【摘要】書面表達(dá)是中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語應(yīng)掌握的一項基本技能,也是各地中考的必考題型,在中考中占有非常重要的一部分。本文針對目前的教學(xué)情況和書面表達(dá)中學(xué)生存在的問題,進(jìn)行了分析,并對初三階段怎樣有效地進(jìn)行書面表達(dá)訓(xùn)練提出了幾點建議。
【關(guān)鍵詞】書面表達(dá);初三英語;???/p>
【作者簡介】宋巧玲(1981-),西安市經(jīng)開第一中學(xué),中學(xué)一級教師,陜西師范大學(xué)教育碩士,英語專業(yè)八級,從事中學(xué)英語教學(xué)13年,現(xiàn)任西安市經(jīng)開第一中學(xué)初三英語教師。
書面表達(dá)是對學(xué)生的語言組織能力、行文表達(dá)能力、基礎(chǔ)知識、語法、詞匯等綜合駕馭能力的考察。它要求學(xué)生有扎實的語言基本功,具備一定的審題能力、想象能力、表達(dá)能力和評價能力等。培養(yǎng)初步寫作的能力是初中英語教學(xué)的目的之一,寫作的重要性在中考試卷中也顯而易見。中考英語總分是120分,而作文滿分為15分,占整個卷面分?jǐn)?shù)的12%。然而,在現(xiàn)實的英語教學(xué)過程中卻發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生的英語寫作狀況不容樂觀。
我們先來看看新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中關(guān)于英語寫作的要求。
九年級(五級要求):
能根據(jù)寫作要求,收集、準(zhǔn)備素材;
能獨立起草短文、短信等,并在教師的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行修改;
能使用常見的連接詞表示順序和邏輯關(guān)系(即文章中用于表示并列,轉(zhuǎn)折,舉例,因果,遞進(jìn),讓步,總結(jié)等邏輯關(guān)系的固定單詞或詞組);
能簡單描述人物或事件;
能根據(jù)所給的圖示或表格寫出簡單的段落或操作說明。
對于即將面臨中考的初三學(xué)生來說,了解中考英語書面表達(dá)的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),做到有的放矢也非常重要。中考英語書面表達(dá)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下:
一檔,13-15分,語言要求:包含了所有要點,能圍繞內(nèi)容要點適當(dāng)發(fā)揮,內(nèi)容具體、豐富;應(yīng)用了較豐富的語言結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯,用詞準(zhǔn)確,句子通順,行文連貫,表達(dá)清楚;沒有或幾乎沒有語言錯誤,具備較強(qiáng)的語言運用能力,達(dá)到了預(yù)期的寫作目的。
二檔,10-12分,語言要求:基本包含了所有要點,并有一定發(fā)揮,內(nèi)容比較豐富;應(yīng)用的語言結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯能滿足任務(wù)要求,句子較通順,表達(dá)較清楚;有少量語言錯誤,基本達(dá)到了預(yù)期的寫作目的。
三檔,7-9分,語言要求:包含了多數(shù)要點,并有所發(fā)揮,內(nèi)容不夠豐富、具體,字?jǐn)?shù)較少;句子不夠通順,語言表達(dá)過于簡單,行文不夠連貫;有部分語言錯誤。
四檔,4-6分,語言要求:只包含了少數(shù)要點,內(nèi)容較少;句子無條理,語言不規(guī)范,行文不連貫;語言錯誤較多。
五檔,0-3分,語言要求:只包含一個要點或所寫內(nèi)容與要求幾乎無關(guān),內(nèi)容雜亂,不知所云;語言很不通順,用詞很不準(zhǔn)確;錯誤過多,幾乎難以讀懂。
下面,我們以陜西省西安市經(jīng)開第一中學(xué)初三中考第二次??加⒄Z試題書面表達(dá)為例,來分析同學(xué)們書面表達(dá)中存在的問題。
2018屆初三英語模擬測試二書面表達(dá): (滿分15分)
改革開放以來,中國發(fā)生了巨大變化,令人振奮。請參考一下提示,寫一篇80詞左右的小短文,描述家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生的變化,開頭和結(jié)尾不計入總詞數(shù)。
在閱卷的過程中,學(xué)生書面表達(dá)反饋出五個方面的問題:第一,學(xué)生寫作之前沒有判斷整篇文章主要用哪種時態(tài),將所學(xué)的各種時態(tài)混淆;第二,常見單詞拼寫錯誤;第三,句子之間和文段之間缺乏必要的過渡和連貫,影響了信息的傳遞和表達(dá)效果;第四,受漢語的影響,對英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)掌握不好,導(dǎo)致按漢語的語序來翻譯句子;第五,文章邏輯不清,層次感不強(qiáng)。
以四位同學(xué)的書面表達(dá)為例:
例1 5分
Changes in people’s lives in my hometown
Great changes have taken place in people’s lives in the past 40 years in my hometown. In the past, we just writed latters to the far people, we just listen to the radio but we were so happy. We only walked to school.
