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眾所周知,復(fù)合句是歷年高考的高頻考點。由于名詞性從句內(nèi)容多、考點細(xì),考生容易出錯,試題具有較高的區(qū)分度,所以一直受到高考命題人的青睞。本文擬對名詞性從句的必備知識、高頻考點進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的梳理和分析,并提出相應(yīng)的復(fù)習(xí)備考策略。
名詞性從句屬于復(fù)合句的一種,其作用相當(dāng)于名詞詞組,在復(fù)合句中作主語、表語、賓語和同位語。根據(jù)它在句中的不同語法功能,名詞性從句可分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。
名詞性從句的連接詞包括三類:
1.連詞that
that本身無意義,只起連接作用。連接賓語從句時,that通常可以省略。但在連接主語從句、表語從句以及同位語從句時,that通常不可以省略。連接兩個并列的賓語從句時,第二個從句前的that不能省略。
2.連接詞whether和if
連接詞whether和 if都有“是否”之意,表示從句的內(nèi)容具有不確定性。由一般疑問句變成的名詞性從句,常用whether來連接,它在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。在賓語從句中,whether和if均可使用,但whether 常與or not連用。在介詞后的賓語從句常用whether連接。在其他名詞性從句中,只能用whether,而不用if。
3.連接代詞和連接副詞
由特殊疑問句變來的名詞性從句,常用連接代詞和連接副詞連接。連接代詞有:what/whatever, who/whoever,whom/whomever, whose/whosever, which/whichever。連接副詞有:when/whenever, where/wherever, how/however, why,because。
所有的名詞性從句均采用陳述語序。例如:
What we can learn from the ant philosophy is: Never give up, look ahead, stay positive and do all you can.
The problem was whether we should put off the sports meeting.
People have heard what the president has said; they are waiting to see what he will do.
Then arose the question where we could get so much money.
在通常情況下,名詞性從句的時態(tài)應(yīng)與主句的時態(tài)保持一致,如果主句為一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時,從句可以用任意一種時態(tài);如果主句為一般過去時,從句必須用過去的某種時態(tài)。例如:
It was reported that there would be a lunar eclipse(月食)on Sunday night.
但是,如果從句陳述的是客觀規(guī)律或人們所共知的事實,從句仍可用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如:
Our science teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
【注意】如果名詞性從句中含有動詞require, request,suggest, advise, propose, recommend等或它們對應(yīng)的名詞requirement, suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation等時, 謂語常用“should + 動詞原形”,且should 可以省略。例如:
The doctor recommended that you (should) not swim after eating a large meal.
1.it 用作形式主語
為避免句子頭重腳輕,常把形式主語it放在句首,而把主語從句放在句末。含有it作形式主語的句式有以下五種:
①It + be + 名詞(短語)+ that從句
常用的名詞(短語)有:duty, fact, pity, shame, question,surprise, common knowledge, good news,no wonder等。例如:
It is no wonder that the game has become more and more popular around the world.
②It + be + 形容詞 + that從句
常用的形容詞有:clear, certain, essential, evident,important, interesting, natural, necessary, strange, obvious,true, wonderful, possible, likely, unusual, vital, worthwhile等。例如:
It’s natural that you (should) forget it.
【注意】如果形容詞為important, natural, necessary,natural, funny, strange, surprising, astonishing等,從句表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣,謂語常用“should+動詞原形”,且should可省略。例如:
It is essential that we (should) have a balanced diet.
It’s strange that Peter (should) behave so rudely.
③It + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞 + that從句
常用的現(xiàn)在分詞有:astonishing, disappointing,encouraging, exciting, frightening, surprising, inspiring等。例如:
It is amazing that all fishes live together peacefully.
④It + be + 過去分詞 + that從句
常用的過去分詞有:admitted, acknowledged, believed,considered, decided, discussed, demanded, estimated, expected,hoped, known, proved, reported, required, said, suggested,thought 等。例如:
It is believed that this project will be a great success.
⑤It + 特殊動詞(短語)+從句
常用的動詞(短語)有:seem, appear, happen, matter,occur to sb., strike sb., make no difference等。例如:
It makes no difference to me whether you will leave or stay.
