新絲綢之路

（英）詹姆斯·希契莫夫 （英）湯姆·斯圖爾特-史密斯

我們此次設(shè)計的靈感源自絲綢之路，由東向西穿過中國干燥的中部草原。在整體布局上我們采用林地包圍林間花草甸的形式，以此營造一種相對獨立于世園會園區(qū)內(nèi)其他展園的感覺，使展園內(nèi)外的視覺語言互不干擾。訪客須經(jīng)過由林地構(gòu)成的花園外殼才能逐漸接近，并最終進入花園內(nèi)部核心，這樣的體驗過程會給內(nèi)部核心花園一種更強的存在感和抵達感。 我們認為，在大型世園會的規(guī)模下，能不時讓訪客感到別有洞天、有近距離接觸的體驗是很重要的，這一要求已在我們的提案中得到解決。

被樹林包圍的中央開闊區(qū)域是一片特色干草原花草甸，遠端是一個大型的結(jié)構(gòu)，既像帳篷又像大樹，俯瞰整個園內(nèi)空間。 這個帳篷將由竹子制成，為花園提供陰涼的休息區(qū)域。

1 人視手繪草圖Hand Sketch Ground View

2 平面圖Main Plan keys

3 平面功能分區(qū)Plan Function Zones

彎曲的混凝土墻半圍合心形的花園內(nèi)部。墻壁不僅隔離了園外空間，并為放置在其前面的長彎曲座椅隔離出供游客觀賞園景的空間。彎曲的墻壁隨著時間變化將在花園內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)光怪陸離的陰影圖案。在花園的入口處，還會有許多精細加工的柱子。從某些角度望去，這些柱子似乎是隨機安排的，從其他角度看，它們將會是規(guī)整對齊的。我們希望通過這些柱子使得人為構(gòu)筑物在排布與制作上更為精細準(zhǔn)確，并與植被的自然形態(tài)與質(zhì)感形成非常強烈的對比。

花園的外圍部分在視覺上將更為安靜，宛如在真的樹林里一樣。亮點是植物間微妙的紋理對比，以及墻壁、柱子、路徑等構(gòu)筑物和植被之間的對比。中心區(qū)域的干草甸草花群落將是沒有任何構(gòu)筑物的開闊區(qū)域。相比林地，草花群落將有更多色彩及干草甸的特質(zhì)。干草甸草花群落的邊緣會散布一些林地邊緣的灌木及高大的草本植物，表明2種棲息地相互融合，并不完全分開。

我們看到花園的主要入口路徑約為4m寬，由固定的礫石或小方石組成。 隨著道路分叉，越變越窄的同時也給游客提供了更多游覽花園的路徑選擇。這條路徑在材質(zhì)上與其他路徑和帳篷所在的露臺形成對比。其余路徑和露臺由另一種石頭制成，比墻壁的混凝土顏色暗一些。 我們看到的彎曲座椅是由與墻壁相同的預(yù)制混凝土制成。

我們設(shè)想用原竹建造這個帳篷結(jié)構(gòu)，并希望能夠通過巧妙設(shè)計避免使用任何鋼構(gòu)件。這個帳篷基于這樣一個立意：人們相遇聚集的地方，也是無機的人工構(gòu)筑物和有機的植被相遇、融合的地方。所以帳篷在形態(tài)和材料上為不規(guī)則的有機體，同時又被精確地設(shè)計建造，以此表現(xiàn)有機和無機在花園中可調(diào)合地互依共存。這個結(jié)構(gòu)在草原上還起著遮陽作用。它的大型屋面將用于雨水收集。我們正在考慮這種可能性：收集的雨水被過濾和滅菌，在炎熱的夏季以水霧形式周期性地從樹冠周圍噴出，給游客降溫。帳篷底下及周圍的露臺比草甸地面高約450mm，從露臺通過臺階或舒緩的坡道可抵達花園的主要部分。露臺和草甸間有3級很寬的臺階，暗示這并非讓游客走進草甸，而是引導(dǎo)大家自由坐在臺階上，從近處欣賞干草甸草花的區(qū)域。

我們試圖展示如何在人為改造自然景觀后，通過重塑和培育，使新的景觀能滿足人與自然和諧共存。 人為干預(yù)的規(guī)模越大，越需要我們加強對受影響地區(qū)景觀特征的關(guān)注。 所以重點在于，如何將植物種得渾然天成，沒有人工的痕跡。 要做到這一點難度是相當(dāng)大的。

花園的植被是基于植物群落的概念設(shè)計的。 這些設(shè)計反映了植物在自然棲息環(huán)境的組合方式。在我們的花園里有5個專門營造的棲息環(huán)境類型：林地冠層、耐陰且耐旱的林下草本植物群落、耐陰/耐陽林地邊緣草本植物群落、可承受季節(jié)性干濕變化的排水洼地植物群落、全陽條件下耐旱干草甸植物群落。經(jīng)過精心選擇的植物列表包含能適應(yīng)以上各種特定棲息環(huán)境的物種。 一些能適應(yīng)不同光照及土壤干濕條件的植物將會出現(xiàn)在多個設(shè)計的群落中，使各個群落在視覺上相互呼應(yīng)，并使整個花園的景觀空間有連續(xù)感。

