所有的中國(guó)人都會(huì)功夫嗎？
——中俄青年談“刻板印象”

什么是刻板印象？大概意思是人們對(duì)某個(gè)事物或物體形成的一種概括固定的看法，并把這種看法推而廣之，認(rèn)為這個(gè)事物或者整體都具有該特征。比如中國(guó)人眼中的俄羅斯人：“俄羅斯是戰(zhàn)斗民族？”“俄羅斯的女孩子一結(jié)婚就變胖？”“俄羅斯人都愛喝酒嗎？”……比如俄羅斯人眼中的中國(guó)人：“所有的中國(guó)人都會(huì)功夫？”“中國(guó)人都住在像故宮一樣的建筑里？”“中國(guó)還是那么窮嗎？”“中國(guó)人只吃米飯嗎？”“中國(guó)制造一定意味著不好嗎？”……毛線團(tuán)般的刻板印象，不勝枚舉。本期國(guó)際朋友說攜手“中俄橋”（2015年成立于北京語言大學(xué)，旨在為學(xué)習(xí)中文的俄羅斯學(xué)生與學(xué)習(xí)俄語的中國(guó)學(xué)生搭建文化溝通的橋梁），邀請(qǐng)國(guó)際青年們談?wù)剝煞N文化之間互相的刻板印象。

What is a stereotyped impression? Roughly it means that people have a general and fi xed view about a thing or object and extend it to such an extent as thinking that such a thing or all others like it should have this feature.For example, in the eyes of Chinese, impressions of Russians relate to: "Is Russia is a nation that likes fighting?","Do Russian girls become fat as soon as they get married?" "Are all Russians heavy drinkers?" et cetera. While in the eyes of Russians, impressions of Chinese people relate to: "Can all Chinese people do Kung Fu?" "Do all Chinese people live in buildings like the Forbidden City?" "Is China still very poor?" "Do Chinese people only eat rice? " "Are ‘Made in China’ products bound to be bad quality? "We talk about the stereotyped impressions mutually existing between the two cultures with the China-Russia Bridge,(founded in 2015 at the Beijing Language and Culture University, a platform for cultural communication between Russian students and Chinese students).

主持人 (Host)： 吳星鐸，海龍國(guó)際教育創(chuàng)新研究院研究員，中國(guó)（Wu Xingduo，Researcher of Seadragon Innovation Institute of International Education，China）

中俄橋嘉賓 (Guests from the China-Russia Bridge)：

米沙，北京語言大學(xué)國(guó)際政治專業(yè)留學(xué)生，“中俄橋”創(chuàng)辦人 (Chursin Mikhail: International Student,International Politics, Beijing Language and Culture University, Founder of the China-Russia Bridge)

春海，北京師范大學(xué)國(guó)際漢語教育專業(yè)留學(xué)生 (Marina Uzbekova: International Student, Master of Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages (MTCSOL), Beijing Normal University)

克麗絲，北京語言大學(xué)新聞系留學(xué)生 (Grigoryan: International Student, Journalism, Beijing Language and Culture University)

優(yōu)麗雅，中國(guó)人民大學(xué)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)專業(yè)留學(xué)生 (Yuliya Korkaleva: International Student, World Economics,Renmin University of China)

張婷婷，“中俄橋”中國(guó)成員，曾留學(xué)俄羅斯，目前就讀于吉林大學(xué)東北亞研究院 (Zhang Tingting:one of Chinese members of the China-Russia Bridge; studied in Russia and currently study at Northeast Asian Studies College of Jilin University)

俄羅斯克里姆林宮

中國(guó)的美食VS俄羅斯的酒

春海：我的家人有一個(gè)刻板印象，就是中國(guó)人大部分吃米飯以及一些奇怪的食物，比如蟲子，或是一些奇怪的動(dòng)物和植物，所以我媽媽很擔(dān)心我來中國(guó)以后不好好吃飯。不過我來到中國(guó)之后，我就發(fā)現(xiàn)這是一個(gè)偏見。中國(guó)菜非常豐富，八大菜系，任君挑選，總有一款口味適合你。比如我，特別喜歡吃宮保雞丁、鍋包肉，還有烤串，又便宜又美味。我還發(fā)現(xiàn)中國(guó)美食的一大亮點(diǎn)，就是小吃攤特別多，很方便。

