劉妍 黃小波 陳文強(qiáng) 王寧群 陳玉靜
[摘要] 目的 探討老年遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙(aMCI)患者認(rèn)知功能與抑郁障礙的相關(guān)性。 方法 選擇2016年1月~2017年2月首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院就診的老年輕度認(rèn)知障礙患者105例,排除不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者36例,最終納入aMCI患者69例進(jìn)行研究。根據(jù)漢密爾頓抑郁量表(HAMD)評(píng)分,將符合研究標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的老年aMCI患者分為aMCI非抑郁障礙組(n=39)和aMCI抑郁障礙組(n=30),同期納入正常老年人38名作為對(duì)照組(NC組)。應(yīng)用蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(MoCA)和聽覺詞語學(xué)習(xí)測驗(yàn)(AVLT)對(duì)三組老年人認(rèn)知功能進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),并對(duì)HAMD各維度與MoCA、AVLT的認(rèn)知功能進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析。 結(jié)果 aMCI抑郁障礙組與aMCI非抑郁障礙組的MoCA評(píng)分中視空間和執(zhí)行能力、命名、注意力、延遲回憶及總分均低于NC組(P < 0.05,P < 0.01);aMCI抑郁障礙組中視空間和執(zhí)行能力、注意力、延遲回憶及總分低于aMCI非抑郁障礙組(P < 0.05),其中以延遲回憶評(píng)分最為顯著(P < 0.01)。aMCI抑郁障礙組與aMCI非抑郁障礙組的AVLT評(píng)分中即刻回憶、短時(shí)延遲回憶、長時(shí)延遲回憶、長時(shí)延遲再認(rèn)及總分均低于NC組(P < 0.01);aMCI抑郁障礙組中即刻回憶、短時(shí)延遲回憶、長時(shí)延遲回憶及總分低于aMCI非抑郁障礙組(P < 0.05)。注意力、延遲回憶與HAMD各維度評(píng)分呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(P < 0.05,P < 0.01),視空間和執(zhí)行能力及MoCA總分與HAMD各維度(除體重以外)評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P < 0.05,P < 0.01);焦慮/軀體化、阻滯、睡眠障礙與MoCA各維度評(píng)分及總分呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P < 0.05,P < 0.01)。即刻回憶、短時(shí)延遲回憶、長時(shí)延遲回憶及AVLT總分與HAMD各維度呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P < 0.05,P < 0.01);焦慮/軀體化、阻滯、睡眠障礙與AVLT各維度評(píng)分及總分呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P < 0.05,P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 老年aMCI合并抑郁障礙患者的認(rèn)知功能在視空間和執(zhí)行能力、注意力、即刻回憶及延遲回憶方面比非抑郁障礙的患者明顯降低。老年aMCI患者的認(rèn)識(shí)功能中注意力和延遲回憶與HAMD中焦慮/軀體化、阻滯及睡眠障礙的評(píng)分呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙;認(rèn)知功能;抑郁障礙
[中圖分類號(hào)] R749.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)02(b)-0066-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the relationship between cognitive function and depression in elderly amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients. Methods From January 2016 to February 2017, 105 elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment in Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University were selected, except 36 patients were not meet the inclusion criteria, finally, 69 cases of aMCI patients were studied. According to the scores of hamilton depression scale (HAMD), The elderly aMCI patients who met the study criteria were divided into aMCI non depression group (n=39) and aMCI depression group (n=30). In the same period, 38 normal elderly were selected as control group (NC group). The cognitive functions of the three groups were evaluated by the montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) and the auditory verbal learning test (AVLT), and the correlation between the HAMD scores and the cognitive function with MoCA and AVLT was analyzed. Results The visual space and executive ability, naming, attention, delayed recall and total score of MoCA in aMCI non depression group and aMCI depression group were lower than those of NC group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The visual space and executive ability, attention, delayed recall and total score of MoCA in aMCI depression group were lower than those of aMCI non depression group (P < 0.05), among them, the score of delayed recall was the most significant (P < 0.01). The immediate recall, short delayed recall, long delayed recall, long delayed recognition and total score of AVLT in aMCI non depression group and aMCI depression group were lower than those of NC group (P < 0.01). The immediate recall, short delayed recall, long delayed recall and total score of AVLT in aMCI depression group were lower than those of aMCI non depression group (P < 0.05). The attention and delayed recall were significantly negatively correlated with each dimension score of HAMD (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), the visual space and executive ability, and the total score of MoCA were negatively correlated with each dimension scores (except weight) of HAMD (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The anxiety/somatization, block and sleep disturbance were negatively correlated with each dimension score of MoCA and total score (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The immediate recall, short delayed recall, long delayed recall and total score of AVLT were negatively correlated with each dimension scores of HAMD (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The anxiety/somatization, block and sleep disturbance were negatively correlated with each dimension score of AVLT and total score (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Conclusion The visual space and executive ability, attention, immediate recall and delayed recall of cognitive function in elderly aMCI patients with depressive disorder are lower than aMCI non depressive patients. Attention and delayed recall are significantly negatively correlated with anxiety, somatization, block and sleep disturbance in cognitive function of elderly aMCI patients.