4 組合斷面Build up section

5 主入口Main entrance

林地冠層的密植結(jié)構(gòu)使得林地下層變得較蔭蔽且干燥。耐陰且耐旱的林下草本植物群落的種植意圖是將林下空間設(shè)計得充滿趣味：常綠的基底包含質(zhì)地豐富的各類草本及蕨類植物，季節(jié)性隱現(xiàn)的球根植物為這一群落帶來跳躍的色彩。該群落將由一個低矮的橫向延伸的基底層（植株高度不高于150mm），一個高度在300mm以下的中層草本層，和一個偶爾出現(xiàn)且體量略大的結(jié)構(gòu)體態(tài)植物層（典型的林地苔草和蕨類植物）組成。耐陰/耐陽林地林緣生態(tài)景觀群落中使用的物種均具有一定的耐陰和耐陽光直射的能力。面向西側(cè)的林緣植物需要具有耐受西曬的能力，而面向北側(cè)的林緣植物將會更多的考慮耐陰物種。這些植物將會大量以個體或組團形式無規(guī)律的自由種植，并在整個林緣空間中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。在林緣群落種植中，物種將被分為3個層次：低矮的半球形的植物作為基底層，其作用是覆蓋地面，并大多在春季進入花期展示；中等高度的植物（密度較低）以及少量在夏末進入盛花期展示的高度較高、體量較大的植物，以保證景觀視覺通透性。

我們的花園還將展示“海綿城市”的設(shè)計原則是如何應(yīng)用在花園設(shè)計中。我們將把落在堅硬的地面和建筑物上的雨水引導(dǎo)到林地中的雨水花園和生態(tài)花溝里，用完全沒有地下管網(wǎng)的方式解決雨洪問題。這些雨水花園要求植物能夠忍受暫時的潮濕，及隨后長時間的干燥，并能在夏秋呈現(xiàn)良好的景觀效果。

從公安局被保釋回家的關(guān)小美，挺著大肚子，在父母面前失聲痛哭。關(guān)云飛追悔莫及，他唉聲嘆氣地說：“女兒，都怪爸爸太專行獨斷，是我害了你們??！其實，爸爸對你也是一片苦心啊，我之所以處處給郭啟明設(shè)置‘障礙’，是想讓他知難而退，沒想到他竟然做出這種事來。其實他把32萬首付房款的銀行卡遞到我手上時候，我已經(jīng)開始從內(nèi)心接納這個小伙子了。早知如此，我還不如讓你們順順當(dāng)當(dāng)結(jié)婚……”

最后我們還想借此展園表達，中國，作為一個地跨東西的大國，必將以新的貿(mào)易路線、交通運輸方式和各類交流，使各國變得更近，使世界變得更小。

(編輯/張雯娟）

項目設(shè)計：詹姆斯·希契莫夫，湯姆·斯圖爾特-史密斯，杭燁，吳嘉驥，曹經(jīng)宇

翻譯：杭燁，吳嘉驥

The garden for the Beijing Expo 2019 is inspired by the idea of the Silk Route, crossing the dry central steppes of China from east to west.The garden takes the form of a glade surrounded by woodland. We have done this in part to create a sense of the garden being a bit separate from the rest of the expo and so that the visual language of our garden is isolated from what is going on elsewhere. We approach the heart of the garden thorough an outer shell of woodland as this will give the garden a stronger sense of presence and a feeling of arrival. We also think it is important within the scale of a large Expo to create moments of enclosure and comparative intimacy and our proposal will achieve this.

The central glade in the garden has the characteristic planting of the steppe and at the end of it is a large structure, part tent and part tree that overlooks the space. This will be made of bamboo and will provide shade in the garden and a place to rest.

The garden takes vegetation that is inspired and informed by natural plant associations and contrasts this with sharply detailed hard surfaces and structures. In plan the key element of the design is a pair of overlapping loops, reflecting the diverse branches of the Silk Route. The long curving paths cut through the woodland area into the heart of the garden in the same way as a large road or railway might, reflecting the idea that the new railway is to become, in effect, the new Silk Route. As it moves it gives an ever changing view of the landscape, but it remains separate from it so the land is respected and can recover its full beauty and ecological potential.

Curved concrete walls serve to partially enclose an inner core, or heart of the garden, which is actually formed in the shape of a heart. The walls give protection from the outside and provide shelter for long curving seats placed in front of them from where visitors can look across the space. The curving walls will give a constantly changing pattern of light and shade within the garden. In the entrance area of the garden there will also be a number of finely detailed pillars. From certain aspects these seem randomly arranged and from other aspects they will be aligned. The intention is that the construction is very precise and makes a very strong contrast with the natural quality of the planting.

