李露
摘 要:隨著全球國際化的加快,英語的重要性愈加凸顯。本文主要分析了英語學(xué)習(xí)中五種基本句型的學(xué)習(xí),以期對英語學(xué)習(xí)者有所幫助。
關(guān)鍵詞:英語 句型 動詞
英語的基本句型實(shí)質(zhì)上是由動詞或動詞詞組的不用功能決定的。因此我們學(xué)習(xí)英語基本句型就是討論動詞的幾種句法功能。下面介紹書面表達(dá)常用的五種基本句型。
一、主語—連系動詞—表語
連系動詞不能單獨(dú)作為謂語,只能與表語一起共同構(gòu)成謂語。表語是用來說明主語的性格、性質(zhì)、身份、類別、特征、狀態(tài)等。在下列句子中,畫線部分為表語。
1.Mary is kind and steel is hard.(形容詞作表語)
2.The television was still on.(副詞一般不作為表語,尤其是有對應(yīng)形容詞的副詞不能用作表語,可用作表語的副詞為:on,up,down,in,out,away,off,here,there等)
3.I became a student in an ordinary school.(名詞作表語)
4.The machine is out of order.(介詞短語作表語)
5.She remained standing for an hour.(現(xiàn)在分詞作表語)
6.As a result,I was tired out and depressed...(過去分詞作表語)
7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(不定式作表語)
8.My job is repairing cars.(動詞作表語)
9.The question is what you want to do.(名詞性從句作表語)
注意,從以上例句可以看出,除連系動詞be之外,還有一些不及物動詞能擔(dān)當(dāng)連系動詞的作用。
(1)說明主語本身具備某一特征或狀態(tài)的連系動詞:
look,seem,smell,sound,taste等。
Your trips appear\feel\prove\seem\sound very wonderful.
(2)說明主語繼續(xù)保持某一狀態(tài)的連系動詞:
continue,keep,remain,stay等。
(3)說明主語的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)變化的連系動詞:
Become,fall,get,go,grow,turn等。
Meat goes bad easily.
He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.
二、主語—謂語
在這一句型中,謂語為不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組。有些不及物動詞其后常常帶有一個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語或時(shí)間狀語,否則句義不明,因此狀語有時(shí)也是不可缺少的。
1.The sun is rising(in the east).
2.His car broke down(not far from the station).
3.Professor Johnson works(hard).
4.Everyone laughed(at her little brother).
5.They stayed in a hotel yesterday evening.
6.The train leaves at six every morning.
注意:在此句型中,有些動詞用主動形式表示被動含義,說明主語本身所具有的性質(zhì)、特征,動詞后常帶有某一說明主語性質(zhì)、特征的副詞,這時(shí)不能用被動語態(tài)。其常用動詞有:close,cook,cut,dry,open,read,sell,shut,wash,wear,write等,這類動詞還可用作及物動詞。
7.The book sells well.—He has sold hundreds of the books.
8.The window won`t shut.—I can`t shut the window.
9.The pen writes smoothly.—I want to write a composition today.
10.The clothes wash easily.—Please wash the clothes for me.
