巧用句際關(guān)系 ，分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

新疆 郝東云

一、引言

高中英語閱讀教學(xué)是英語閱讀教學(xué)的特殊階段。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力是英語教學(xué)的重要目標之一。筆者結(jié)合自己在閱讀教學(xué)中的實踐，從培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語篇閱讀能力的角度，闡釋了運用句際關(guān)系，分析文本篇章結(jié)構(gòu)在高中英語閱讀教學(xué)中的適用性和重要性，提出在教學(xué)中應(yīng)該注意運用句際關(guān)系，分析文本篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，以此來促進和提高學(xué)生語篇閱讀能力。

任何一篇文章都由不同的部分組成，都包含著一定數(shù)量的段落即語段。語段是由兩個及兩個以上的句子構(gòu)成，在形式和內(nèi)容上與上下文有著密切關(guān)系而又相對獨立的一段文字，是相互聯(lián)系的整體，不能將其孤立起來。因此，在閱讀教學(xué)中，要有意識地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生分析閱讀文本的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，準確分析和把握閱讀文本段落與段落之間、段落中各句之間的關(guān)系，從而掌握整篇文章的要義。語篇結(jié)構(gòu)分析是閱讀教學(xué)中的重要內(nèi)容，句際關(guān)系又是語篇結(jié)構(gòu)分析的重中之重。本文將從運用句際關(guān)系，培養(yǎng)分析閱讀文本結(jié)構(gòu)的能力的角度上進行探討，目的在于提高高中學(xué)生的語篇閱讀能力。

二、解讀篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題要求學(xué)生對文章的整體或局部（如段落）進行分析、概括，找出文段的結(jié)構(gòu)，體會作者的寫作思路，旨在考查學(xué)生加工與濃縮信息的能力。英語的文章講究使用主題段和主題句。主題段通常在文章的開頭，簡要概括文章的中心思想；主題句根據(jù)段落的寫作手法的不同可能在段落的開頭，也可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間或末尾。段與段之間常用詞語連接，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫、邏輯嚴密。為突出主題，作者可能采用不同的寫作手法來組織文章，通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。

因此，學(xué)生要學(xué)會分析文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，把握文章的脈絡(luò)，理解段落層次之間的關(guān)系，弄清作者的寫作方法，從而達到更好地解讀文本、提高語篇閱讀能力的目的。

三、如何引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對閱讀文本進行篇章結(jié)構(gòu)分析

根據(jù)閱讀教學(xué)的一般步驟，筆者在教學(xué)實踐中運用以下四個步驟進行篇章結(jié)構(gòu)分析教學(xué)：

（一）閱讀文本中的每篇文章或者每段文字基本上都是連貫的，具體體現(xiàn)在篇章的深層結(jié)構(gòu)上，即：文本的語篇框架。在閱讀教學(xué)中，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從整體上分析段落與段落之間的關(guān)系，在頭腦里形成文章框架結(jié)構(gòu)，從總體上把握文章的大意。

例如：（陜西卷）閱讀理解部分：

According to sociologists（社會學(xué)家），every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification（ 階層）.Class，power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.

Class means a person’s economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class，middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined，they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class，and 1% the upper class. Interestingly，a surgeon earning $500000 a year and a bus driver earning $50000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!

Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously，people in positions of great power （such as governors） exercise（行使）big power，but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand，however. For example，the governor of a state has great power，but he or she may not belong to a corresponding （相應(yīng)的）economic class. Generally，however，there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge，there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U.S.Senate!

Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society. It can also be affected by power and class，but not necessarily so. For example，a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.

題目3:Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text？

本題是篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。文章第一段總述了三個方面（class，power，status）在定義階層中的作用，第二段（class）、第三段（power）和第四段（status）分別敘述了它們的作用，文章結(jié)構(gòu)為“總—分”式，所以選擇A項。

（二）把握文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)后，根據(jù)句義找出段落的主題句，分清楚段落層次關(guān)系，弄清楚所讀語篇屬于哪種框架結(jié)構(gòu)，進而達到準確把握和分析段落的目的。

例如：（北京海淀區(qū)期末）七選五部分：

How to love your parents

Even if you think that your parents are mean-spirited at times, loving your parents is normal and fulfilling part of life. You love them for the fact that they created you，raised you， and are in part a source of who you are. Here are some ways to love your parents.

1 A gentle “good morning ”and “I love you”will warm a coldest heart. Remember that they brought you into this world. Without your parents，we might still wander at an unknown corner in an unknown world.