6 竹結(jié)構(gòu)Bamboo structure

7 北向人視圖Ground view looking north

The outer part of the garden will be more visually quiet, as you would expect in a woodland.The interest is in the subtle and contrasting textures of the plants, and the contrast between the planting and the built structures, the paths the walls and the pillars. The steppe will be open area without any construction within it. It will be more colourful than the woodland and with a higher component of wild grasses, such a characteristic species of the steppe. There will be some shrubs from the woodland scattered along the edges of it to show that the two types of habitat blend in to one another and are not entirely separate.

We see the main entrance path to the garden being about 4m wide and made of a sealed gravel or stone setts. It gets narrower as other paths join it giving more options to move around the garden.This path contrasts with the other paths and the terrace around the shelter which would be made from a different stone, slightly darker than the concrete of the walls. The curving stone seats we see as being made of pre-cast concrete of the same composition as the walls.

The shelter/tent structure we see as being constructed of bamboo. We hope to be able to engineer this so that we can avoid building it with any steel sub-frame. We like the idea that the place where people meet is also the place where the constructed, inorganic part of the garden and the planted, organic part of the garden come together.The structure will have an organic quality but will be precisely constructed so it illustrates have the division between the organic and inorganic shown in the garden can be reconciled. We see the structure also acting as a large sun shade in the Steppe. The large roof area will be used to collect rain water and we are looking at the possibility that this could be filtered and sterilised and used to emit a periodic mist from the canopy to cool down visitors in the very hot summer months.The terrace that surrounds the structure is raised up about 450mm from the steppe and is accessed from the main part of the garden either by steps or a shallow, accessible ramp. There are three shallow steps leading down to the steppe. This is not to invite people to walk on the planting but to enable people to sit on the steps and take a close look at the planting.

The garden gives a message about how it is possible to make engineering interventions in a natural landscape which can then be restored and nurtured so that man and nature can co-exist in harmony. As the scale of these interventions we make become ever larger, so we need to be increasingly mindful of how we care for the landscape and character of those places affected.So it is important for us that the planting will have a quality that looks as if it has almost been created by nature and not man. This is of course one of the most difficult things to achieve.

8 植物群落種植設(shè)計：跨越道路兩邊的干草甸草花群落種植，將花園的核心區(qū)與林地區(qū)有機聯(lián)系The nature of plantings: the steppe “jumps the path” to connect both sides

9 全陽光照條件下耐旱的生態(tài)干草甸草花群落示意圖A schematic diagram of the steppe under the condition of full sunlight

The vegetation for the garden is based upon the idea of designed plant communities.The design of these reflects the organization of plants in natural habitats. Within our garden there are essentially five distinctive designed habitats:woodland canopy layer, shade and drought tolerant under-canopy of herbaceous plants, shade/sun tolerant edge herbaceous vegetation, drainage swale vegetation tolerant of oscillating wet dry conditions, drought tolerant steppe vegetation for use in full sun. The planting palette for these involves plants that tolerate the speci fic conditions found in these habitats. Some plants that are very tolerant of a wide range of conditions will occur in more than one designed habitat and are used to provide visual connections and a sense of continuity across the garden spaces.

Because of the close tree placement, it will be shady and dry beneath the woodland. The aim of the Shade and drought tolerant under-canopy of herbaceous planting here will be to provide a green cover of interesting textured and in some cases evergreen foliage, with seasonal displays of flowers in spring and autumn. There will be a low spreading sheet layer (up to 150mm tall), a more bump like layer coming out of this (up to approximately 300mm tall),and then some taller emergent (mainly woodland sedges and ferns) as occasional incidents coming out of these ground covering layers. The species used in shade/sun tolerant edge herbaceous planting community have some capacity to tolerate both shade and sun. On west facing edges species with greater tolerance of afternoon sun will be more common,on north facing edges species used will be drawn from more shade tolerant species. These plantings will largely involved random mixtures of individual plants that are repeated across the woodland edge spaces to be planted. Within these mixes species will be organised in three layers; a ground layer of species with low clumping or dome like form whose role is to cover the ground and provide floral interest mainly in spring, an intermediate layer that arises out of the base layer (at low density), and a taller emergent layer,many species of which flower in later summer. These latter plants are present at only low densities to create a see through effect.

We will also show how the principles of the“Sponge City” can be applied to horticultural planting in garden. We will take rain that falls on hard surfaces and buildings and drain it into swales within the woodland, rather than piping it elsewhere to contribute to local flooding. These rain gardens require plants that can tolerate temporary wetness and then long periods of dry-ness and yet still look good into late summer autumn.

10-1 基礎(chǔ)種植層Base layer10-2 多層次結(jié)構(gòu)營造不同空間感受Multi-layers10-3示意圖Schematic diagram10 “林地—林緣—生態(tài)花溝—生態(tài)干草甸草花群落”景觀結(jié)構(gòu)對比示意圖Woodland to woodland edge to swale to steppe edge structure comparison

11 可承受季節(jié)性干濕變化的生態(tài)排水花溝植物群落Drainage swale vegetation tolerant of oscillating wet dry conditions

The garden also has a message about the signi ficance of China as a nation that spans from East to West and how new trade routes and methods of transport and communication are forever making the world a more connected place.