優(yōu)麗雅：我最開始也有這個(gè)偏見，認(rèn)為中國(guó)的飲食比較單一?，F(xiàn)在的我特別喜歡中國(guó)菜。我最喜歡的菜你可能想象不到，是最簡(jiǎn)單的——西紅柿炒雞蛋，現(xiàn)在我自己也會(huì)做這道菜了，有時(shí)候回到俄羅斯也露兩手，父母對(duì)這道菜的評(píng)價(jià)很不錯(cuò)。我還喜歡各種蓋飯，像宮保雞丁蓋飯、地三鮮蓋飯、咖喱雞塊，還有餃子、面食，我都非常喜歡。

主持人：我對(duì)俄羅斯的飲食也有一個(gè)印象，就是覺得俄羅斯人特別能喝酒，尤其是俄羅斯男人酒量大得不得了，頓頓離不了伏特加，是這樣嗎？

Chinese Food vs. Russian Liquor

Marina Uzbekova: My family has a stereotyped impression that most Chinese people eat rice and some weird food, such as insects or some weird animals or plants, so my mother was very worried that I would not have a good meal in China. But after I came to China, I found that this was a stereotype. There is a great variety of Chinese cuisine, so you can choose as you like because there is always one which is just your type. Take myself for example, I particularly like eating kung pao chicken,double cooked pork slices, and kebabs– which are cheap yet yummy.Another highlight of Chinese food is that there are so many snack booths, which is very convenient.

Yuliya Korkaleva: I held a stereotype at first, thinking that Chinese food is relatively plain. Now, I love Chinese food. You probably cannot imagine what my favorite food is - scrambled eggs with tomatoes, and now I can even make it myself. Sometimes I show my culinary skills to my parents when I return to Russia,and they think it amazing. In addition, I like all kinds of donburi,such as donburi with Kung Pao chicken, donburi with fried potato,green pepper and eggplant, and curry chicken, as well as dumplings and noodles. I love all of them very much.

Host: I also have a stereotyped impression about Russian food:I think Russians are heavy drinkers, especially Russian mencannot go without vodka for every meal, isn’t that right?

克麗絲：這是個(gè)典型的刻板印象，絕不是所有人都有好酒量。我身邊的人就不是所有都在喝酒，甚至有人一輩子都不喝酒，當(dāng)然也不是每個(gè)人都喝伏特加，有的人只喝葡萄酒那樣度數(shù)很低的酒。這么說起來，其實(shí)中國(guó)白酒也挺烈的，中國(guó)也有不少酒量好的人，像俄羅斯人喝伏特加一樣，你們也可以大口大口喝茅臺(tái)，不是嗎？

米沙：我自己喝酒就比較少，只是偶爾喝一下紅酒，連白酒都喝不了。但是像西伯利亞人他們喝酒其實(shí)是因?yàn)樘鞖膺^于寒冷，他們喝酒不是為了取樂，是為了保暖，所以從這個(gè)角度來說，他們的酒量是很大，就給人造成了所有俄羅斯人酒量都大的印象。

Grigoryan: That’s a typical stereotyped impression. Absolutely not all of Russians are heavy drinkers. People around me don’t all drink, and some even don’t drink for their whole lives. Of course, not everyone drinks vodka as some people only drink those with low alcoholic strength, such as wine. To put it this way, in fact, Chinese liquor is also very strong, and there are also many heavy drinkers among Chinese. Just like Russians who drink vodka, you will also swig Moutai, isn’t that right?

Chursin Mikhail: I’m a light drinker on my own, but I occasionally drink red wine– and not even white wine. However,the real reason why some people drink liquor, such as Siberians,is that the weather is too cold. They drink not for fun but for warmth. From this perspective, therefore, they are indeed heavy drinkers, which gives an impression that all Russians are heavy drinkers.