2.it 用作形式賓語
如果動詞find, believe, think, feel, consider和make之后的賓語從句帶有名詞或形容詞作賓語補足語,為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡,常用it作形式賓語,而把賓語從句放在句末。it只起代替作用,本身無詞義。例如:
We consider it necessary that we should lend them a helping hand.
3.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別
雖然同位語從句與定語從句比較相似,但是它們之間有本質(zhì)的區(qū)別:同位語從句常跟在表示信息、觀點、主張、事實等(如:idea, view, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth,hope, promise, answer, belief, doubt, fear, problem, proof,question等)抽象名詞之后,連接詞在從句中不充當(dāng)成分,從句是對前面的名詞進(jìn)行解釋和說明,而不是修飾和限定。定語從句則是對某一名詞進(jìn)行修飾和限定,關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。例如:
We heard the news that our team had won.(同位語從句)
The news (that/which) the headmaster told us was exciting.(定語從句)
4.主語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別
下面兩個復(fù)合句雖然句意相同,句子結(jié)構(gòu)相似,但卻屬于兩種從句。
It is known to all that Shanghai has a modern and fashionable atmosphere.(主語從句)
As is known to all, Shanghai has a modern and fashionable atmosphere.(非限制性定語從句)
單項填空對四種名詞性從句均有考查。近年的考查情況具體如下:
1.主語從句
(1) Every year,___________ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.(2017年北京卷第23題改編)
【分析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,從逗號到beautiful kite為主語從句,由于空白處在動詞之前,從句中缺少主語,故填復(fù)合代詞whoever,表示“無論誰”。
(2) It is often the case___________ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.(2016年江蘇卷第21題改編)
【分析】句意為:通常情況是這樣的,對于那些懷揣希望的人來說,一切皆有可能。本題考查主語從句,it為形式主語,代替that引導(dǎo)的從句,由于從句的句意完整,不缺句子成分,故空白處填that。
(3)__________ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.(2015年北京卷第35題改編)
【分析】句意為:我們理解事物的方式與我們的感覺有很大的關(guān)系。從句首到things為主語從句。因為從句中主語、謂語和賓語齊全,缺少狀語,故填連接副詞How。
(4) __________ Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some won’t accept it.(2015年江蘇卷第25題改編)
【分析】句意為:人們都知道中國詩人李白出生在哪里,但是一些人拒絕接受這個事實。從句首到was born為主語從句,因為從句中主語、謂語齊全,缺少狀語,故填連接副詞Where。
2.表語從句
(1) Without his support, we wouldn’t be___________ we are now.(2018年北京卷第11題改編)
【分析】句意為:要是沒有他的幫助,我們不可能走到現(xiàn)在的位置;或者為:要是沒有他的幫助,我們不會成為現(xiàn)在的我們。從空白處到句末為表語從句,表語從句中缺少表語,故可填連接副詞where或連接代詞who。
(2) This is ______ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.(2018年北京卷第15題改編)
【分析】句意為:這就是父親教給我的東西——勇于直面困難,充滿希望。從空白處到me為表語從句,從句中動詞taught缺少賓語,故填連接代詞what。
(3) By boat is the only way to get here, which is___________ we arrived.(2018年江蘇卷第21題改編)
【分析】句意為:坐船是到達(dá)這里的唯一途徑,我們就是這樣來的??瞻滋幍骄淠楸碚Z從句,從句中主語、謂語齊全,缺少方式狀語,故填how。
(4) The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is_one can be entirely free from dust.(2016年北京卷第29題改編)
【分析】句意為:雨季最令人高興的是它能洗滌一切灰塵。從空白處到句末為表語從句,從句句意完整,且不缺少句子成分,故填連接詞that。
3.賓語從句
(1) The gold medal will be awarded to _________ wins the first place in the bicycle race.(2018年天津卷第9題改編)
【分析】句意為:這個金獎將授予任何在自行車大賽中榮獲第一的選手。從空白處到句末為介詞to的賓語從句。因從句中缺少主語,故填復(fù)合連接代詞whoever,相當(dāng)于anyone who。
(2) She asked me___________ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn’t.(2017年天津卷第4題改編)
【分析】從空白處到逗號之間為賓語從句,根據(jù)句意,應(yīng)填連接詞whether/if,表示“是否”。
