山東 李秀萍
名詞性從句(Noun Clauses)不僅是高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法填空題和短文改錯(cuò)題的考查重點(diǎn),也是部分自主命題的省市卷中單項(xiàng)填空題型的考查重點(diǎn),同時(shí)還是書面表達(dá)中常使用的高級(jí)句型。因此,掌握名詞性從句的用法對(duì)于學(xué)生備戰(zhàn)高考至關(guān)重要。
名詞性從句是具有名詞作用的從句,其功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組。它在復(fù)合句中可擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ),因此,名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
1.連接代詞:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,whose 等,有意義,在從句中充當(dāng)成分,如主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)等,不能省略。
2.連接副詞:when,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why 等,有意義,在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),不能省略。
3.連接詞 :that,whether,if,as if (though)等,that 無(wú)意義,在從句中不充當(dāng)成分,引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)??墒÷?,引導(dǎo)其他名詞性從句時(shí)不能省略;if/whether,as if (though)有意義,但在從句中不充當(dāng)成分。
what:有意義,可代指事物、地點(diǎn)或人。what 代指“所……的事/物”時(shí),相當(dāng)于“the thing(s)+that/ which定語(yǔ)從句”;what 代指“……的地點(diǎn)”時(shí),相當(dāng)于“the place(s)+that/which 定語(yǔ)從句”;what 代指“……的人”時(shí),相當(dāng)于“the person(s)+that/who(m) 定語(yǔ)從句”。在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)等成分,不能省略。
that:無(wú)意義,在從句中不充當(dāng)成分,只在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可省略,引導(dǎo)其他名詞性從句時(shí)不能省略。
【例1】(2018 ?北京卷,單項(xiàng)填空,15,改編)This is_______my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
解析:what。此句考查表語(yǔ)從句,從句中taught me后缺少直接賓語(yǔ),故用連接代詞what 引導(dǎo),相當(dāng)于“the thing that/ which”。
【例2】I lived in what you call“Ancient Greece”...(人教版Book 2,Unit 2)
解析:what 引導(dǎo)介詞in 的賓語(yǔ)從句,充當(dāng)call 的賓語(yǔ),有意義,不能省略,相當(dāng)于“the place+that/ which定語(yǔ)從句”。
【例3】(2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,語(yǔ)法填空,61)While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence_______they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
解析:that。此句考查同位語(yǔ)從句,解釋evidence 的具體內(nèi)容,從句中不缺少成分,意義完整,故填連接詞that,無(wú)具體意義,但不可省略。
【例4】(2015 ?北京卷,單項(xiàng)填空,33,改編)I truly believe______beauty comes from within.
解析:that。此句考查賓語(yǔ)從句,從句中不缺少成分,意義完整,故填連接詞that,無(wú)意義,可以省略。
1.用it 作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí),含有that 主語(yǔ)從句的句型有以下4 種常見(jiàn)搭配:
(1)It+be+形容詞(beneficial,obvious,true,natural,possible,likely,certain,etc.)+that 從句
【例1】(2018 ? 11 月浙江卷,63)It is possible that caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷) in humans,too.
(2)It+be+名詞/名詞詞組(a common sense,an honor,no wonder,a fact,no surprise,the case,etc.)+that 從句
【例2】(2016 ?江蘇卷,21)It is often the case that anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
(3)It+be+過(guò)去分詞(announced,arranged,expected,known,said,reported,thought,etc.)+that 從句
【例3】It is reported that next Winter Olympics will be held in China.
(4)It+不及物動(dòng)詞/ 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(appears,seems,happens,matters,occurred to sb.,turned out,etc.)+that 從句
【例4】It happens that I was at home when you phoned me.
2.用it 作形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí),含有that 賓語(yǔ)從句的句型有以下3 種常見(jiàn)搭配:
(1)動(dòng)詞+it+形容詞 +賓語(yǔ)從句
常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞:believe,consider,find,feel,make,suppose,think 等;常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞:possible,impossible,correct,proper,right 等。
【例5】Their timely help makes it possible that we can complete our task as planned.