功夫高手VS戰(zhàn)斗民族

優(yōu)麗雅：有的刻板印象到了中國(guó)之后就會(huì)自然消失，但是有一點(diǎn)我至今都這么覺得，就是：中國(guó)人都會(huì)功夫。我當(dāng)初是作為交換生來中國(guó)學(xué)語言的，幾乎每天下午都會(huì)去學(xué)太極拳，我當(dāng)時(shí)就認(rèn)為所有中國(guó)人一定從小在體育課上就練太極拳，從小練到大，所以功夫肯定特別厲害。

張婷婷：對(duì)，我在俄羅斯留學(xué)的時(shí)候，也會(huì)被人問“你會(huì)中國(guó)功夫嗎？”我覺得這可能是因?yàn)槔钚↓?、成龍、李連杰、甄子丹等人在國(guó)際上的影響力，給很多人造成了中國(guó)人都會(huì)功夫的印象。

春海：中國(guó)人都會(huì)功夫這一點(diǎn)，的確和中國(guó)的功夫明星分不開。比如我，特別喜歡成龍的電影，幾乎每一部我都看過，當(dāng)然，我看的是俄語版的。我最喜歡的是按照俄語片名翻譯的《喝醉的師父》（主持人笑：是《醉拳》)還有《我是誰》《尖峰時(shí)刻》等。我有一段時(shí)間對(duì)成龍?zhí)貏e迷戀，小時(shí)候甚至想和他結(jié)婚。

主持人：俄羅斯人認(rèn)為中國(guó)人很能打，會(huì)功夫，其實(shí)中國(guó)人提到俄羅斯的時(shí)候總有一個(gè)稱謂叫“戰(zhàn)斗民族”，這是一種善意的調(diào)侃。大家談?wù)?，俄羅斯人真的是“戰(zhàn)斗民族”嗎？

克麗絲：我覺得這一點(diǎn)的確如此。“戰(zhàn)斗民族”這個(gè)特征更多體現(xiàn)在性格方面。在日常生活中，當(dāng)遇到一些特殊情況和困難時(shí)，有的人會(huì)放棄，但我身邊的很多俄羅斯朋友，不管發(fā)生什么也要堅(jiān)持下去，繼續(xù)努力。

米沙：“戰(zhàn)斗民族”稱謂我覺得還蠻有趣。俄羅斯人特別有冒險(xiǎn)精神，他們喜歡做一些極限運(yùn)動(dòng)，不會(huì)特別在乎付出的代價(jià)。我想舉一個(gè)例子，去年的一天，北京霧霾很嚴(yán)重，只有俄羅斯的航空公司以超高的技術(shù)和非凡的膽量降落，當(dāng)你看到所有飛機(jī)都延誤，唯有俄羅斯航空準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)的照片時(shí)，我想你也會(huì)會(huì)心一笑。

Kung Fu Master VS Fighting Nation

Yuliya Korkaleva: Some stereotyped impressions have disappeared naturally since I came to China, but there is one idea I still hold up to now, that is: All Chinese people can do Kung Fu. I originally came to China as an exchange student to learn Chinese, and I learned Tai Chi almost every afternoon. At that time, I believed all Chinese people must practice Tai Chi from a young age during physical education, and that they must be amazingly adept at Kung Fu.

Zhang Tingting: Yes. As a Chinese girl, when I studied in Russia, I was also often asked, "Can you do Chinese Kung Fu?"I think that may be due to the international inf l uence of Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Jet Li, Donnie Yen and others, who have given an impression to many people that all Chinese can do Kung Fu.

Marina Uzbekova: The idea that all Chinese people can do Kung Fu is indeed closely related to Chinese Kung Fu stars.Take myself for example, I’m particularly fond of Jackie Chan’s movies, and have watched almost all his creations – of course,the Russian versions. My favorite, translated in Russian, is Drunken Master (the moderator explained that it was Drunken Monkey in the Tiger's Eyes), and I also like Who Am I?, Rush Hour,and so on. There was a time that I had a crush on Jackie Chen and even wanted to marry him when I was a kid.