(3) Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street, not knowing_____________ she was heading.(2017年北京卷第26題改編)
【分析】句意為:簡漫無目的地走在林蔭道上,不知道往哪里去。從空白處到句號之間為賓語從句,從句不缺少句子成分,再結(jié)合句意,應(yīng)填連接副詞where。
(4) We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of____________ it used to charge.(2017年江蘇卷第26題改編)
【分析】句意為:我們選擇住在這家賓館是因為它把住宿價格降到一夜20美元,是平時收費的一半。本句中,介詞of后為賓語從句,從句中的動詞charge缺少賓語,故填連接代詞what。
4.同位語從句
(1) The manager put forward a suggestion ____ we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.(2016年天津卷第11題改編)
【分析】句意為:經(jīng)理提議我們應(yīng)雇一個助理,因為有太多的工作需要做。從空白處到第一個句號為同位語從句,解釋suggestion的內(nèi)容。從句句意完整,不缺少句子成分,故填that。
(2) —Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
—Yeah, but I have no idea ______ he did it; that’s one of his favorite universities.(2014年重慶卷第12題改編)
【分析】句意為:Mike真的拒絕了耶魯大學(xué)的offer嗎?是的,但是我不知道他為什么會這樣做。I have no idea之后為同位語從句,根據(jù)句意,應(yīng)填連接副詞why,表示原因。
近年的語法填空題主要考查賓語從句,例如:
As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly _____thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015年全國卷Ⅱ第70題)
【分析】從空白處到句末為賓語從句,空白處填連接副詞how修飾形容詞thick,引導(dǎo)賓語從句,在從句中作表語,故填how。
近年的高考試題非常重視在語境中考查基礎(chǔ)語法知識,名詞性從句也不例外。只有夯實基礎(chǔ)知識,才能為培養(yǎng)考生的應(yīng)試技能打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。因此,教師應(yīng)從系統(tǒng)地鞏固基礎(chǔ)知識做起,幫助考生扎實掌握基礎(chǔ)知識,逐步發(fā)展語言能力。具體做法如下:
在復(fù)習(xí)備考階段,切忌老師過多講解,學(xué)生練習(xí)時間過少。教師應(yīng)采用以練代講的方式,對名詞性從句的核心考點進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練,讓學(xué)生在練習(xí)中鞏固知識、提升能力。
同位語從句、主語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別是教學(xué)的難點,由于沒有抓住這些句式的特點,學(xué)生在做題時頻頻出錯。連接詞的辨析是學(xué)生的易錯點,教師可以采用經(jīng)典的高考題,選取相似結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行對比,以提高學(xué)生的甄別能力。
1.The exhibition tells us__________ we should do something to stop air pollution.
2.The exhibition tells us__________ we should do to stop air pollution.
【分析】句1中的賓語從句主謂賓齊全,因此空白處可填why/that/how。句2 中的賓語從句缺少賓語,因此空白處應(yīng)填what。
名詞性從句中連接詞的選擇與句子成分密不可分。教師應(yīng)從訓(xùn)練學(xué)生對詞性和詞類基本用法的掌握入手,先訓(xùn)練七種類型的簡單句,再過渡到對復(fù)合句的訓(xùn)練。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注句子結(jié)構(gòu),正確劃分句子成分,然后正確選擇連接詞。
The villagers are in need of food.→ What the villagers need is food.
Tom overslept, so he came late.→ The reason why Tom came late was that he overslept.
The things that happened that day impressed me deeply.→I was deeply impressed by what happened that day.
I was attracted by Mary’s words.→I was attracted by what Mary said.
I don’t know how we can get there in time.→ Our problem is how we can get there in time.
教師要為學(xué)生提供使用語言表達(dá)思想的語境,鼓勵學(xué)生在具體的語境中,正確使用語法規(guī)則,逐步提升語用能力。 教師可以在課堂上采用看圖說話的形式,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生嘗試使用名詞性從句。 例如:
We can see some people are busy taking photos when a man is struggling in the water.(賓語從句)
What we can see from the picture is that everyone at the table is playing with their smart phones.(主語從句、表語從句)