[摘要]近年來,隨著對(duì)老年高血壓研究的深入,老年高血壓病人血壓變異性(BPV)與靶器官損傷相關(guān)性成為研究的熱點(diǎn)。本文主要對(duì)老年高血壓BPV與靶器官損傷相關(guān)性研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,以期臨床工作者重視老年高血壓病人的BPV,更好地控制血壓,減少并發(fā)癥,提高病人的遠(yuǎn)期生存率。
[關(guān)鍵詞]高血壓;老年人;血壓變異性;靶器官損傷;綜述
[中圖分類號(hào)]R544.1[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A[文章編號(hào)]2096-5532(2018)06-0743-04
高血壓是一種慢性疾病,是最常見的可治療血管危險(xiǎn)因素。已有大量的研究數(shù)據(jù)證明了高血壓與靶器官損傷的相關(guān)性,然而高血壓對(duì)終末器官損傷和發(fā)生血管事件的原因還不甚清楚。以往人們常將平均血壓水平作為判斷高血壓病人靶器官損傷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。降低高血壓病人的平均血壓可降低心血管事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[1]。而血壓變異性(BPV)的重要性在臨床工作中往往被忽視[2]。近年來,相關(guān)研究結(jié)果表明,BPV增加與高血壓病人靶器官損傷及臨床預(yù)后關(guān)系密切,BPV對(duì)高血壓病人的治療指導(dǎo)及預(yù)后判斷具有重要的臨床價(jià)值[3-6]。本文主要對(duì)老年高血壓BPV與靶器官損傷相關(guān)性的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1BPV表現(xiàn)及影響因素
1.1概念及影響因素
BPV也稱血壓波動(dòng)性,是指一段時(shí)間內(nèi)血壓的波動(dòng)幅度,是自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)控制的一個(gè)生理標(biāo)志,是血壓最基本的生理特征之一[6],它受多種因素如行為、環(huán)境、體液、神經(jīng)中樞等的影響[7]。BPV分為短時(shí)變異和長時(shí)變異,短時(shí)變異包括異常血壓晝夜節(jié)律、晨峰血壓、體位性高/低血壓、白大衣高血壓(即診室高血壓),長時(shí)變異包括季節(jié)間和隨訪間的血壓波動(dòng)等。研究證實(shí),與青年病人相比,老年病人血壓水平更易受環(huán)境因素影響,血壓水平總體偏高[8],BPV異常發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大大增加[9]。老年人內(nèi)皮功能異常[10]、動(dòng)脈彈性減弱和僵硬度增加[11]、自主神經(jīng)功能調(diào)節(jié)異常、腎臟對(duì)鈉的重吸收及容量調(diào)節(jié)能力下降等病理生理因素均能導(dǎo)致BPV異常[12];一些老年人常見的疾病如高血壓、2型糖尿病、高脂血癥等也可導(dǎo)致BPV異常[13-14];同時(shí),BPV還受老年病人不良狀態(tài)的影響,如睡眠障礙、營養(yǎng)不良(貧血及血容量減少)、大小便異常(便秘、前列腺增生等)、精神異常(焦慮、抑郁、情緒波動(dòng)大)和應(yīng)激能力減弱等[15]。繼發(fā)性高血壓也可以使BPV增加,除先天性的動(dòng)脈畸形(特別是腎動(dòng)脈狹窄)外,還包括動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化及其他各種原因引起的大中動(dòng)脈狹窄、原發(fā)性醛固酮增多癥、嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤、睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征等。當(dāng)然,血壓測量操作不規(guī)范、診療不合理、病人依從性差等均可影響血壓波動(dòng)。
1.2短時(shí)變異