[Key words] Amnestic mild cognitive impairment; Cognitive function; Depression
輕度認(rèn)知障礙(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)是指有記憶障礙和/或輕度的其他認(rèn)知功能障礙,但個(gè)體的社會(huì)職業(yè)或日常生活功能未受影響,介于正常老化與癡呆之間的一種臨床狀態(tài)[1-2]。遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙(amnestic mild cognitive impairment,aMCI)作為MCI的常見類型之一,在臨床上以記憶損害為主要表現(xiàn),其他認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域相對(duì)保持完整,與阿爾茨海默?。╝lzheimer disease,AD)的關(guān)系最為密切[3],其轉(zhuǎn)化為AD的比例約是正常老年人的10倍[4]。一旦進(jìn)入老年癡呆階段,其臨床治療效果則相當(dāng)有限,有關(guān)AD治療研究都已表明該疾病的早期是AD的最佳治療時(shí)期[5],因此臨床上對(duì)老年人aMCI的早期防治及對(duì)認(rèn)知障礙相關(guān)影響因素早期干預(yù)都顯得尤為重要。近年來抑郁與MCI的關(guān)系備受關(guān)注,雖然二者的關(guān)系還存在爭議[6],但很多學(xué)者證實(shí)抑郁對(duì)MCI的病程、轉(zhuǎn)歸及預(yù)后都會(huì)產(chǎn)生重要影響[7]。本文對(duì)老年aMCI患者的認(rèn)知功能與抑郁障礙之間相關(guān)性進(jìn)行分析,現(xiàn)將報(bào)道如下:
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 對(duì)象
選擇2016年1月~2017年2月首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)宣武醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)就診的老年MCI患者105例,排除不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者36例,最終納入老年aMCI患者69例進(jìn)行研究,其中男33例,女36例;年齡60~85歲,平均(69±8)歲。根據(jù)漢密爾頓抑郁量表(hamilton depression scale,HAMD)[8]評(píng)分,HAMD得分≥7為存在抑郁障礙,將入組aMCI患者分為:aMCI非抑郁障礙組(n=39)和aMCI抑郁障礙組(n=30)。同期納入38名正常老年人作為對(duì)照組(NC組),來自我院健康體檢者或患者的配偶,年齡60~85歲,均無神經(jīng)或精神系統(tǒng)疾病及病史,無可能導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知障礙的系統(tǒng)性疾病,無酗酒或藥物濫用等,臨床記憶量表檢查記憶商正常。研究對(duì)象均簽署知情同意書,試驗(yàn)方案經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
MCI:參照2006年MCI國際工作組及2008年我國輕度認(rèn)知損害臨床研究指導(dǎo)原則(草案)[9-10],確診MCI須符合下列條件:①來自患者和/或家庭成員的認(rèn)知主訴;②患者和/或知情者報(bào)告在過去1年內(nèi)相對(duì)于先前的認(rèn)知功能下降;③認(rèn)知障礙由臨床評(píng)估證實(shí),表現(xiàn)為記憶和/或其他認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)損害;④日常生活活動(dòng)保存,復(fù)雜的工具性機(jī)能未受損或僅有非常輕微的損害;⑤無癡呆。aMCI(MCI亞型):記憶損害比年齡和教育匹配人群的平均值至少低1.5 SD,其他認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域相對(duì)保持完整。
1.3 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①符合aMCI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);②年齡60~85歲;③簡易精神狀態(tài)量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)評(píng)分≥24分,蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)評(píng)分≤26分;④臨床癡呆分級(jí)量表(clinical dementia rating,CDR)0.5分,遺忘型CDR量表記憶項(xiàng)得分≥0.5分;⑤總的認(rèn)知功能充分保存;⑥有足夠的視覺和聽覺分辨力接受神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測試;⑦aMCI篩選之前12個(gè)月內(nèi)CT或MRI掃描無感染、梗死或其他局灶性損傷的證據(jù),也無相關(guān)臨床癥狀,但允許一個(gè)非關(guān)鍵性腦區(qū)域的腔隙性梗死且不被認(rèn)為影響了受試者的認(rèn)知損害;⑧Hachinski缺血量表得分≤4分。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①任何引起癡呆的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,包括AD、VD、PD、癲癇等;②既往2年內(nèi)有酒精、藥物濫用或依賴史;③合并有嚴(yán)重心、肝、腎、造血系統(tǒng)或其他進(jìn)行性疾病患者;④嚴(yán)重精神疾病或其他原因不能配合者。
1.4 方法
研究對(duì)象一般情況的詳細(xì)調(diào)查,包括:性別、年齡、受教育年限、精神狀態(tài)等。
MoCA測試:依據(jù)北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院與Nasreddine等[11]協(xié)商中文版MoCA量表包含7個(gè)認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域,包括視空間和執(zhí)行能力、命名、注意力與計(jì)算力、語言(復(fù)述、流暢性)、抽象思維能力、延遲回憶與定向力,量表總分30分。評(píng)分越高,說明認(rèn)知功能越好。
