為生態(tài)治理插上智能的翅膀

文/吳平

（作者單位：國務(wù)院發(fā)展研究中心資源與環(huán)境政策研究所）

21世紀(jì)以來，以移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、云計(jì)算、大數(shù)據(jù)等為代表的智能化、信息化技術(shù)為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展注入了新的動力。智能技術(shù)是產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級的有力引擎，在加速淘汰低端產(chǎn)業(yè)的同時引導(dǎo)企業(yè)向綠色化生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)型，已成為推進(jìn)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)領(lǐng)域治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化的重要手段。

Since the beginning of the 21st Century, smart technologies on IT represented by mobile internet, cloud computing and big data, etc. has injected new momentum into the global economic development. As powerful engines for industrial transformation and upgrading, smart technologies can guide enterprises to green transformation while accelerating the elimination of low-end industries, thus becoming an important means to promote eco-civilization governance system and modernization of governance capability.

既是“緊箍咒”又是“催化劑”

智能技術(shù)不斷推進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)升級與綠色轉(zhuǎn)型，成為可持續(xù)發(fā)展的強(qiáng)勁動力，對經(jīng)濟(jì)社會生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的全局長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重大的引領(lǐng)帶動作用。

第一，加大監(jiān)控力度，促進(jìn)企業(yè)綠色清潔生產(chǎn)。對于企業(yè)而言，智能技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用，意味著違法排污將被更多雙眼睛盯著、更多“緊箍咒”壓著，排污所付出的代價(jià)將會越來越大。以往污染源在線監(jiān)控的過程中，千奇百怪的造假術(shù)層出不窮：設(shè)法將污水探頭探到的廢水稀釋，或在排放高濃度大劑量的廢水時，將探頭挪放到另一個位置等，造成時空錯位、監(jiān)控失靈。智能技術(shù)的廣度、深度使得造假越發(fā)困難。通過搭載大數(shù)據(jù)模型和物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)，能實(shí)時掌握監(jiān)管區(qū)域內(nèi)各排放企業(yè)的產(chǎn)污、治污、排污情況，并對企業(yè)的排污行為進(jìn)行分析，及時發(fā)現(xiàn)違規(guī)行為并發(fā)出預(yù)警，確定環(huán)保重點(diǎn)監(jiān)管對象?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)信息的公開和透明化，讓資源環(huán)境壓力大的低端產(chǎn)業(yè)捉襟見肘。

第二，智能技術(shù)助推綠色轉(zhuǎn)型。

近年來，逆向物流回收技術(shù)不斷應(yīng)用于環(huán)保領(lǐng)域，為降低處理回收物品的成本，推動資源再生利用開拓了方向。在生活垃圾回收方面，杭州部分城區(qū)開始試點(diǎn)實(shí)行“一戶一碼”，居民在垃圾袋上需粘貼二維碼貼紙，在垃圾房前通過掃描二維碼才能打開相應(yīng)的房門進(jìn)行垃圾投放。在電子電器回收方面，“E環(huán)365”通過搭建廢舊電器電子產(chǎn)品回收服務(wù)信息平臺，為社會提供盤活消費(fèi)者廢棄電器電子資源，促進(jìn)再生資源綜合利用的信息服務(wù)，引導(dǎo)大家自覺將廢舊電子產(chǎn)品送到正規(guī)渠道回收利用。總之，當(dāng)下“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”“人工智能服務(wù)”技術(shù)在“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)”的基礎(chǔ)上，將其用戶端延伸和擴(kuò)展到任何物品與物品之間，通過人與人、人與物、物與物的互聯(lián)，進(jìn)行信息交換，從而解決信息化的智能管理和決策控制問題。

Smart technologies are both inhibitors and catalysts, promoting industrial upgrading and green transformation

As a strong driving force for sustainable development, smart technologies continuously promote industrial upgrading and green transformation and play an important role in the long-term holistic economic, social and ecological development.

Firstly, smart technologies can force companies to produce in a clean and green way as a surveillance tool. The application of smart technologies means that companies who discharge pollutants illegally will be watched by more eyes and be inhibited from discharging at random, so the cost of discharging pollutants will be increasingly high. In the past,polluters used various methods to avoid being detected by online surveillance tools when discharging pollutants. For example, they tried to dilute waste water detected by waste water detectors, or they moved the detectors to another place. Smart technologies make it more and more difficult to tamper with data and advanced information technologies as big data and cloud computing can prevent companies from falsifying data. Regulators can monitor in real time companies regarding their production and pollutant discharge and control through the use of big data models and internet of things and analyze the discharging behaviors of companies, issue early warnings and identify key supervision targets in environmental protection. The openness and transparency of internet information will force low-end enterprises under tremendous environmental pressure to close down.

