河南 龐先慶(特級(jí)教師)
七選五閱讀理解題是實(shí)行新課改后,由課標(biāo)全國卷于2008年首先推出的新題型。該題型后被越來越多的考區(qū)連年選用。到2019年,將有河南、山西、河北、青海、西藏、甘肅、貴州、黑龍江、吉林、寧夏、海南、內(nèi)蒙古、新疆、云南、廣西、北京、遼寧等28個(gè)省、市、區(qū)的高考采用該題型,這從一個(gè)側(cè)面說明這種題型的科學(xué)性和重要性。
本文擬結(jié)合河南省教育科學(xué)“十三五”規(guī)劃2017年度課題子課題《文本閱讀與英語寫作的融合研究》以及教學(xué)實(shí)踐,探討“七選五”型閱讀理解的微觀設(shè)題技巧,以期實(shí)現(xiàn)英語文本讀寫技能的融合。
下面結(jié)合具體實(shí)例談?wù)勗擃}型的命題方式。
【真題鏈接1】(2017課標(biāo)全國卷 Ⅰ)
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. 37 We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.
C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.
[試題解析]C 根據(jù)前句可知,介紹“我”去野營的朋友認(rèn)為,“我”此去野營是件“開拓性的事情”,所缺句可對(duì)前文加以補(bǔ)充說明——野營對(duì)“我”來說很難(后文所述的野營生活可為佐證)。故正確選項(xiàng)為C。
探秘:如果某句的前后句是為了證明另一句而舉的例子,那么可以從行文邏輯上的例證關(guān)系角度將此句設(shè)題。當(dāng)然,例證的形式具有多樣性,其思維過程基本是歸納(從例子到觀點(diǎn))和推理(從觀點(diǎn)到例子)。
【真題鏈接2】(2017課標(biāo)全國卷 Ⅰ)
If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me. 36
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.
D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
[試題解析]D 根據(jù)前文所述可知,作者不熱衷于野營,而下文轉(zhuǎn)述自己找到了適合自己的方式多次野營,故所缺句必起承上啟下的作用;表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的D項(xiàng)(I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however. 然而,從那以后我學(xué)會(huì)怎樣野營,收獲頗多)符合語意。
探秘:如果前后兩句話之間有however(然而),nevertheless(然而,不過),still(還,然而),though(可是,不過,然而),yet(然而),on the contrary(正相反),in contrast(與此相反,相比之下),in comparison(比較起來,比較地),by comparison(相比之下),instead(相反),instead of(而不)等連接詞,則表明前后兩句話是邏輯上的逆轉(zhuǎn),此時(shí),可以從行文邏輯上的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系角度將此句設(shè)題,表示英語行文中后句對(duì)前句構(gòu)成逆轉(zhuǎn)邏輯關(guān)系。
【真題鏈接3】(2017課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅲ)
● 37 In order to make a change, you need to decide why it’s important. Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reasons, tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.
B. Find the right motivation.
【篇章圖解】
很多人將早晨賴床歸咎于鬧鐘失靈;其實(shí),重新調(diào)整自己的生物鐘是催促自己早起的最佳辦法,本文就設(shè)定生物鐘的必要性和設(shè)定辦法做了具體的說明,介紹了如何制訂一個(gè)更好的睡眠計(jì)劃。
[試題解析]B 本段主要講述的是“在做出決定前,當(dāng)事人要好好內(nèi)省一番——弄清早起的原因、目的”等,這些都是早起的“動(dòng)機(jī)”。故正確選項(xiàng)為B。
探秘:有時(shí),前后的句子之間出現(xiàn)as a result(結(jié)果),thus/therefore(因此),so (such)...that(如此……以至于)等標(biāo)志性詞語,表明前后句有著原因和結(jié)果之間的關(guān)系,說明前因后果或者前果后因等情況。此時(shí),可以從行文邏輯上的因果關(guān)系角度將此句設(shè)題,考生可以在讀懂空格前后的句子的基礎(chǔ)上,依據(jù)彼此的關(guān)系來確認(rèn)答案。
【真題鏈接4】(2016課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)
Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants,flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料). 38 .However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years.
E.Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants
[試題解析]E 細(xì)節(jié)遞進(jìn)句。根據(jù)本段中的“Some people may think that...Others are concerned about...”以及選項(xiàng)E中的關(guān)鍵詞“Still”可推斷出此處應(yīng)該是:Still others may...
