東西園

（美）喬治·哈格里夫斯

1 花園設(shè)計(jì)概念“東西園”The garden concept: East and West

2 花園分區(qū)象征了中美共有的植物耐寒區(qū)The Garden Zones represent the common plant hardiness zones in China and US

世界上近1/8的植物（約31 000種獨(dú)特物種）都起源于中國(guó)。在過(guò)去的幾千年里，它們中的大多數(shù)被出口到世界上其他（生境）相似的地區(qū)進(jìn)行培育，經(jīng)由人為力量完成了全球大遷徙。因此，從常見(jiàn)的城市植物種類(lèi)的角度看，世界上很多國(guó)家和地區(qū)都與中國(guó)有著內(nèi)在的地理—空間聯(lián)系。這一現(xiàn)象在美國(guó)尤為明顯，如今，美國(guó)各地的公共空間和私家花園里的許多常見(jiàn)植物都產(chǎn)自中國(guó)。例如，在舊金山人們經(jīng)常可以看到為人行道提供遮陰的銀杏（Ginkgo biloba）或榔榆（Ulmus parvifolia），以及雞爪槭（Acer palmatum）、丁香屬灌木（Syringasp.）、薔薇科栒子屬的地被植物（Cotoneastersp.）和鼠尾草屬的宿根植物（Salviasp.）。在美國(guó)各地（和其他地區(qū)）設(shè)計(jì)和建造公園的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)為我們提供了一種獨(dú)特的視角去看待這一反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的主題。這個(gè)看似不為人知的園藝故事，也是哈格里夫斯事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)的創(chuàng)意花園—“東西園”—試圖去探索的。

植物耐寒區(qū)（plant hardiness zones）通常指植物能夠生存、生長(zhǎng)的地理區(qū)域。它受到當(dāng)?shù)貧夂颉⑻鞖饽Ｊ胶秃Ｆ矫娴纫蛩氐挠绊?。通過(guò)對(duì)中國(guó)與美國(guó)植物耐寒區(qū)異同的一系列研究，可以明顯發(fā)現(xiàn)中國(guó)除了在熱帶區(qū)域的跨度更大以外，兩國(guó)植物耐寒區(qū)分布相似，這為中國(guó)植物在美國(guó)繁殖擴(kuò)散提供了可能。

在2019北京世界園藝博覽會(huì)的創(chuàng)意展園設(shè)計(jì)中，我們將2 030m2的花園劃分為4個(gè)相互交織的“花園區(qū)”，每個(gè)區(qū)域都代表了一個(gè)中國(guó)與美國(guó)共有的植物耐寒區(qū)。一條條整齊修剪的密植綠籬分隔和界定了每一個(gè)花園區(qū)，綠籬的曲線在微觀層面上象征性地模擬了宏觀真實(shí)世界中植物耐寒區(qū)的分界線。通過(guò)用同一種綠籬貫穿整個(gè)花園，使綠籬成為中性元素，綠籬之間的環(huán)境成為視覺(jué)焦點(diǎn)。每個(gè)花園里的植物都取樣自由中國(guó)“遷徙”至美國(guó)的植物，并被分別種植在對(duì)應(yīng)的象征性的植物耐寒區(qū)里。當(dāng)穿行在整個(gè)花園中時(shí)，會(huì)感受到強(qiáng)烈的視覺(jué)對(duì)比和戲劇般的沖突體驗(yàn)。

每個(gè)花園區(qū)內(nèi)，都包含3種不同的種植元素：點(diǎn)、線、面。寬度不盡相同的線狀種植由灌木和地被植物組成。面狀元素則是由花崗巖條帶圍合而成的質(zhì)感細(xì)膩的大型灌木。點(diǎn)狀元素藉由孤植的大型灌木或叢生小喬木來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)空間?；▓@中所有的植物都來(lái)源于中國(guó)，同一物種均種植在同一組團(tuán)。通過(guò)這種方式，每個(gè)花園區(qū)都解構(gòu)了一種中國(guó)的生境類(lèi)型，同時(shí)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)也呼應(yīng)了美國(guó)的植物耐寒區(qū)。區(qū)域1創(chuàng)建了代表平原和灌木林生態(tài)類(lèi)型的環(huán)境，區(qū)域2代表山地森林區(qū)，區(qū)域3代表草地生境，區(qū)域4代表濕地。下文將詳細(xì)介紹每個(gè)分區(qū)的種植初步設(shè)計(jì)。

