英語閱讀長難句分析

縱觀歷年高考英語試題，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀文章中出現(xiàn)了許多結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子。不難理解，命題者在句子難度上大做文章，無非是想通過增加句子長度和使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)來打斷和干擾考生正常的閱讀習(xí)慣和思維方式，從而達(dá)到考查考生綜合閱讀能力的目的。下面我們來了解一下長難句。

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長難句分類：

一、 復(fù)合從句

這些句子往往較長，一個從句套著另一個從句，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)。例：He finds that students who were easy to teach because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice， hesitate when faced with the huge untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside his textbooks.

二、 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)

為了調(diào)整語氣和增加補(bǔ)充信息，更主要的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，避免頭重腳輕，使語義嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，可將句子的主干部分用其他語法成分分隔開來，這就是所謂的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)?？荚囍谐霈F(xiàn)較多的是插入語、用破折號插入的新話題或補(bǔ)充信息。

三、 成分省略

在英語句子中，節(jié)約用詞是一條重要的修辭原則。省略主要是為了避免重復(fù)，突出關(guān)鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。成分省略一般和從句相結(jié)合，一正一反，使句子富于變化，增強(qiáng)表現(xiàn)力。

In their hearts， women think it is mens business to earn money and theirs to spend it-if possible， during their husbands life， but， at any rate， after his death.

四、 改變語序

改變語序主要指倒裝句式。這種打破相對固定的常規(guī)語序的做法，或是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的意義表達(dá)的重心，或是強(qiáng)調(diào)一種表達(dá)語氣。

突破策略：

結(jié)構(gòu)分析法：明晰句子結(jié)構(gòu)，把握句子的基本框架。

A.判斷該句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句；B.找出句子的主干成分（主語和謂語），分清句子附屬成分：非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)看作一個整體，劃出所有介詞短語（位于be動詞后的除外），跳讀。理解句子大意；C.層層分析，層層剝離。

1.較復(fù)雜的簡單句——找主干成分。Schools （across China） are expected to hire（謂語 ） 50，000 college graduates （this year）（as short-term teachers）， （almost three times the number） （hired）（last year），（to help reduce unemployment pressures.）

2.并列句——先找并列連詞，再按方法一。

Step 1找并列詞：In 1897， the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons， but by then， no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years.Step2括號去附屬成分，找主要成分：（In 1897）， the state （of Michigan） passed a law （prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons）， but （by then）， no sizable flocks had been seen （in the state） （for 10 years）.

3.主從復(fù)合句的處理方法——找從屬連詞，找從句；剔從句，挑主句；再按方法一各自分析。

Step1：找從屬連詞：It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point ，they were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States， making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.

Step2：找從句，剔從句：It was calculated that （when its population reached its highest point） ，they were……

Step3：It was calculated （that they were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons）—a number ….

Step4：It was calculated —（a number） （equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population） （in the United States）， （making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world）.

4.并列和主從復(fù)合句并存的處理方法——先按方法二讀懂并列復(fù)合句，再按方法三看主從復(fù)合句。If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language， you will get answers like “Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”， and “Webster”， but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak English—William， the Conqueror.

step 1找并列詞： If you ask people ...， but none of these ……Step 2找連詞： If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest … but none of these men … who didnt even speak……Step3：找從句，剔從句： If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language， you will get answers…， but none of these men … who didnt even speak English —William， the Conqueror. step4：找主句，去附屬成分： you will get answers （like “Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”， and “Webster”） ， but none of these men had any effect at all （compared to a man —William， the Conqueror ）.

不管句子有多長有多復(fù)雜，它只由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主干和修飾成分。主干是整個句子的骨架，主要指主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補(bǔ)充主干的作用，它既可以是單詞，也可以是短語，更常見的則是從句，尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。我們應(yīng)通過仔細(xì)分析，將每個修飾成分劃出來，找出句子的主干，這樣整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。

【作者簡介】雷秀娟，湖北省嘉魚縣第一中學(xué)。