探秘:如果某句的前后兩句話之間有also(也,而且),further(另外的),furthermore(而且,此外),likewise(同樣地,也),similarly(相似地,類似地),moreover(且,再者,此外,而),in addition(另外,加之),what’s more(更重要的是),not only...but also(不但……而且)等連接詞或詞組,則表明前后兩句是邏輯上的遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,此時(shí),該句很有可能是個(gè)遞進(jìn)的句子,可以設(shè)題,表示英語行文中后句對(duì)前句是一種順承邏輯關(guān)系。
【真題鏈接5】(2017課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅲ)
●Keep a record and evaluate it weekly. Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel. After you’ve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record. 40 If not, take another look at other methods you could try.
E. If the steps you take are working, keep it up.
[試題解析]E 上文列舉了一系列解決睡眠的措施,根據(jù)本段最后一句“If not, take another look at other methods you could try.如果這些措施不管用,再嘗試一下其他的”,故所缺句理所當(dāng)然意為“如果這些措施起作用……”,正確選項(xiàng)為E。
探秘:行文中,前后兩句話之間有first(首先,第一),second(第二),third(第三);firstly(第一,首先),secondly(第二,其次),thirdly(第三);first(第一),next(其次),then(那么,然后);in the first place(第一,首先),in the second place(第二,其次);for one thing(首先,一則),for another(其次);to begin with(首先,第一),to conclude(最后)等連接詞或詞組,則表明前后兩句是邏輯上的并列關(guān)系,此時(shí),可以從行文邏輯上的并列關(guān)系角度將此句設(shè)題。
【真題鏈接6】(2015課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)
When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. 17 .
E.If they still feel good, you can begin running in them
[試題解析]E 考查上下文的語境理解。根據(jù)該空前面提供的語境“When you have found shoes that seem right,walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit.”可知E選項(xiàng)中they指的是前面提到的shoes,屬于指代一致性,另外feel good與the fit有關(guān)。穿著合適的鞋再進(jìn)行跑步訓(xùn)練與E中的“you can begin running in them”一致。
探秘:英語表達(dá)中,代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率極高,代詞的作用是指代前面提及的名詞或形容詞概念,巧妙利用這樣的指代關(guān)系和根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)差異巧妙設(shè)題,考生可以依次準(zhǔn)確而快速地解題。
【真題鏈接7】(2016課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)
A garden that’s just right for you
Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you, where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum(總和 ) of its parts? 36 .But it doesn’t happen by accident. It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.
F. You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too
[試題解析]F 上句提到了氛圍,F(xiàn)項(xiàng)中“that kind of magical quality”指代上句中的內(nèi)容“the atmosphere of the garden”,二者語義相同。故選F項(xiàng)。
探秘:英語前言后語之間往往有同義詞、近義詞、近義表達(dá)語甚至相同詞匯的重復(fù)使用,這是一個(gè)很好的設(shè)題依據(jù)。其實(shí)就其本質(zhì)而言,上文講的代詞和下文將涉及的上下義詞和同一范疇詞都是特殊的同義/近義詞。
【真題鏈接8】(2014北京卷)
Go to the original source. Media reports often simplify the results of medical research. Find out for yourself what a study really reported, and determine whether it was based on good science. Think about the type of study. 72
D. And examine the findings of the original research.
[試題解析]D 根據(jù)本段的第一句“Go to the original source.”可以知道這里的線索詞為original,因此結(jié)合同義詞或者近義詞的特點(diǎn),即前后言語之間的同義詞或者近義詞甚至相同詞匯的重復(fù)使用的特點(diǎn),從所給的幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,找出解題的線索,因此根據(jù)核心詞original,可以選出D,因?yàn)槔锩姘鴒riginal,并且D項(xiàng)中的findings和research與本段上文中的Find out 和research對(duì)應(yīng),故D選項(xiàng)能夠用在這里進(jìn)行上下文的銜接。
探秘:上下義詞和同一范疇詞就是前者包含了后者或可以說后者是前者的一個(gè)子集。利用前后句中這樣的特殊的同義關(guān)系常常可以很巧妙地設(shè)題。
【真題鏈接9】(2017課標(biāo)全國卷Ⅱ)
37 . Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.