Secondly, smart technologies help to boost green transformation.

In recent years, reverse logistics recycling technology has been continu-ously applied in the field of environmental protection, which has opened up a new direction for decreasing recycling cost and promoting resource recycling. Regarding domestic garbage collection, a pilot program of “one household, one code” began to be implemented in Hangzhou, east China’s Zhejiang Province. Residents are required to adhere stickers with QR codes to garbage bags and they need to scan the codes so as to open corresponding doors to dispose of the garbage. Regarding recycling of electronic and electrical products, E-ring 365 establishes an information platform for recycling the waste products, providing information services to promote comprehensive utilization of resources and encouraging everyone to send waste products to regular recycling channels. In all, on the basis of internet technologies, technologies such as IOT and AI help to conduct exchanges of information between people and people,between people and things and between things and things through extending and expanding the recycling chains so as to resolve issues like information-related smart management, decision making and control.

既是“千里眼”又是“智囊團(tuán)”

智能技術(shù)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時、海量監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)和準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測預(yù)警，促進(jìn)了決策的科學(xué)化。

第一，智能技術(shù)助力精準(zhǔn)監(jiān)測、預(yù)報(bào)預(yù)警。隨著對環(huán)境監(jiān)測、預(yù)警重視程度的不斷提高，我國已形成了國家、省、市、縣4級環(huán)境監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)，目前已有國控的空氣質(zhì)量監(jiān)測網(wǎng)站1400多個。海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境監(jiān)測工作開展了管轄海域海水質(zhì)量、沉積物質(zhì)量、生物多樣性狀況趨勢監(jiān)測，全方位跟蹤海洋生態(tài)變化動態(tài)。智能技術(shù)的動態(tài)綜合運(yùn)用，顯著提高了環(huán)境預(yù)報(bào)預(yù)警的準(zhǔn)度和精度，使得環(huán)境監(jiān)測網(wǎng)的覆蓋范圍不斷擴(kuò)大，監(jiān)測內(nèi)容更加豐富細(xì)致，監(jiān)測能力與預(yù)警能力都大幅提升。在季風(fēng)作用下，新加坡的煙霾常常受到其他地區(qū)的影響，為此新加坡牽頭開發(fā)了東南亞國家聯(lián)盟區(qū)域煙霾預(yù)警系統(tǒng)。這一預(yù)警系統(tǒng)基于衛(wèi)星成像等智能技術(shù)，能夠及時發(fā)現(xiàn)林火并準(zhǔn)確定位，為預(yù)測煙霾發(fā)生提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。

Smart Technologies are both telescopes and think-tanks for accurate surveillance and scientific decision making.

Through real-time and massive surveillance data and accurate forecast and early warning, smart technologies can promote intelligent and efficient government management and scientific decision making.

Firstly, smart technologies boost accurate surveillance, forecast and early warning. With increasing attention to environmental surveillance and early warning, China has set up a four-tier environmental surveillance network at the levels of state, province, city and county. So far over 1,400 air quality surveillance sites have been established. Regarding maritime eco-environment surveillance, surveillance of sea water quality, sediment quality, bio-diversity trends have been carried out so as to comprehensively monitor maritime ecological changes. Dynamic application of smart technologies has remarkably improved the accuracy of environmental forecast and early warning, expanded the coverage of environmental surveillance network, enriched the surveillance content and enhanced the capability of surveillance and early warning. Smaze in Singapore is often affected by other regions due to monsoon, so Singapore plays a leading role in jointly developing a smaze early warning system for ASIAN region. Based on satellite imaging and other smart technologies, this early warning system can detect forest fires in time and conduct accurate positioning, which can provide scientific evidence on the forecast of smaze.Secondly, environmental protection data support scientific decision making. Environmental data are an important means to improve the level of environmental information management in China. Big data can correlate seemingly unrelated and fragmented information for analysis in the context of environmental management so as to find trends, identify problems and grasp the laws, so data become the basis for decision making, which can help to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of ecological governance and improve the quality of government management decisions.

