殷瑩 胡菊萍
【摘要】目的 使用META分析方法研究經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(PCI)或冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(CAG)術(shù)前強(qiáng)化阿托伐他汀治療與預(yù)防造影劑腎?。–IN)相關(guān)性。方法 本文通過系統(tǒng)檢索PubMED、Embase、CBM、Cochrane library等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)公開發(fā)表文獻(xiàn),檢索時(shí)間截止為2017年12月,且這些文獻(xiàn)均以CIN發(fā)病率為研究終點(diǎn),經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(PCI)或冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(CAG)術(shù)前強(qiáng)化使用阿托伐他汀與造影劑腎病相關(guān)性為研究?jī)?nèi)容的臨床試驗(yàn)文獻(xiàn)。結(jié)果 共納入11篇研究文獻(xiàn)。結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,術(shù)前強(qiáng)化使用阿托伐他汀能顯著降低CIN發(fā)病率,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=0.45,95%CI=0.34-0.61,P<0.00001),與此同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),將高劑量阿托伐他汀進(jìn)行亞組分析,最終所得結(jié)果也具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=0.44,95%CI=0.24-0.81,P=0.009)。結(jié)論 術(shù)前強(qiáng)化阿托伐他汀治療能顯著降低經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(PCI)或冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(CAG)CIN發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但是對(duì)于高劑量阿托伐他汀的預(yù)防性治療,仍需更多研究來提供最佳預(yù)防性治療方案。
【關(guān)鍵詞】阿托伐他汀;造影劑腎病;冠狀動(dòng)脈造影;經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療;meta分析
【中圖分類號(hào)】R969.4 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】ISSN.2095.6681.2019.28..04
【Abstract】objective The results of the studies that reported efficacy of atorvastatin pre-treatment for decreasing the incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAK) in patients undergoing coronary angiography(CAG)or percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)have been controversial.Objective The aim of the study was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of atorvastatin on contrast induced nephropathy after CAG or PCI treatment.Methods A systematic electronic search of online electronic databases: Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library updated on December 2017. The meta-analysis was performed including randomized-controlled trials that comparing atorvastatin versus either low-dose statin or placebo pre- treatment for prevention of CIAKI in patients undergoing CAG,of which the main outcomes was the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN).Results A total of 11 randomized controlled trials were included in this analysis, The atorvastatin treatment group can significantly reduce the incidence of CIN (OR=0.45,95%CI=0.34-0.61,P<0.00001).The benefit of high-dose statin was consistent in compared with the control group(OR 0.44,95% CI 0.24-0.81, p=0.009).Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests that preoperative atorvastatin significantly reduced renal insufficiency risk of CIN in patients undergoing CAG,and plays as an effective prophylactic approach to prevent CIAKI, especially for the high-dose atorvastatin. Additional studies are needed to identify at-risk patients, provide optimum peri-procedural treatment, and reduce the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN).
【Key words】atorvastatin; contrast-induced acute kidney injury; coronary angiography; percutaneous coronary intervention; meta-analysis
造影劑所引起的相關(guān)急性腎功能損傷,臨床上定義為造影劑腎病,被認(rèn)為與醫(yī)院獲得性腎功能損傷及死亡率具有明顯相關(guān)性[1]。近年,越來越多的心內(nèi)科介入醫(yī)生開始關(guān)注介入術(shù)后腎功能損傷,然而相關(guān)在腎損傷的病理學(xué)研究方面卻存在一定爭(zhēng)議。一些研究顯示腎臟受損過程中氧化應(yīng)激、炎癥、腎臟血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變及造影劑直接引起管狀細(xì)胞損傷相互作用[2]。其他機(jī)制包括血管收縮因子引起遲發(fā)性造影劑腎臟細(xì)胞受損導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激損傷和腎小管重吸收造影劑導(dǎo)致腎小管直接損傷[3-4]。
因他汀類藥物具有調(diào)脂作用,因而常被用于治療心血管相關(guān)疾病。隨著對(duì)他汀類研究的不斷深入,越來越多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)他汀類藥物還具有抗炎、抗氧化和改善內(nèi)皮功能等作用[5]。目前有些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)短期使用他汀類藥物可以預(yù)防性降低CIN發(fā)病率,但有些研究結(jié)果卻與之相反[6]。
本研究主要使用Meta分析的方法,對(duì)此類相關(guān)研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行綜合系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),探討研究經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(PCI)或冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(CAG)強(qiáng)化阿托伐他汀與預(yù)防造影劑腎病相關(guān)性,來對(duì)這一結(jié)論的爭(zhēng)議性進(jìn)行分析。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