A. If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no
【篇章圖解】人的本質(zhì)是社會(huì)屬性,故我們?cè)谌粘I钪须y免會(huì)受他人的干擾;那么怎樣排除干擾而又不傷害對(duì)方呢?本文就此提出了幾點(diǎn)良好的建議。
[試題解析]A 根據(jù)后文Tell the person you’re sorry and explain...可知,本段講述的是可對(duì)干擾者表示拒絕,故表示這一含意的A項(xiàng)可為本段的主題句。
【真題鏈接10】(2014北京卷)
Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information.Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information, how to separate fact from opinion, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources. 71
G. The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.
【篇章圖解】本文為說明文,話題為健康評(píng)估。全文就健康信息的評(píng)估來源問題,即如何識(shí)別正確的健康信息,向讀者提供了一些建議。以上示例為全文的第一段,講述健康信息評(píng)估的來源內(nèi)容。
[試題解析]G 這個(gè)選項(xiàng)是一個(gè)段落的結(jié)尾句,這種選項(xiàng)通常起著總結(jié)上文、提示下文的功能。根據(jù)文章第二段、第三段、第四段的首句可以看出作者提供了一些建議,因此本空引出了下文的多個(gè)建議。故選擇G項(xiàng)。
探秘:如果主題句出現(xiàn)在段首,而且其后文在意思上是緊密銜接的,與其有某種銜接手段,那么此主題句適合設(shè)題。在解題時(shí),認(rèn)真閱讀后文內(nèi)容,根據(jù)段落一致性原則,考生可以查找同義詞或其他相關(guān)的詞,推斷出主題句。
如果某個(gè)語句中有表示結(jié)果、結(jié)論、總結(jié)等的信號(hào)詞,如:therefore,as a result,thus,hence,in short,to sum up,to conclude,in a word等詞語,則表明該語句是結(jié)論、概括性語句。通常這樣的主題性語句會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段落末尾。此時(shí),該語句適合設(shè)題。
[溫馨提示]整體上,七選五閱讀理解題主要通過“主旨概括句(涉及文章整體內(nèi)容)”“過渡性句子(涉及文章結(jié)構(gòu))”和“注釋性句子(涉及上下文邏輯意義)”三個(gè)類型的備選項(xiàng)來主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握能力。
下面從宏觀上探討總結(jié)一下“七選五”型閱讀理解的命題規(guī)律與特點(diǎn)。
1.文章選材:七選五閱讀理解題的文章選材具有兩個(gè)特點(diǎn):
一是文章內(nèi)容貼近考生、貼近生活,具有新穎性且時(shí)代感較強(qiáng),體現(xiàn)考綱的指導(dǎo)思想,即“重視‘新材料、新情境’的創(chuàng)設(shè)與運(yùn)用,測(cè)試考生的綜合語言運(yùn)用能力”。具體見下表:
2015—2017年七選五閱讀選材統(tǒng)計(jì)
二是文章內(nèi)容邏輯性強(qiáng),結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),層次分明,便于學(xué)生在閱讀的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行綜合理解,并對(duì)于一些信息進(jìn)行概括或充分表達(dá)。
2.文章長度:文章的選擇不能太長或太短,文章長度與整套試題中閱讀的總詞數(shù)有關(guān),一般在200~300詞之間,但近年總詞數(shù)有上升趨勢(shì)。具體見下表:
2015—2017年七選五閱讀文章詞數(shù)統(tǒng)計(jì)
3.文體選擇:文章體裁以說明文和議論文為主,兩種文體的結(jié)構(gòu)都比較清晰,過程完整,適合考查對(duì)主題句、過渡句等的概括和總結(jié)。單純以時(shí)間或事件為線索的記敘文不宜考查邏輯思維能力,因而在高考中出現(xiàn)的幾率較小。具體見下表:
2015—2017年七選五閱讀體裁統(tǒng)計(jì)
4.設(shè)題方式:文章的首句一般不會(huì)設(shè)空(有小標(biāo)題的題除外)。能夠填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)多為段落主題句、段落總結(jié)句、承上啟下句、關(guān)鍵論點(diǎn)支撐句或全篇概括歸納句等。所給的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)干擾性較強(qiáng),而且所給的選項(xiàng)中,有的選項(xiàng)區(qū)分度不大,容易造成考生由于一處誤選導(dǎo)致多處錯(cuò)答的情況出現(xiàn),因此試題難度比常規(guī)閱讀試題有所增加。