GRASS等[16]通過每天記錄動(dòng)脈血壓波動(dòng)變化的方式首次證明,高血壓病人血壓短時(shí)變異與靶器官損傷之間存在相關(guān)性。24 h動(dòng)態(tài)血壓(ABPM)目前已成為衡量病人血壓水平、預(yù)測靶器官損傷及心血管事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的最有價(jià)值的指標(biāo)[17]。正常人一天的血壓波動(dòng)表現(xiàn)為晝高夜低、雙谷雙峰模式,即清晨覺醒開始升高,8:00—10:00達(dá)高峰,此后下降,在16:00—18:00血壓再次升高,以后緩慢下降,直至凌晨2:00—3:00達(dá)最低值,整個(gè)血壓波動(dòng)曲線圖類似于長勺,故稱為勺型血壓。這種正常類型的血壓晝夜節(jié)律模式對(duì)適應(yīng)機(jī)體活動(dòng)、保護(hù)心血管結(jié)構(gòu)和功能起著至關(guān)重要的作用。有證據(jù)表明,老年人由于機(jī)體功能衰退、血管彈性減弱、血管僵硬度增加等因素存在,更易出現(xiàn)異常BPV[18]。根據(jù)夜間血壓下降幅度,異常血壓晝夜節(jié)律變化可分為非勺型血壓、超勺型血壓及反勺型血壓等3種類型。夜間血壓較白天血壓下降不足10%,稱為非勺型血壓,此血壓節(jié)律常見于高血壓和老年病人。夜間血壓比白天血壓不降反升,且升高5%以上,稱為反勺型血壓。夜間血壓明顯降低,比白天血壓下降超過20%,稱為深勺型或超勺型血壓。有研究表明,異常血壓晝夜節(jié)律變化與靶器官損害、心血管事件發(fā)生率關(guān)系密切,反勺型血壓發(fā)生靶器官損傷、心血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較非勺型和超勺型血壓更高[19-21]。
1.3長時(shí)變異
2010年,ROTHWELL等[3,5]研究表明,對(duì)個(gè)體BPV的訪視與隨后的心腦血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)密切相關(guān)。有研究認(rèn)為,血管疾病病人的BPV越高,心血管事件的發(fā)生率越高[22]。許多研究也表明,長時(shí)間的血壓波動(dòng)可獨(dú)立預(yù)測心血管事件惡化結(jié)果,尤其是腦血管事件[4,21,23-24]。與診室血壓測量及ABPM相比,家庭血壓監(jiān)測似乎是BPV長期評(píng)估的更實(shí)用的方法[25]。BPV與腦血管[21-22]、心臟[26]、大血管[27]和微血管損傷[23,27]有關(guān),并且是卒中的有力預(yù)測指標(biāo)。長期BPV較高可加速動(dòng)脈僵硬進(jìn)展,且EPV的這種影響?yīng)毩⒂谄骄獕核?。而?dòng)脈硬化是腦卒中最強(qiáng)的危險(xiǎn)因素之一。
2BPV與靶器官損傷
2.1BPV與左心室肥厚
KAWAI等[28]的臨床研究結(jié)果表明,24 h ABPM比偶測血壓更能準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測高血壓病人左心室肥厚情況。YASUOKA等[29]的研究通過竇主動(dòng)脈去神經(jīng)支配(SAD)構(gòu)建異常BPV高血壓大鼠模型,結(jié)果表明該模型大鼠較正常大鼠出現(xiàn)左心室肥厚和心肌纖維化程度更高,主要以左心室收縮功能損害為主??赡軝C(jī)制為BPV導(dǎo)致心肌單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β表達(dá)上調(diào),誘導(dǎo)心肌細(xì)胞間巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤,使心臟血管緊張素原表達(dá)增加和血管緊張素Ⅱ受體激活,最終導(dǎo)致左心室肥厚及心肌纖維化的發(fā)生。腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)(RAAS)阻斷劑可減輕SAD誘導(dǎo)的心肌炎性改變和心臟重塑,改善實(shí)驗(yàn)組大鼠心臟的收縮功能。該研究得出結(jié)論:BPV增加通過激活RAAS引起心臟炎癥導(dǎo)致心臟重塑和功能障礙加重。另一項(xiàng)研究也證實(shí),BPV增加可誘導(dǎo)血管周圍巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤并加重心肌纖維化和心臟肥大,導(dǎo)致左心室收縮功能障礙[5],從而增加心血管事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[22]。
2.2BPV與頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化
近年來,大量研究均證實(shí)BPV與頸動(dòng)脈硬化之間存在明顯相關(guān)性,且反勺型高血壓較非勺型及超勺型高血壓出現(xiàn)頸動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高[30-33]。BPV增加抑制一氧化氮的產(chǎn)生從而導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮功能的損害,內(nèi)皮損傷后機(jī)化使血管彈性降低、僵硬度增加,最終演變?yōu)閯?dòng)脈粥樣硬化。非勺型和超勺型血壓不僅與高血壓病人的頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜厚度和血液炎癥標(biāo)志物水平升高有關(guān)[34],還與動(dòng)脈硬化和內(nèi)皮功能關(guān)系密切[35]。一項(xiàng)BPV與動(dòng)脈硬化10年進(jìn)展關(guān)系的研究表明,長期BPV較高可能是動(dòng)脈僵硬進(jìn)展的獨(dú)立于平均血壓的危險(xiǎn)因素[36]。