But now, we live in big and light house we can call to the far people and we can sent e-mail to them. We can play computer games, watch TV, or see the films, and we are happy too. We can go to school by bus, take subway, by car or by taxi. This are very useful for us.
例2 7分
Changes in people’s lives in my hometown
Great changes have taken place in people’s lives in the past 40 years in my hometown. I remember that our big families used to live a dirty and small house, but now we are living a big and comfortable house. “ We are often writing a letter to the friends.” My father said, but now looking your table. You have phone and Internet, they are convenient and useful for us. Twenty years ago, people always listen the radio for fun, now we can watch TV, play computer...My mother used to go to school on foot, it took her half an hour. Now she is going to work by car, it only takes her five minutes.
例3 11分
Changes in people’s lives in my hometown
Great changes have taken place in people’s lives in the past 40 years in my hometown. When I was five years old, my parents and grandparents stayed at a small house with me. But now we live in a big apartment and we didn’t stay with my grandparents any longer. I also remember the first letter that I wrote. It was normal to write the letter to communicate with others. But now, smart phones and computers instead of it.
We used to listen to the radio in spare time. But now I’m used to watching TV. In the past, I had to walk to school everyday. But now I prefer to take the subway. Because it’s cheaper and faster.
例4 13分
Changes in people’s lives in my hometown
Great changes have taken place in people’s lives in the past 40 years in my hometown. In the past, all of the family members had to live in a small house, it was crowded and uncomfortable. But now we had bright and wide apartments. We could only use letters to communicate with others at that time. Nowadays, we can not only use the mobile phone, but also use the Internet. It is really great. Compare with the time spent on radios, we can watch TV, play the computer games, go to the concert and watch movies now. Lives become more interesting. In the past, we went to school by bike or on foot, now we can drive ourselves, by subway, by bus or by taxi.
In a word, people live better than before. I’m so excited to see these changes.
分析這四位同學(xué)的書面表達(dá)會發(fā)現(xiàn),其實這幾個同學(xué)語言都基本包含了題目多要求的要點,語言也基本流暢。那么,是什么造成了他們分?jǐn)?shù)的差異呢?首先,5分作文中開頭這句就有很明顯的時態(tài)語法錯誤,把write的過去式誤寫為writed, 而且還用far people 這種中式英語表達(dá),反映出該生英語基礎(chǔ)薄弱,翻譯生硬。同樣,7分文章中第一句句式也有問題,不夠準(zhǔn)確,live a dirty and small house, 沒有分清Live是不及物動詞,應(yīng)該是live in a ... house。而11分文章中用錯了“instead”,導(dǎo)致文章出現(xiàn)了較為明顯的語法錯誤。13分的文章要點齊全,結(jié)構(gòu)完整,語言流暢,書寫優(yōu)美,用詞準(zhǔn)確,盡管沒有用到復(fù)合句或倒裝句,但是簡單句式用得準(zhǔn)確到位。
總之,對于初三學(xué)生來說,時間非常有限。如何在這有限的時間里提高英語寫作的能力和成績呢?我的建議是英語語用的積累,即詞匯和語法。它是寫作的初級階段,也是最重要的階段。通過中考一輪的復(fù)習(xí),可以達(dá)到這一部分的要求和需要。加強(qiáng)基本句型的翻譯、轉(zhuǎn)換和復(fù)合句的專項訓(xùn)練。根據(jù)課文的關(guān)鍵詞縮寫和仿寫課文。在寫作教學(xué)中訓(xùn)練用英語思維的能力,克服母語遷移,在寫作教學(xué)中融合范文閱讀和課文的背記。
“教無定法,教學(xué)有法”,只要教師和學(xué)生潛心鉆研,持之以恒,必能提高書面表達(dá)的水平,最終在中考時取得理想的成績。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]田東.初中生英語書面表達(dá)常存在的錯誤及訓(xùn)練對策[J].教研視窗,2008(11).
[2]張永丹.初中英語書面表達(dá)[M].上海:華東師范大學(xué)出版社,2011.
[3]徐欣.糾正作文錯誤——以學(xué)生為中心[J].國外外語教學(xué),2003 (2).