about 50% morethan in local enterprises." Wang Tao also noted that a"job hopping" phenomenon appears now. "It nurrorsthe positive changes we have brought， for only whenworkers have gained more skills and more experiencecan they have the opportunity to 'change jobs'."

Over the past few years， the industrial parkshave brought tremendous changes to Ethiopia.The upgrading of Ethiopia from an agriculturaleconomy to an industrial one not only transformsthe life of Ethiopian people， but also provides arare opportunity for the country to take off on thedevelopment path.