2.3BPV與腦卒中
以往多將平均血壓作為評(píng)估高血壓病人心血管事件發(fā)生率的指標(biāo),隨著人們對(duì)BPV了解的深入,發(fā)現(xiàn)診室血壓、24 h ABPM能有效預(yù)測高血壓病人靶器官損傷和心血管事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。血壓在一天之中呈現(xiàn)出規(guī)律的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,片面觀察某一時(shí)刻的血壓變化情況,不僅不利于更好地控制高血壓病人的血壓水平,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致靶器官損傷及心血管事件的發(fā)生,嚴(yán)重影響病人生活質(zhì)量[3]。部分抗高血壓藥物的益處是由于對(duì)BPV的控制[4,37]。晨峰血壓可以預(yù)測卒中,血壓不穩(wěn)定性、體位性低/高血壓也是中老年人血管事件強(qiáng)有力的危險(xiǎn)因素。平均血壓正常但血壓高度變異的病人發(fā)生腦血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,因此降低BPV,而不是降低平均血壓,可能是平均血壓正常時(shí)某些抗高血壓藥物的好處。
2.4BPV與腎損傷
血壓短時(shí)變異與腎損傷密切相關(guān),腎損傷是較早出現(xiàn)的靶器官損傷。臨床上常將微量清蛋白尿及腎小球?yàn)V過率作為評(píng)估腎功能受損的指標(biāo)。目前已有證據(jù)表明,異常BPV應(yīng)作為早期評(píng)估腎功能損傷的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子[38-39],但亦有研究得到了不同的結(jié)果[40]。訪視BPV對(duì)于預(yù)測腎病和慢性腎病進(jìn)展的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有重要價(jià)值[28,41]。
3BPV與抗高血壓藥物
抗高血壓藥物的療效是基于對(duì)BPV和平均血壓的共同影響,鈣通道阻滯劑是改善BPV最有效的藥物[4]。關(guān)于鈣通道阻滯劑、血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑和β受體阻滯劑的藥物試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,3類藥物雖在控制平均血壓方面無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但鈣通道阻滯劑治療組收縮壓標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差和卒中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低。鈣通道阻滯劑可降低高血壓病人動(dòng)脈僵硬度,改善其血管彈性,從而降低卒中的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。其他抗高血壓藥物雖也能降低動(dòng)脈僵硬度,但達(dá)不到與鈣通道阻滯劑相同的降低血壓波動(dòng)或卒中危險(xiǎn)的程度。當(dāng)然,BPV能否作為評(píng)價(jià)抗高血壓藥物治療效果的參考依據(jù)還需要進(jìn)一步的研究。
4小結(jié)
異常BPV與老年高血壓病人靶器官損傷及心血管事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)密切相關(guān)。降低BPV,盡可能地恢復(fù)正常BPV對(duì)于高血壓病人治療和管理是有益的[33]。今后仍需開展大量臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,以明確BPV的病理生理機(jī)制,早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和早期系統(tǒng)、精準(zhǔn)、個(gè)體化治療高血壓,提高病人生活質(zhì)量,改善預(yù)后。
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