區(qū)域1的“平原和灌木林”由對(duì)比強(qiáng)烈的花卉條帶和綠色的“點(diǎn)”“面”構(gòu)成，其中，花卉條帶象征了在平原和灌木林地區(qū)傳統(tǒng)的人工防風(fēng)林帶。條帶的高度和色彩富于變化：紫色的香薷屬植物（Elshotziasp.）向上生長(zhǎng)，黃色的棣棠（Kerria japonica）濃密飽滿，白色的落新婦‘奇幻’（Astilbe arendsii‘Astary’）像漂浮的氣球。它們是如此耀眼，即使有一些大型植物（點(diǎn)、面）阻隔視線，也能吸引穿越花園的目光。

質(zhì)感和季節(jié)變化是區(qū)域2的重點(diǎn)，表現(xiàn)了在山地環(huán)境中的闊葉植物的景象。枝葉濃密的偃松（Pinus pumila）充當(dāng)“面”，生長(zhǎng)于多刺的木樨屬（Osmanthussp.）、大明竹屬（Pleioblastussp.）、野扇花屬（Sarcococcasp.）植物，及暗色調(diào)的葉形修長(zhǎng)的沿階草（Ophiopogon planiscapus‘Nigrescens’）之間。在“線”“面”之上，開(kāi)花優(yōu)雅而壯觀的猬實(shí)（Kolkwitzia amabilis）成為焦點(diǎn)，就像山坡上一處自然的點(diǎn)綴。

在區(qū)域3，顏色和氣味刺激著來(lái)訪者的感官。觀賞草和野花組成了“線”和“面”，就像在自然界的草地中一樣。不同的“線”和“面”互相獨(dú)立，每條“線”或每個(gè)“面”都只種植一種植物，分別展示野花草地生境中的不同元素。帶有香味的野棉花（Anemone hupehensis）、花朵尺寸和質(zhì)感對(duì)比明顯的鳶尾屬植物（Irissp.）和紫花唐松草（Thalictrum rochebrunianum）集中種植在小徑旁邊，營(yíng)造了獨(dú)特的花園互動(dòng)體驗(yàn)。

3 平面圖Site Plan

4 鳥(niǎo)瞰圖Bird eye view

區(qū)域4展示了潮濕的熱帶濕地，特別是那些綠的像要溢出的草本植物。芒屬植物和蘆葦生得高大，在區(qū)域3就能被（遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)）看到，吸引著人們前來(lái)探索的好奇。深紅色的白茅（Imperata cylindrica‘Rubra’）在苔草屬（Carexsp.）和菖蒲屬（Acorussp.）植物之間閃耀，讓人在外面的創(chuàng)意花園廣場(chǎng)上就能看見(jiàn)。包括斑葉芒（Miscanthus sinensis‘Zebrinus’）在內(nèi)的這些植物的顏色和質(zhì)感的碰撞，鼓勵(lì)人們前來(lái)探索東西園。

與植物變化相呼應(yīng)的是4個(gè)花園區(qū)相互間的高差為0.15m（大約是一個(gè)臺(tái)階的高度），這是從世界各地普遍存在的植物耐寒帶隨海拔高度變化的現(xiàn)象中獲得的靈感。當(dāng)高度一致的綠籬和每片花園區(qū)域邊緣的階梯地形相結(jié)合時(shí)，會(huì)營(yíng)造出一種獨(dú)特的視覺(jué)效果：前方總是開(kāi)放的，而后方總是圍合的，從而激發(fā)（訪客的）好奇心與探索欲。

緊靠樹(shù)籬的坐凳既迎合了臺(tái)地地形，又在所有邊緣提供了連續(xù)的休憩空間，讓游人可以自由選擇他們喜歡的位置休憩與放松。坐凳由大地色調(diào)的耐候鋼支撐，頂部由橫向木條構(gòu)成，強(qiáng)調(diào)了花園區(qū)和綠籬的曲線形態(tài)。坐凳的局部設(shè)置靠背，為老年人提供了和朋友、家人一起休憩的舒適空間。