Respect them more and cherish these moments. You can use these moments to learn from them for when you’re off on your own. It’s OK get angry actions don’t help you or your parents.Act calmly，cool off，journal about your feelings，or talk to a friend. 2 .

Obey their requests. It will make your attitude better and earn you more respect from them. It may seem like you are going through hell when you don’t get what you want or you have to clean . However，you had better remember they keep a roof your head when it’s cold，raining，snowing，or too hot.Understand that parents are human beings and make mistakes.3 . Since you can forgive your friends，why not forgive your parents?

Keep company with them . Do things with your parents like watching TV，or go somewhere with them. 4 . Listen to their old stories and learn from them. You will find they are your teachers in this way or another.

Some people simply may not be able to love their parents.5 . Seek help if you are being abused in any way. Parents do not have a right to harm you.

A.Forgiveness is the key.

B.Tell them you love them every morning.

C.Parents will in turn express their love to you.

D.After this, share your feelings with your parents.

E.Anyway, spend as much time with them as you can.F.Please remember parents are as important as friends.G.There can be realistic reasons for this , family violence for example.

引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對本篇閱讀文本的框架結(jié)構(gòu)分析如下:

通過題目“ How to love your parents”以及文章段落與段落之間的關(guān)系，可以得知愛父母的方式分為四個主要方面（如上圖所示）。

通過設(shè)題點1后面一句 A gentle “good morning ”and“I love you” will warm a coldest heart. Remember that they brought you into this world.得知都與tell有關(guān)，通過例證解釋，選項為B。

設(shè)題點2與其前一句Act calmly, cool off, journal about your feelings，or talk to a friend是順承關(guān)系，并與段落首句Respect them more and cherish these moments.首尾呼應(yīng)，可知選項為D。

設(shè)題點3與前一句Understand that parents are human beings and make mistakes.是因果關(guān)系，和后一句 Since you can forgive your friends , why not forgive your parents?為解釋關(guān)系，因此選項為A。

設(shè)題點4與其前一句 Do things with your parents like watching TV，or go somewhere with them. 為順承關(guān)系，并與首句呼應(yīng)。選項為E。

設(shè)題點5與其前一句為Some people simply may not be able to love their parents. 和其后一句 Seek help if you are being abused in any way . Parents do not have a right to harm you.可知選項為G。

根據(jù)段落與段落之間的關(guān)系，以及段落句式結(jié)構(gòu)特點的分析，得出問題答案應(yīng)為：BDAEG。

（三）引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析段落中句子與句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系（即：句際關(guān)系），構(gòu)建層次關(guān)系，將文字語言轉(zhuǎn)變成結(jié)構(gòu)圖。

在實際閱讀教學(xué)中，我們大致將句際關(guān)系分為順接關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、選擇關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、解釋關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系六種關(guān)系。

1.順接關(guān)系（順承關(guān)系或并列關(guān)系）。兩個或兩個以上的句子具有同等、并列的關(guān)系，后句是前句的延續(xù)或補充，標志詞主要有and， what is more， moreover，in addition，first，second，then，after that，furthermore，also，when（this happens），meanwhile等。

2.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。前后兩句意思相反，標志詞通常有but，however，nevertheless，（al）though， in fact 等。

3.選擇關(guān)系。表示選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞通常有：or，either...or...，or else， not...but... ，otherwise 等。

4.因果關(guān)系。因果關(guān)系是指前后兩個句子互為因果，前因后果，或前果后因?？赡艹霈F(xiàn)的標志詞有for，as a result， as a consequence， consequently，therefore，accordingly，contribute to， thanks to，due to，owning to 等。

5.解釋關(guān)系。解釋關(guān)系指后面的句子對前面的句子作解釋、引申或例證，使意思更加具體。銜接詞有for example，for instance，“take...as an example”等。

6.對比關(guān)系。對比關(guān)系說明前后內(nèi)容的相同之處，可能出現(xiàn)similarly，like 等標志詞；對照關(guān)系則說明前后內(nèi)容的不同之處，標識詞通常有as a contrast，on the contrary，on the one hand...on the other hand 等。

教師在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析句際關(guān)系時，可以通過一些句際關(guān)系的銜接詞，分析這段文字的層次關(guān)系，為了更加直觀的展示層次關(guān)系，可以將文本信息轉(zhuǎn)換成結(jié)構(gòu)圖，旨在幫助學(xué)生弄清楚句與句之間的層次關(guān)系（即：句際關(guān)系）。

例如：（湖南長郡中學(xué)月考二）閱讀理解部分：

Every country has its heroes. The heroes are the people the nation and especially the young people admire. If you get a list of the heroes of a nation, it will tell you the potential of that nation.