所納入研究試驗(yàn)組為阿托伐他汀,對(duì)照組為安慰劑,均為隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn);檢索文獻(xiàn)研究終點(diǎn)為造影劑腎病發(fā)生率;納入研究患者接受了冠狀動(dòng)脈造影和/或經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療術(shù);僅納入英文文獻(xiàn)。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):同時(shí)使用其他他汀類藥物預(yù)防性治療;研究終點(diǎn)未用CIN發(fā)病率作為療效評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo);僅抽象的,缺乏全文文獻(xiàn)等,不能獲得足夠的原始數(shù)據(jù)的文獻(xiàn);重復(fù)出版和報(bào)告。
1.2 檢索
策略系統(tǒng)性檢索2017年12月之前公開發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn),在Cochrane library、PubMED、Embase、CBM等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中檢索數(shù)據(jù), 以“造影劑腎病”“阿托伐他汀”等為檢索關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行檢索。閱讀文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn),必要時(shí)進(jìn)行擴(kuò)大檢索,納入符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文獻(xiàn)。
1.3 質(zhì)量評(píng)估
所選擇的文獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量是使用紐卡斯?fàn)栦滋A量表評(píng)價(jià)[7]。數(shù)據(jù)提取即是對(duì)文獻(xiàn)中的每個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。滿足1項(xiàng)予以1分。如果所有所選文獻(xiàn)的8個(gè)指標(biāo)都滿足,給予9分;如果獲得6點(diǎn)以上,質(zhì)量被認(rèn)為是好的。
1.4 資料提取
由2名研究員對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行搜集,有分歧時(shí)進(jìn)行討論,必要時(shí)第三方參與討論解決。所提取的數(shù)據(jù)主要包括:(1)一般信息:標(biāo)題,作者,發(fā)布日期和文獻(xiàn)來源;(2)文獻(xiàn)中的方法的信息;(3)研究特征:各組患者的基本數(shù)據(jù);(4)成果指標(biāo)。高劑量阿托伐他汀定義為每天至少80mg;低劑量阿托伐他汀定義為每天少于8 0mg。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
本文采用Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的RevMan5.3軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用比值比(OR)為效應(yīng)量,各效應(yīng)量均以95﹪CI表示。各納入研究結(jié)果間的異質(zhì)性采用I2檢驗(yàn)[8],若無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P>0.1,I2<50﹪),采用固定效應(yīng)模型;若有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(P>0.1,I2>50﹪),需分析異質(zhì)性來源,確定是否能采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型[9]。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 入選文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)入選和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),348篇相關(guān)文章可以檢索到,閱讀的問題和摘要的閱讀,331篇不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)被排除在外,和17篇最初包括在內(nèi)。閱讀全文后,其中6不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。最后,11篇文章被包括在本研究[10-20],并且所選擇的文獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量得分均高于6分。見表1,且搜索過程在圖1中示出。
2.2 阿托伐他汀與經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(PCI)或冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(CAG)造影劑腎病相關(guān)性
共納入11篇研究文獻(xiàn)(圖2),結(jié)果顯與對(duì)照組相比,強(qiáng)化阿托伐他汀顯著降低CIN發(fā)病率共納入11篇研究文獻(xiàn)(圖2),結(jié)果顯與對(duì)照組相比,強(qiáng)化阿托伐他汀顯著降低CIN發(fā)病,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=0.45,95%CI=0.34-0.61,P<0.00001)。
2.3 高劑量阿托伐他汀與經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(PCI)或冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(CAG)造影劑腎病相關(guān)性
高劑量阿托伐他汀與對(duì)照組相比,其亞組分析也具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR=0.44,95%CI=0.24-0.81,P=0.009),顯著降低CIN發(fā)病率(圖3)。
3 討 論
造影劑腎?。–IN)是冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療常見術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,會(huì)導(dǎo)致死亡率、心血管事件的發(fā)生率、院內(nèi)獲得性腎衰竭的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)[21]。因此,預(yù)防CIN的發(fā)生可以提高臨床療效的獲益。
盡管許多藥物被用來預(yù)防PCI術(shù)后CIN發(fā)生,但是預(yù)防CIN最有效的治療方式仍未達(dá)成共識(shí)[22-24]。CIN的發(fā)病機(jī)制具有多樣性,其中氧化應(yīng)激是造影劑腎病的重要發(fā)病機(jī)制之一,目前多項(xiàng)研究表明造影劑腎病的發(fā)生發(fā)展可能與使用造影劑后的氧化應(yīng)激增強(qiáng)有關(guān),氧化應(yīng)激增強(qiáng)可使氧自由基過量產(chǎn)生,從而引起內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損害,進(jìn)一步造成腎小管細(xì)胞的損傷甚至細(xì)胞壞死。此外,腎血液動(dòng)力學(xué)的改變和腎髓質(zhì)缺氧,腎小管損害,腎小管阻塞及腎小管上皮細(xì)胞的凋亡也是CIN的重要原因[25]。
本研究納入近年高質(zhì)量RCT,進(jìn)行meta詢證分析,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)強(qiáng)化阿托伐他汀顯著降低經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(PCI)或冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(CAG)CIN發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),尤其對(duì)于使用高劑量阿托伐他汀預(yù)防性治療,效果更顯著。
本研究存在一定局限性:測(cè)試人群,病理特點(diǎn),造影劑類型和給藥方案的異質(zhì)性的分布可能影響結(jié)果的分析;各個(gè)研究納入患者基礎(chǔ)腎臟功能有差異,導(dǎo)致CIN的發(fā)病率有偏差;僅納入英文文獻(xiàn),可能潛在增大發(fā)表偏移。
綜上所述,與安慰劑對(duì)照組對(duì)比,強(qiáng)化阿托伐他汀治療能顯著降低冠狀動(dòng)脈造影(CAG)或經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(PCI)CIN發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由于納入文獻(xiàn)存在一定的異質(zhì)性,尚需更多研究為臨床決策提供更多詢證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。與此同時(shí),對(duì)CIN的發(fā)病機(jī)制研究,篩選出高危人群,早期臨床干預(yù),提高臨床療效,降低死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),還需要更多的研究去證實(shí)。
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本文編輯:趙小龍