在花園中，路徑系統(tǒng)劃分了不同種類(lèi)的可達(dá)空間以及與之配合的游覽體驗(yàn)。一條由花崗巖鋪砌而成的規(guī)整而寬闊的散步道沿著花園2個(gè)方向的邊界延伸。在這里，長(zhǎng)木凳掩映在濃密的樹(shù)蔭下，這是花園中僅有的喬木。散步道提供了充足的寬度，使不同規(guī)模的團(tuán)體都能在此活動(dòng)，為社交創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)平臺(tái)。在這里，人們還可以俯瞰各個(gè)花園區(qū)，并在局部地區(qū)觀賞到優(yōu)雅的曲線綠籬之間的視覺(jué)通廊。在花園中，多條礫石鋪就的小徑滲透其中，讓參觀者通過(guò)看、聽(tīng)、聞與植物充分互動(dòng)，得到充分的互動(dòng)體驗(yàn)。在花園里有5處坐凳表面向下延伸而綠籬墻垂直向上，這打破了連續(xù)的視線，暴露出傾斜的橢圓形開(kāi)口，引導(dǎo)游客在這里從一個(gè)花園區(qū)穿越到另一個(gè)花園區(qū)，就像穿越到另一個(gè)世界的門(mén)。

每當(dāng)夕陽(yáng)西下，暮色漸沉，景觀燈就相繼亮起，照亮每個(gè)花園區(qū)的獨(dú)特種植元素。在區(qū)域1，隨機(jī)布置的條形燈由下至上照亮了花卉條帶。在區(qū)域2的“山地森林區(qū)”，點(diǎn)狀射燈照亮了有明顯季相變化的大型灌木。在草地生境區(qū)，小型草坪燈被隨機(jī)安排在組團(tuán)狀的草地植物中，照亮那些盛開(kāi)的宿根花卉，并營(yíng)造了一種行走于螢火蟲(chóng)間的氛圍。

在整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)中，細(xì)節(jié)的改進(jìn)和材料的運(yùn)用也極受重視。切割整齊的花崗巖石板同園路、植物組團(tuán)一起限定了整個(gè)花園的邊界。而在花園內(nèi)部，花崗巖石板僅在綠籬開(kāi)洞處出現(xiàn)。在花崗巖限定的框架內(nèi)部，顏色鮮亮的木坐凳、沿花園外圍布置的條狀坐凳以及坐凳下方的耐候鋼也在各個(gè)環(huán)境中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。連貫的花崗巖、木材和耐候鋼，同每個(gè)區(qū)域的植物一起營(yíng)造了一種獨(dú)特而永恒的場(chǎng)所感。

東西園揭露了大多數(shù)人不熟悉甚至聞所未聞的中美兩國(guó)間的園藝聯(lián)系。從這個(gè)意義上講，在花園里漫步的體驗(yàn)不僅試圖喚起人們對(duì)園藝學(xué)新的認(rèn)識(shí)，更是激發(fā)一種未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的自由的想象。這個(gè)花園是為夢(mèng)想家設(shè)計(jì)的。你可以對(duì)這個(gè)花園和里面的植物產(chǎn)生無(wú)限遐想；你可以想象著植物從東方遷徙至西方的漫長(zhǎng)旅程，乃至在全球環(huán)境中中國(guó)和北美之間其他千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系；你可以想象著孩子們?cè)诨▓@中學(xué)習(xí)，或者是簡(jiǎn)單地享受盛開(kāi)的花朵的美麗和芬芳；你可以在花園里夢(mèng)想，甚至你會(huì)在離開(kāi)后還會(huì)夢(mèng)見(jiàn)這座花園。

在2019年北京世界園藝博覽會(huì)上，我們很高興在我們的小花園“東西園”中分享我們對(duì)這種令人驚嘆的園藝故事的理解，我們期待著和你一起體驗(yàn)和逐夢(mèng)。

（編輯/王一蘭）

花園名稱：東西園

設(shè)計(jì)單位：哈格里夫斯事務(wù)所

項(xiàng)目名稱：2019年北京世界園藝博覽會(huì)創(chuàng)意展園D32地塊

項(xiàng)目地點(diǎn)：中國(guó)，北京，延慶

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間：2017.9—2017.12

建造時(shí)間：2018

建設(shè)面積：2 030m2

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)：?jiǎn)讨巍す窭锓蛩?，米斯蒂·馬奇，馬特·佩羅托