Host: Russians think Chinese people are good fighters and Kung Fu masters. Yet,when speaking of Russia, Chinese people always mention an expression: “Fighting Nation”, which is a joke in good faith. Let’s talk about this: is Russian really a “Fighting Nation”?

Grigoryan: I think that’s true. The characterization of “Fighting Nation” is most reflected in the character of Russians. When some special circumstances and difficulties are encountered in everyday life, some people may give up, but many of my Russian friends hold on and keep working hard no matter what happens.

Chursin Mikhail: The so-called “Fighting Nation” is interesting to me. Russians are particularly adventurous and like to do extreme sports without paying much attention to the price theymay pay. Let me give an example. When the smog in Beijing was severe last year, only the Russian flights landed with superb technology and extraordinary courage. When you see that all flights were delayed other than those of the Aeroflot-Russian Airlines which arrived on time, I believe you will also give a knowing smile.

你是古城VS我是熊城

春海：很多俄羅斯人認(rèn)為中國(guó)人特別講究傳統(tǒng)的東西，我們從電視節(jié)目上看到中國(guó)的介紹，以為中國(guó)到處都是故宮那樣的建筑。來北京之前我真的這么以為，我甚至還想象中國(guó)人都穿著歷史劇里那樣的服裝。但是真正到了北京才發(fā)現(xiàn)，這是一個(gè)非常先進(jìn)的大都市，現(xiàn)代建筑物鱗次櫛比，中國(guó)人穿著也很時(shí)尚。還有上海、廣州都是很現(xiàn)代化的都市。

優(yōu)麗雅：來中國(guó)之前，我可能會(huì)認(rèn)為中國(guó)比較窮，中國(guó)的大學(xué)也很簡(jiǎn)陋，但后來證明我這個(gè)刻板印象是完全過時(shí)了。最開始我來中國(guó)旅游，主要在東北，當(dāng)時(shí)去了長(zhǎng)春理工大學(xué)、吉林大學(xué)、東北師范大學(xué)，對(duì)中國(guó)大學(xué)的先進(jìn)留下了深刻印象。后來我來到北京，北京高校林立，清華、北大都是大學(xué)中的佼佼者。目前我就讀于中國(guó)人民大學(xué)，更是對(duì)中國(guó)的大學(xué)嘆為觀止。我感覺中國(guó)大學(xué)就像小城市一樣，所有的設(shè)施應(yīng)有盡有，有商店、圖書館、健身房，還有郵局……我才發(fā)現(xiàn)，中國(guó)的大學(xué)絲毫不比我們俄羅斯的大學(xué)差，有的還更大、更先進(jìn)，根本不是我原先想的樣子。

張婷婷：我這邊也有中國(guó)人對(duì)俄羅斯的一個(gè)刻板印象，就是在俄羅斯，是不是滿大街都是熊？我自己到過俄羅斯，我當(dāng)然知道答案。不過我的確經(jīng)?？吹揭恍┮曨l，比如一個(gè)俄羅斯人開著車帶著熊兜風(fēng)，很多中國(guó)人會(huì)問，熊在俄羅斯真的這么普遍嗎？

克麗絲：我覺得不僅是中國(guó)人，所有國(guó)家的人都覺得俄羅斯到處都可以見到熊，這當(dāng)然是刻板印象，不可能普遍到這個(gè)樣子。

米沙：有一張非常著名的圖片，是普京騎著熊，其實(shí)這當(dāng)然是一張合成的圖片，但是人們覺得有趣，紛紛轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)，就連俄羅斯人都很喜歡這張圖片。雖然，俄羅斯不是遍地都是熊，不過熊的確代表俄羅斯。這跟歷史有關(guān)，沙俄時(shí)期，國(guó)王喜歡養(yǎng)熊，國(guó)外的使節(jié)來到俄國(guó)，少不了會(huì)參觀一下，于是人們就逐漸把熊作為俄羅斯的象征。而且熊的性格似乎也很能代表俄羅斯人的性格，熊很強(qiáng)大，而且勇武好斗，外表兇悍，但有時(shí)候又憨厚可愛。

Ancient City VS Bear City

Marina Uzbekova: Many Russians think that Chinese people pay special attention to traditional things. We watch the introduction of China on television shows and think China is full of buildings like the Forbidden City. Before I came to Beijing,I had really thought so and even imagined the kind of costumes worn by Chinese people in historical TV series. However, when I actually arrived in Beijing, I realized that it is a very advanced metropolis full of modern buildings row upon row and people wearing fashionable clothes. Also, there are other modern cities like Shanghai and Guangzhou.