三、主語—謂語—賓語
在此句型中,動詞為及物動詞,畫線部分為賓語。
1.Do you know them and me?(人稱代詞作賓語)
2.I can`t express myself in English.(反身代詞作賓語)
3.I failed an important exam in my life three years ago.(名詞作賓語)
4.I began to recognize the strength of my classmates.(不定式作賓語)
5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes?(動詞作賓語)
6.I hope that I have said nothing to hurt you.(賓語從句作賓語)
注意:并不是所有的及物動詞都能接上上述各種情況做賓語,不同的動詞有不同的用法。還應(yīng)特別注意下列幾類動詞的句法功能。
(1)只能接不定式作賓語的常用動詞:
afford,agree,decide,determine,fail,happen,learn,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,expect,hope,want,wish等。
(2)只能接動名詞作賓語的常用動詞:admit,appreciate,avoid,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,envy,escape,excuse,finish,forgive,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,suggest,under,stand,can`t stand,give up等。
(3)既可接不定式又可接動名詞,且意義相近的動詞:begin,can`t bear,continue,hate,like,love,prefer,start等。
(4)既可接不定式又可接動名詞作賓語但意義不同的動詞:
forget to do sth 忘記要做某事
forget doing sth 忘記做過某事
go on to do sth 繼續(xù)做另一事
go on doing sth 繼續(xù)做同一事
mean to do sth 打算做某事
mean doing sth 意味著
regret to do sth 遺憾地去做某事
regret doing sht 后悔做過某事
remember to do sth 記得要做某事
remember doing sth 記得做過某事
stop to do sth 停下來去做某事
stop doing sth 停止做某事
try to do sth 盡力做某事
try doing sth 試著做某事
(5)IE動名詞主動式相當(dāng)于不定式被動式的動詞:need\require\want\deserve:
These trees need\require\want\watering\to be watered.
This room deserves cleaning\to be cleaned.
⑥只能接動名詞作賓語,但可接不定式作賓部的動詞:advise,allow,permit,forbid等。
The company forbids surfing the internet during the office hours.
The school forbids the students to smoke in the school.
四、主語—謂語—間接賓語—直接賓語
在此句型中,動詞后需接兩個(gè)賓語,俗稱雙賓語,即:間接賓語和直接賓語,其中間接賓語在前,一般表人,直接賓語在后,一般表物,這類句型還有五種情況。
第一種情況,間接賓語可由介詞to引導(dǎo),放在直接賓語之后。
1.She handed me a letter—She handed a letter to me.
2.He gave me the dictionary—He gave the dictionary to me.
☆☆間接賓語錢必須加介詞to 的幾個(gè)常用動詞:announce,explain,prove,suggest等。
3.He announced the good news to his family.
第二種情況,間接賓語由介詞for引導(dǎo),放在直接賓語之后。
4.She sang us a folk song—She sang a folk song for us.
5.She cooked us a delicious meal—She cooked a delicious meal for us.
第三種情況,直接賓語前需要加介詞of,這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用動詞者:accuse,convince,cure,inform,persuade,remind,rob,suspect,warn等。
6.I informed her mother of her safe arrival.
7.He accused his father of having broken his word.
第四種情況,直接賓語前需加介詞with,常用動詞有:present,provide,supply,equip,furnish等。
8.Colleagues presented the retired worker with a check.
9.This shop supplies\provides us with all that we need.
第五種情況,直接賓語可以又不定式或賓語從句充當(dāng)。
10.He helped me to fetch some chalk here.
11.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives?
五、主語—謂語—賓語—賓語補(bǔ)足語
在此句型中,賓語個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)足語俗稱復(fù)合賓語。賓語補(bǔ)足語是用來說明賓語怎樣或如何的,因此塔門直接存在著邏輯的主謂關(guān)系。這個(gè)句式是五個(gè)基本句型中比較復(fù)雜的句式,因?yàn)閾?dān)任賓語的詞和詞組較多。下列句子畫線部分為賓語補(bǔ)足語。
1.He found his new job tiring.(形容詞作賓補(bǔ))
2.We went to her home but found her abroad.(副詞作賓補(bǔ))
3.I was chose monitor of me class in my senior middle—school.(名詞作賓補(bǔ))
4.They placed her in a very important position.(介詞短語作賓補(bǔ))
5.My teacher advised me to cooperate with others.(不定式作賓補(bǔ))
6.I was her chatting with Johnson.(現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ))
7.He watched the piano carried upstairs.(過去分詞作賓補(bǔ))
注意:在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語是動詞不定式或賓語從句,這時(shí)只能用it作形式上的賓語,把真正的賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面。
8.I think it difficult to follow my teacher in the firse English class.
9.I think it best that you should leave here now.