翻譯：韓婕玉

校對(duì)：張博雅

5 花園概念剖面Diagrammatic Section

6 花園植物構(gòu)成：每個(gè)分區(qū)代表一個(gè)植物耐寒區(qū)The composition of plantings in garden: each garden zone represents a plant hardiness zone in real world

Nearly one eighth of the worlds plants (roughly 31,000 unique species) are native to China. Over the past few millennia, many of these species have undergone a global migration from the exportation to - and cultivation in, other similar regions of the world. In this way, many places have an underlying geo-spatial relationship with China, regarding prevalent plant species in local urban ecology and public spaces. This is especially true in the United States where, throughout the country, a wide variety of the plant species commonly planted in public and private landscapes are native to China. On any given day in San Francisco for example, it is common to seeGinkgobilobaorUlmus parvifoliatrees shading sidewalks, andAcer palmatumtrees, a variety ofSyringaspp.shrubs,Cotoneasterspp.groundcovers,andSalviaspp. perennials in parks and openspaces.Designing and implementing landscapes throughout the United States (and internationally) has provided us with a unique insight towards this reoccurring theme, and it is this seemingly untold horticultural story that Hargreaves Associates’ creative garden EAST AND WEST seeks to explore.

Commonly used to spatially define the geographic areas where individual plant species survive and/or thrive, plant hardiness zones are in fluenced by factors such as local climate, weather patterns, and height above sea level. After a series of mapping exercises to understand the commonalities between China and the United States, it was evident that while China experiences a greater range in tropical extremes, both countries share a similar range in plant hardiness zones, thus allowing for the proliferation of Chinese plants in the United States.

7 、8 效果圖Renderings

The design for the 2,030m2garden plot at the International Horticultural Exhibition 2019, divides the site into four weaving and intersecting “Garden Zones”, each representing one of these shared hardiness zones. Densely planted topiary hedge rows both separate and define each of the Garden Zones. The curvilinear hedge row geometries signify a micro interpretation of the seemingly free flowing organic nature of the macro hardiness zones in the real world, and their neutral character draws visual emphasis on the environments within. Each Garden Zone is comprised of plantings which represent a small sample of the migrated species from China to the United States, and also grow in the respective plant hardiness zone, creating a visual contrast and a dramatically different experiential character as you move through the design.

Within each of the Garden Zones, the planted areas contain three distinct planting elements; bars, clouds, and accents. The bars are comprised of rows of varying widths that are planted with individual shrub and groundcover species,the fine textured clouds contain larger sized shrubs edged with granite curbs, and the accents punctuate the spaces with the largest, individually planted specimen shrubs species. By planting these elements as groups of the same species, each of the Garden Zones display plants native to China in a method that deconstructs one of China’s various ecotypes, while at the same time compositionally maintaining a setting that might also be found in the United States—Zone 1 creates an environment representative of a Plains and Shrubland ecotype, Zone 2 becomes Montane, Zone 3 as Wild Meadows, and Zone 4 as Wetlands. The following paragraphs describe the preliminary planting design within each zone in more detail.

Zone 1’s plains and shrubland is de fined by the contrast of the flowing bar species meant to represent the traditional monocultured rows of windbreaks, with the woody green cloud and accent plantings. The varied height and brightly colored linear bars—the violet vertical stature of theElsholtziasp. and the dense circular yellowKerria japonicaagainst the floating white blooms of theAstilbe arendsii‘Astary’—draw the eye across the full length of the garden whilst the layering of the foliage-rich clouds and accents plantings both impede and separate to enable such views.

Texture and seasonality are brought forth in the plantings of Zone 2,representing the visual character of succulent type species that grow in the rugged environmental conditions of the montane. The dense evergreenPinus pumilacloud plantings lie amongst the parallel bars of pricklyOsmanthussp.,Pleioblastussp.,andSarcococcasp., juxtaposed by the dark hues of theOphiopogon planiscapus‘Nigrescens’s long grassy blades. Sitting above the bars and clouds, the large graceful blooms of theKolkwitzia amabilisaccent specimens become the focus, as if highlighting the natural speckling of hill and mountain slopes.

Color and Smell engage the senses of Zone 3 garden explorers. Just as in natural wild meadows, ornamental grasses and wildflowers make up both the bar and cloud planting elements. The monocultured arrangements of the bar and clouds create groupings of single species as if displaying a separation of the individual wild meadow ecotype components. When adjacent to walkways, the groupings of species allow for focused scents like those of theAnemone hupehensisand the touch of the varying sized blooms of theIris’s against theThalictrum rochebrunianum, to create a unique source of interaction with the garden.