Yuliya Korkaleva: Before coming to China, perhaps I thought that China was poor and that Chinese universities were shabby,but later it proved that such a stereotyped impression of mine was totally out of date. At first, I came to China for travel,mainly in Northeast China, and when I visited Changchun University of Science and Technology, Jilin University, and Northeast Normal University, it left a deep impression on the advanced level of Chinese universities. Later, I came to Beijing,which has a galaxy of universities led by Tsinghua University and Peking University. Currently, I’m studying at Renmin University of China, and am even more amazed by Chinese universities. It seems to me that a Chinese university is just like a small city that is provided with complete facilities including shops, libraries, gymnasiums, post offices.I realized that Chinese universities are no worse than our Russian ones, and some are even bigger and more advanced, which is not what I originally thought at all.

Zhang Tingting: On my side, there are also Chinese who have a stereotyped impression of Russia, that relates to: “Are bears everywhere in Russia?” I personally went to Russia and of course know the answer. However, I have often watched some videos, such as a Russian driving a car with a bear. Many Chinese people may have this question, are bears really so common in Russia?

Grigoryan: I think not only people from China, but those from the rest of the world, all feel that bears can be seen everywhere in Russia, which is of course a stereotyped impression. It’s impossible that they are so common, but there certainly are bears.

Chursin Mikhail: There was a famous picture of Putin riding a bear, which was of course synthesized, but people found it fun and forwarded it one by one, and even Russians liked it. Though bears are not everywhere in Russia, in fact, they do represent Russia. That's related to the country's history. During the Russo-Russian period, the king loved raising bears and the diplomatic envoys coming to Russia always pay them a visit. So the bear has gradually been considered as a symbol of Russia. Moreover,the bear's character seems to be able to represent the Russian character: it’s powerful, courageous and aggressive, and looks fierce but sometimes clumsy and lovely.

中國(guó)制造VS結(jié)婚變胖

優(yōu)麗雅：我還有個(gè)刻板印象，以前會(huì)認(rèn)為“中國(guó)制造”就意味著便宜、意味著質(zhì)量差。現(xiàn)在我也改變了這個(gè)看法，我覺得用“物美價(jià)廉”形容更好。我現(xiàn)在生活在中國(guó)，經(jīng)常在淘寶買東西，經(jīng)常買一些衣服和包。中國(guó)有一個(gè)說法，叫“一分錢一分貨”，通常來說你買的東西的質(zhì)量和價(jià)格是成正比的。在我看來，“中國(guó)制造”的價(jià)格可能比其他國(guó)家的便宜，但質(zhì)量絲毫不遜色。

春海：比如說我穿的衣服就是“中國(guó)制造”，我認(rèn)為質(zhì)量很好，外觀也不錯(cuò)。我覺得如果你決定買特別便宜的東西，就做好它用不了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的準(zhǔn)備，如果你想要質(zhì)量比較好的東西，當(dāng)然就要買貴一點(diǎn)的。這在哪個(gè)國(guó)家都一樣。

主持人：我想到一個(gè)刻板印象，我一個(gè)朋友曾經(jīng)提到過，俄羅斯的女人年輕時(shí)特別美，特別漂亮，但結(jié)婚之后就會(huì)“嘭”一下，變得特別胖，請(qǐng)問是不是這樣？你們有沒有聽過類似的說法？