第二，環(huán)保大數(shù)據(jù)支撐科學(xué)決策。環(huán)保大數(shù)據(jù)是提高我國環(huán)境管理信息化水平的重要手段，利用大數(shù)據(jù)技術(shù)能夠?qū)Νh(huán)境管理中看似毫無關(guān)聯(lián)的碎片化信息進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)分析，從中發(fā)現(xiàn)趨勢、找準(zhǔn)問題、把握規(guī)律，實(shí)現(xiàn)“用數(shù)據(jù)決策”，有助于增強(qiáng)生態(tài)治理的精準(zhǔn)性和有效性，提高政府管理決策的水平。

既是“萬花筒”又是“傳聲筒”

公眾的參與是生態(tài)治理的有力保障。智能技術(shù)的發(fā)展有利于公眾及時獲取環(huán)境信息，為全民參與生態(tài)治理決策、監(jiān)督生態(tài)治理效果提供了便利。

第一，打造多元化平臺，增強(qiáng)環(huán)境信息可得性。環(huán)境與公眾的切身利益息息相關(guān)，以往公眾不是不愿意參與生態(tài)治理，而是受到環(huán)境信息條件的限制無法有效參與。環(huán)境信息披露的全面性和真實(shí)性常常難以保證。目前，國家重點(diǎn)監(jiān)控的企業(yè)都有在線監(jiān)測設(shè)備與環(huán)保部門聯(lián)網(wǎng)，而且環(huán)保部門還會進(jìn)行每季度一次的監(jiān)督性監(jiān)測并公布。從2015年起，全國338個地級及以上城市空氣質(zhì)量監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了實(shí)時發(fā)布全覆蓋，所有數(shù)據(jù)在環(huán)保部的網(wǎng)站上均可查詢。一些社會環(huán)保組織也開始使用移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)推進(jìn)環(huán)境信息的公開，如北京公眾環(huán)境研究中心開發(fā)的“蔚藍(lán)地圖”，通過APP、網(wǎng)站等途徑，除了展示全國各地公布的空氣、江河質(zhì)量，還包括企業(yè)最新排放數(shù)據(jù)。通過移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)應(yīng)用軟件隨時查詢PM2.5濃度等空氣質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)，已成為很多老百姓的生活習(xí)慣。環(huán)境信息的公開使得公眾可以隨時隨地獲取環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)，為公眾的知情參與提供了必要支持。

As both “kaleidoscopes” and “microphones”, smart technologies ensure information disclosure and public participation.

Public participation is a strong guarantee of ecological governance. The development of smart technologies is conducive to the public access to environmental information in a timely manner, facilitating public participation in ecological governance decision making and supervision of ecological governance effects.

Firstly, smart technologies help to build a diversified platform and enhance the availability of environmental information. Environment and the public’s vital interests are closely related. It is not the case that the public did not want to be involved in ecological governance in the past, but they could not actively participated because of limitations of environmental information technologies. The comprehensiveness and authenticity of environmental information disclosure is often difficult to guarantee. At present, enterprises under close state surveillance are connected online with environmental protection departments and these departments conduct supervisory surveillance quarterly and disclose the information to the public. Since 2015, air quality surveillance data have been released real time in 338 cities of China and all the data can be viewed in the website of Ministry of Environmental Protection. Some non-governmental environmental protection organizations also began to use mobile internet technologies to promote environmental information disclosure. For example, “Blue Map” developed by Beijing Public Environment Research Center can display not only information on the quality of air and rivers released by local authorities in China, but also the latest discharge data of enterprises via APP, website and other channels.Mobile in ternet software tools can also be used to check air quality data including PM 2.5 any time, which has become the habits of the public.The disclosure of environmental information allows the public to access environmental data anytime, anywhere and provides the necessary support for informed participation of the public.

第二，創(chuàng)設(shè)多樣化渠道，激發(fā)公眾參與熱情。新媒體的興起，特別是微博、微信等新興社交媒體的普及，使公眾監(jiān)督權(quán)利的行使更為靈活和便利，為公眾參與生態(tài)治理提供了更即時的渠道和更廣闊的平臺。“人人都是觀察員，人人都是監(jiān)督員，人人都是環(huán)保員”的理念逐漸成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。各種環(huán)保微公益活動在社會化新媒體中得以廣泛嘗試，例如“隨手拍家鄉(xiāng)污染”“隨手拍黑煙囪”等活動在微博中成為熱門話題，喚醒了公眾的監(jiān)督意識，使公眾參與生態(tài)治理的熱情高漲。

（作者單位：國務(wù)院發(fā)展研究中心資源與環(huán)境政策研究所）

Secondly, the creation of diversified channels have been created to stimulate enthusiasm of public participation. The rise of new media, especially microblog, WeChat and other popular social media, helps the public to exercise their rights of supervision more flexibly and conveniently and provides real time channels and broader platforms for the public to get involved in ecological governance. The concept of everyone being an observer, supervisor and environmental protector has become a reality.A variety of public interest micro projects in environmental protection have been carried out in new media. For example, Snapshots on Pollution in My Hometown, Snapshots on Black Chimneys and other activities have become hot topics in microblog, raising public awareness on supervision and stimulating public enthusiasm in participating in ecological governance.