The textures of Zone 4 represent the saturated grasses of tropical humid Wetlands. Spreads of large reeds and sedge typeMiscanthussp. are visible from within the Wild Meadows of Zone 3 and create a sense of curiosity to discover what lies beyond. Viewed from the adjacent Creative Gardens Plaza to the west, the deep red color of theImperata cylindrica‘Rubra’ are sprinkled throughout the emergentCarexsp. andAcorussp. that line the upper wetland shelf. Engaged by this play on color in combination with the textures of theMiscanthus sinensis‘Zebrinus’, visitors in the Creative Gardens Plaza are encouraged to enter and explore the East and West garden further.

Complimenting the varied planting selection, each of the four Garden Zones terrace in height by 0.15m (approximately the height of one step tread),drawing inspiration from the stepped gradient in elevation above sea level typically experienced among plant hardiness zones globally. The consistent height of the hedge rows creates a unique eyelevel datum that when combined with the stepping topography at the edge of each Garden Zone, provides a feeling of openness to the garden in front and enclosure behind, encouraging a sense of curiosity to explore and discover.

9～11 效果圖Renderings

Seatwalls adjacent to the hedge rows both retain the terracing topography and provide a consistent seating element along their full length, allowing garden explorers the freedom to find their own place to sit and unwind. The top of the seatwalls are made of lateral wood slats that emphasizes the curvature of the Garden Zones and hedge rows, and sit above a corten steel base of earthy color tones. Segments of the seatwalls have backrests of consistent materials that allow the elderly a comfortable place to relax with friends, family, and loved ones.

A hierarchy of paths delineate the various types of accessible spaces and associated experiences within the garden. A wide formalized promenade constructed of granite pavers extends along two sides of the garden perimeter where long wood slat benches lie beneath substantial shade trees.The promenade’s generous width has a capacity for both large and small groups, creating a forum for socializing while providing vantage points which overlook the terraced layering of the Garden Zones,and create rare moments where view corridors open from between the gracefully curving hedge rows.Within the garden, a network of informal paths made of decomposed granite permeate through the garden,allowing visitors to see, smell, and touch the plantings in a fully interactive experience. At five moments within the garden the seatwalls push downward and the hedge rows stretch vertically upward, breaking away from their consistent eyelevel height, to expose tilted elliptical openings which enable garden goers to move from one Garden Zone to another—an experience as if entering a gateway to another world.

As the sun goes down and the day turns to dusk, landscape lighting illuminates the different planting character elements that uniquely define each Garden Zone. In Zone 1, randomly spaced strip-lights highlight the foliage of the flowering bar plantings from below. In Zone 2’s Montane,the seasonal interest accent plantings are lit by spot up-lights. And in the Wild Meadows of Zone 3,small post-top lights are randomly hidden within the meadow plantings of the clouds, illuminating the grasses and perennials in bloom and creating a sense of walking amongst fire fly’s.

Much attention has been given to the re finement of details and the distribution of materials throughout the design. In addition to the formal pathway and the cloud planting edging, wide architecturally cut granite slabs frame the entire garden—a feature only reoccurring within as the single step tread below the hedge openings. Richly colored wood slats form the top of the seatwalls and the linear benches along the garden perimeter, and the rusted corten steel facing beneath each is also repeated below the granite slab frames in their own condition. In combination with the array of plantings in each Garden Zone, the consistent use of granite, wood, and corten steel creates a unique sense of place and a timelessness like no other.

EAST AND WEST exposes the horticultural relationship between two nations that is most often forgotten, and unknown to many. In this sense,the experience of walking through the garden is intended to evoke not just a new understanding about horticulture, but an unfound freedom to imagine. The garden is for dreamers; you can dream about the garden and the plants within; you can dream about the migration of plants from the East to the West, or the many other ways that the global environment might relate between China and North America; you can dream about your children learning in the garden, or simply enjoying the beauty and fragrances of the flowers in bloom. You can dream while you’re in the garden, and you’ll even dream about the garden once you’ve left.

We are excited to share our interpretation of this amazing horticultural phenomenon in our small garden design EAST AND WEST at the International Horticultural Exhibition 2019, Beijing, and we look forward to experiencing and dreaming with you.