米沙：我也聽說過類似這種話，但這肯定是一個(gè)刻板印象。在我看來，其實(shí)對(duì)于所有女孩，到了一定年齡，身材有些改變是非常正常的現(xiàn)象，不是只在俄羅斯有，中國(guó)也有，美國(guó)也有。但不是每個(gè)人都會(huì)變胖，這都是個(gè)例。

克麗絲：為什么很多人都認(rèn)為俄羅斯的女孩一結(jié)婚會(huì)變胖？要知道，俄羅斯是一個(gè)特別大的國(guó)家，有近兩百個(gè)民族，每個(gè)民族都有自己的身材方面的差別。比如西伯利亞地區(qū)的人因?yàn)樘鞖馓?，?huì)經(jīng)常吃油膩的肉儲(chǔ)存脂肪?？赡苋藗儠?huì)把那一部分的俄羅斯女性來概括了所有。

Made in China VS Post-Marriage Fatness

Yuliya Korkaleva: I still have a stereotyped impression. I used to think that "Made in China" meant cheap and inferior. Now I have changed my mind, and I think a better expression should be “cheap and fine.” I live in China now and often buy things on Taobao, like some clothes and bags. There is a saying in China:“You get what you pay for,” which usually means the quality of what you buy is proportional to its price. In my opinion, however,the price of “Made in China” may be lower than that of those made in other countries, but its quality is by no means inferior.

Marina Uzbekova: For example, what I am wearing was made in China, and I think that they have a high quality and nice look. In my opinion, if you decide to buy something particularly cheap, you should be prepared for its short service life; and if you want something better, of course you have to pay more. This truth prevails in all countries.

Host: A stereotyped impression came to my mind, it was told to me by one of my friends. He said that Russian women were particularly beautiful and gorgeous in their youth, but would puff up and become very fat after they got married. Is that the case? Have you ever heard a similar statement?

Chursin Mikhail: I've also heard similar words like that, but it's certainly a stereotyped impression that is actually not the case.In my opinion, in fact, it’s quite natural for all girls to have some changes in their body shape when they reach a certain age. It exists not only in Russia, but also in China and the USA. However,it is not everyone will get fat but there are individual cases.

Grigoryan: Why do so many people think that a Russian girl will get fat once she is married? You know, Russia is a particularly vast country with nearly 200 ethnic groups, each of whom has its own physical differences. For example, people in Siberia often eat greasy meat to store fat because the weather is too cold. It is possible that one would generalize all Russian women with that part.

結(jié)束語

主持人：中俄兩國(guó)山水相依，兩國(guó)人民心心相印。新中國(guó)成立之初，3萬余名蘇聯(lián)專家先后參與援華建設(shè)。改革開放以來，成千上萬俄羅斯專家積極參與中國(guó)改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)事業(yè)。

今天的討論讓我非常感動(dòng)，就是我們都懷著一顆赤誠(chéng)之心，用自己的親身體驗(yàn)，去將這些跨文化交流中不可避免的刻板印象慢慢消融，用一種非常積極樂觀的心態(tài)推動(dòng)著交流。讓我們祝福中俄友誼，地久天長(zhǎng)！

（中文整理：吳星鐸、王兆峰；英文整理：何波；本期合作單位：“中俄橋”《果盆兒嘮》《Tonight三里屯》、海龍國(guó)際教育創(chuàng)新研究院）

Conclusion

Host: China and Russia share common mountains and rivers,and the people of the two countries are closely attached to each other. At the very beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, when the Chinese people needed it most,nearly 30,000 Soviet experts had successively participated in the construction to help China.With the reform and openingup policy, tens of thousands of Russian experts have actively participated in the cause of China's reform, opening up and modernization drive. In today's discussion, I was quite touched by you having a sincere heart to use your own personal experience to slowly melt the inevitable stereotyped impressions in these cross-cultural exchanges and promote exchanges with a very positive and optimistic attitude. May the Sino-Russian friendship last forever.

(Chinese version: Wu Xingduo, Wang Zhaofeng; English version:HeBo.The current cooperating organizations: China-Russia Bridge,Global Loud,Tonight Sanlitun, Seadragon Innovation Institute of International Education.)