(2)動(dòng)詞+it+名詞/名詞詞組+賓語(yǔ)從句
常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞:believe,consider,find,feel,make,suppose,think 等;常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的名詞/名詞詞組:a pity,one’s honor/duty,a waste of time/money,no use 等。
【例6】He found it a pity that he hadn’t persuaded his father to quit smoking.
(3)含介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)+it+that 從句
常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ):see to it that...(務(wù)必,保證做到);rely/depend on it that...(指望,相信)等。
【例7】You can’t rely on it that he can arrive here on time.
that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略,但在以下情況中,that 不能省略。
1.and 連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),第一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞that 可以省略,其余賓語(yǔ)從句前的that 不能省略。
【例1】I think (that) women are as equal as men and that they can also reach high achievement in many fields of science.
2.that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),that不能省略。例如:except that(除了……之外),in that(因?yàn)椋?but that(要不是)。
【例2】Your composition is excellent except that there are a few spelling mistakes.
【例3】He would have helped us,but that he was short of money at that time.
3.主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí),that 不能省略。
【例4】The manager decided,in consideration of her improper words,that he would dismiss her.
4.that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句提到句首時(shí),that 不能省略。
【例5】That he has ever done such a great thing I simply can’t believe.
5.賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是代詞that 時(shí),連接詞that 不能省略。
【例6】He argued that that was a rewarding deed.
whether 和if 都是“是否”的意思,引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),兩者基本相同。但在以下幾種情況下只用whether:
1.引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句且置于句首時(shí),只用whether。
【例1】Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.
2.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí),只用whether。
【例2】The question is whether they have so much money.(表語(yǔ)從句)
【例3】We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can finish it as scheduled.(同位語(yǔ)從句)
3.作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),一般用whether。
【例4】It all depends on whether they will return on time.
4.從句中有or not 時(shí),只用whether。
【例5】I didn’t know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.
5.whether 可與動(dòng)詞不定式連用,但if 不能。
【例6】I have not decided whether to go or not.
6.賓語(yǔ)從句前置時(shí),用whether 不用if。
【例7】Whether he still lives there,I wonder.
注:whether 可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,表示“不管”“無(wú)論”,而if 不能。
【例8】Whether he comes or not,we will begin our party on time.
1.It is+done(announced,arranged,expected,known,said,reported,thought,etc.)+that 從句結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
【例1】It is said that President Smith will visit our city next week.
2.It+不及物動(dòng)詞/ 動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(appears,seems,happens,matters,occurred to sb.,turned out,etc.)+that 從句結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
【例2】It occurred to him that he had met him before.
3.It doesn’t matter how/whether/ ...結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
【例3】It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
4.含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí),主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
【例4】Is it likely that it is going to rain in the evening?
5.if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。
【例5】It is not clear to me if she likes the present.
1.who 與whoever 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句辨析
who 常保留本身疑問(wèn)的含義,即“誰(shuí)”,屬于特指,整個(gè)從句側(cè)重指整體的事件。
whoever 本身疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣較輕,意為“無(wú)論誰(shuí)/任何人,都……”,相當(dāng)于“anyone who”,屬于泛指,整個(gè)從句側(cè)重指人。
【例1】(2018 ?天津卷,單項(xiàng)填空,9,改編)The gold medal will be awarded to_______ wins the first place in the bicycle race.
解析:whoever。本題考查介詞“to”的賓語(yǔ)從句,從句中缺少主語(yǔ),設(shè)空處表示“任何人”,相當(dāng)于“anyone who”,表泛指。句意:這塊金牌將頒發(fā)給在這場(chǎng)自行車比賽中獲得第一的選手。
2.what 與whatever 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句辨析
what 常保留本身疑問(wèn)的含義,即“什么”,也可以代指說(shuō)話者心目中的“具體事或物”,屬于特指,整個(gè)從句側(cè)重指整體的事件。
whatever 本身疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣較輕,意為“無(wú)論什么事或物/任何事或物,都……”,相當(dāng)于“the thing(s)+that/which”,屬于泛指,整個(gè)從句側(cè)重whatever 指的事物。
【例2】(2016 ?北京卷,單項(xiàng)填空,24,改編)Your support is important to our work._____ you can do helps.