If today in America, you ask the high school students to list their heroes, their choice would probably fall into three groups.The first group of heroes would be the rock stars —the people connected with rock music. There is no doubt that such people do have talent but one wonders if one should hold up rock stars as a model. The rock stars too often are involved with drugs and their personal life is not all that good. The rock stars are rich and wear the latest fashion styles. However, one should seek more in a hero than such things as money and good clothes.

A second type of hero for the American youth is the sports star. Again you have a person who has a great ability in one area— SPORTS. However, too often the personal life of the sports star is a bit of a mess. Too frequently drugs and drinking are a part of life of the sports star.

A third type of hero is the TV or movie star. This person may have lots of acting talent and is quite handsome. However,the personal life of too many actors is quite sad and they should not be held up as a model for young people.

Today, the rock star, the athlete and the actor all have become the models of the youth in America. Really, do you hear a young person say that his hero is a doctor, a teacher, or a scientist?These people are not rich and do not wear fashionable clothes.However, they are talented people who work hard to make the world a better place for everyone.

What is really sad is that the young try to imitate their heroes. They like to wear the same clothes and follow their styles.If the heroes of today for the American youngsters are only rock stars, athletes and actors, the future does not look too bright.

1. The hero discussed in this article means a person ______.

A. who has done something brave

B. who plays an important role in a play

C. whom people greatly admire

D. who rides the waves and moves with the tides

2. What is true of the groups mentioned in this article?

A. They are not fright but are good-looking.

B. They are rich but are strict with themselves.

C. They are talented in some area but lead an indecent life.

D. They are perfect in every way.

3. American young people will not admire ______.

A. a university professor

B. a popular singer

C. a football player

D. a film actress

4. According to the writer, people should hold up as their model those______.

A. who are rich and wear the latest fashion clothes

B. whose personal life is good

C. who can express people’s feelings

D. who work in the interests of the people

5. What is the writer’s attitude towards American youth’s admiration for their heroes?

A. He is understanding.

B. He is critical.

C. He is angry.

D. He is uninterested.

教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生梳理本文語篇結(jié)構(gòu)如下：

通過文章的段落層次之間的關(guān)系，以及段落內(nèi)部句際關(guān)系（However表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系）分析得知問題的選項為：CCADB。

（四）引導(dǎo)學(xué)生用篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的整體概念以及句際關(guān)系進行口頭或書面表達練習(xí)。在通過“整體把握篇章結(jié)構(gòu)”“構(gòu)建段落層次關(guān)系”“分析段落內(nèi)部句際關(guān)系”“理解同層次關(guān)系的銜接手段”之后，教師應(yīng)該精心設(shè)計活動，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生運用所學(xué)的句際關(guān)系的知識，形成口頭或筆頭的表達能力，完成完整的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)寫作過程。

例如：人教版必修一第二單元的Warming-up部分，可以讓學(xué)生進行頭腦風(fēng)暴活動，為書面表達部分做鋪墊。

以“Do you think traveling is good for us?”為中心，構(gòu)建語篇結(jié)構(gòu)如下：

運用所學(xué)的句際關(guān)系銜接詞，完成語篇的寫作。這種活動的構(gòu)思有利于激發(fā)學(xué)生參與課堂實踐活動的興趣，并使學(xué)生在語言運用過程中把握篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、理解句際關(guān)系，促進語言知識的內(nèi)化，并提高我們的語言運用能力。

四、結(jié)語

為了更好提高學(xué)生語篇閱讀能力，在教學(xué)過程中，教師要強調(diào)以學(xué)生為主體，鼓勵學(xué)生參與分析、歸納、總結(jié)等過程。此外，教師要注意教學(xué)的趣味性，以多種教學(xué)方式靈活運用篇章結(jié)構(gòu)知識和句際關(guān)系進行文本分析，抓住其整體結(jié)構(gòu)，從而增強學(xué)生的語篇意識，提高學(xué)生閱讀、分析、理解、賞析語篇的能力。

總之，教師要從語篇結(jié)構(gòu)、句際關(guān)系分析的角度出發(fā)，以閱讀教學(xué)為落腳點，將閱讀文本的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、句際關(guān)系分析理論運用于高中英語閱讀教學(xué)，突出閱讀教學(xué)的實踐性。