解析:Whatever。本題考查主語(yǔ)從句“_______ you can do”,從句中“do”缺少賓語(yǔ),設(shè)空處表示“任何事情”,相當(dāng)于“anything that”,表泛指。句意:你的支持對(duì)我們的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都有幫助。
1.同位語(yǔ)從句
同位語(yǔ)就是用來(lái)說(shuō)明或解釋前面的抽象名詞的具體內(nèi)容的句子成分。如果充當(dāng)同位語(yǔ)的是個(gè)句子,則這個(gè)句子就叫同位語(yǔ)從句。抽象名詞(詞組)advice,belief,chance,conclusion,demand,evidence,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,possibility,promise,reply,request,suggestion,thought,truth,wish,word,no doubt 等后面一般用連接詞that 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,that 在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分,沒(méi)有意義,但不能省略;doubt,problem,puzzle,question,no idea 等表示含有疑問(wèn)的抽象名詞或詞語(yǔ)后一般用wh-結(jié)構(gòu)的連接詞或whether 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
【例1】The news that we won the game is exciting.
【例2】I have no idea when he will come back home.
2.同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
幾乎任何一個(gè)名詞都可以用定語(yǔ)從句修飾,而只有在內(nèi)容方面需要進(jìn)一步闡明的一些抽象名詞才需要使用同位語(yǔ)從句。
(1)that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí),只起到連接作用,無(wú)意義,在從句中不充當(dāng)成分,但不可以省略;引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),有意義,作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。
【例3】(2019 ?江蘇卷,單項(xiàng)填空,25,改編)Scientists have obtained more evidence plastic is finding its way into the human body.
解析:that。that 引導(dǎo)evidence 為先行詞的同位語(yǔ)從句,在從句中不充當(dāng)成分,無(wú)意義,不可以省略。
【例4】(2017 ?北京卷,單項(xiàng)填空,31,改編)The little problems _______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
解析:that。that 引導(dǎo)problems 為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中作meet 的賓語(yǔ),有意義,可以省略。
(2)同位語(yǔ)從句與名詞是平行關(guān)系,兩者??梢赞D(zhuǎn)述為主表關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞是修飾與被修飾關(guān)系,也就是從屬關(guān)系。
【例5】(2016 ?天津卷,單項(xiàng)填空,11,改編)The manager put forward a suggestion _______ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.
解析:that。that 引導(dǎo)suggestion 的同位語(yǔ)從句,在從句中不充當(dāng)成分,無(wú)意義,不可以省略。該從句可轉(zhuǎn)述為“The manager put forward a suggestion.The suggestion is that we should have an assistant.There...”。
【例6】The manager put forward a suggestion_______is available.
解析:that。that 引導(dǎo)suggestion 的定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),有意義,不可以省略。
(3)when,where,why 既可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,又可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。其共同之處是這些連接副詞在兩種從句中都可以充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。不同之處是其引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),句中有其相應(yīng)的先行詞,而引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí),沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的先行詞。在引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),when,where,why可以改為“介詞+關(guān)系代詞which”,而引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí),則不能這樣改;how 不可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,但可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
【例7】(2016 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,65 I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
解析:when。此處考查定語(yǔ)從句,修飾前面的先行詞the mid-1980s,且從句中缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),故用when 引導(dǎo)該定語(yǔ)從句,相當(dāng)于“in which”。
【例8】He raised a question when they could get adequate assistance.
解析:when 引導(dǎo)question的同位語(yǔ)從句,解釋question 的具體內(nèi)容,不能替換成in/on which。
對(duì)于考查從句的題目,教師在平日指導(dǎo)學(xué)生備考中,要多訓(xùn)練學(xué)生解題的步驟:第一步要領(lǐng)會(huì)并掌握名詞性從句的基本概念和用法;第二步要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)復(fù)合句的句意和成分判斷其中含有哪種從句,并能準(zhǔn)確地界定出名詞性從句;第三步要通過(guò)分析從句的句子成分,確定正確的連接詞。