聽覺詞語學(xué)習(xí)測驗(yàn)(auditory verbal learning test,AVLT)[12]測試:即刻回憶,AVLT的清單包含15個(gè)單詞(身體部位、動(dòng)物、工具、家具、交通工具共5類,每類3個(gè)單詞,以隨機(jī)但固定的方式呈現(xiàn)),將此清單讓受試者念3遍,得分為3次自由回憶的平均得分;延遲回憶,①短時(shí)延遲回憶,即在3 min后,要求受試者回憶清單中的條目,得分為自由回憶的正確數(shù),②長時(shí)延遲回憶,在30 min后要求受試者再次回憶該清單中的條目,得分為自由回憶的正確數(shù);長時(shí)延遲再認(rèn),延遲回憶結(jié)束后,請(qǐng)受試者在包括15個(gè)目標(biāo)條目和15個(gè)干擾條目的30個(gè)單詞中分辨出哪些單詞為目標(biāo)條目,得分為目標(biāo)條目陽性數(shù)-干擾條目陽性數(shù)。AVLT總分為上述得分之和。評(píng)分越高,說明學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力越好。
抑郁障礙的評(píng)定采用HAMD-17進(jìn)行測量:HAMD得分≥7為存在抑郁障礙。HAMD-17的項(xiàng)目采用0~4分5級(jí)評(píng)分法或0~2分3級(jí)評(píng)分法,17個(gè)項(xiàng)目歸納為焦慮/軀體化、體重、認(rèn)識(shí)障礙、阻滯及睡眠障礙5類因子結(jié)構(gòu),由經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的2名醫(yī)生對(duì)患者進(jìn)行聯(lián)合調(diào)查,采用交談與觀察的方式,1次評(píng)定大約需10~20 min。調(diào)查結(jié)束后,由2名評(píng)定員分別獨(dú)立評(píng)分。評(píng)分越高,說明抑郁障礙越嚴(yán)重。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson相關(guān)分析,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組一般情況比較
三組的年齡、性別及受教育年限比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);aMCI非抑郁障礙組與aMCI抑郁障礙組MMSE評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),aMCI抑郁障礙組與aMCI非抑郁障礙組的MMSE評(píng)分均低于NC組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 三組認(rèn)知功能評(píng)分比較
aMCI抑郁障礙組與aMCI非抑郁障礙組的MoCA評(píng)分中視空間和執(zhí)行能力、命名、注意力、延遲回憶及總分均低于NC組(P < 0.05,P < 0.01);aMCI抑郁障礙組中視空間和執(zhí)行能力、注意力、延遲回憶及總分低于aMCI非抑郁障礙組(P < 0.05),其中以延遲回憶評(píng)分最為顯著(P < 0.01)。見表2。
aMCI抑郁障礙組與aMCI非抑郁障礙組的AVLT評(píng)分中即刻回憶、短時(shí)延遲回憶、長時(shí)延遲回憶、長時(shí)延遲再認(rèn)及總分均低于NC組(P < 0.01);aMCI抑郁障礙組中即刻回憶、短時(shí)延遲回憶、長時(shí)延遲回憶及總分低于aMCI非抑郁障礙組(P < 0.05)。見表3。
2.3 老年aMCI患者抑郁評(píng)分與認(rèn)知功能評(píng)分的相關(guān)性
注意力、延遲回憶與HAMD各維度評(píng)分呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(P < 0.05,P < 0.01),視空間和執(zhí)行能力及MoCA總分與HAMD各維度(除體重以外)評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P < 0.05,P < 0.01);焦慮/軀體化、阻滯、睡眠障礙與MoCA各維度評(píng)分及總分呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P < 0.05,P < 0.01)。見表4。
即刻回憶、短時(shí)延遲回憶、長時(shí)延遲回憶及AVLT總分與HAMD各維度評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P < 0.05,P < 0.01);焦慮/軀體化、阻滯、睡眠障礙與AVLT各維度評(píng)分及總分呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P < 0.05,P < 0.01)。見表5。
3 討論
老年認(rèn)知功能障礙是常見的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退行性病變,由于MCI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的差異,不同研究對(duì)人群中MCI的發(fā)生率存在很大差異,波動(dòng)于0.5%~42%[13]。有研究顯示[14],北京地區(qū)60歲及以上老年人MCI患病率為11.6%。目前諸多研究顯示抑郁癥狀與MCI有關(guān)。抑郁是MCI患者較為常見的精神癥狀,MCI的老年人群中,抑郁的發(fā)生率可達(dá)15.7%~44.3%[15]。一項(xiàng)Meta分析研究表明[16],MCI合并抑郁的患病率為32%(95%CI:27~37),其中基于社區(qū)納入患者的MCI合并抑郁的患病率為25%(95%CI:19~30),而基于診所納入患者的MCI合并抑郁的患病率為40%(95%CI:32~48)。Wilson等[17]認(rèn)為抑郁癥狀不僅是MCI向AD進(jìn)展的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,且是MCI的前期癥狀。尤其是aMCI患者,更容易發(fā)生抑郁癥狀[18]。也有研究指出[19],MCI與抑郁共病的患者伴有更多的認(rèn)知功能減退,是進(jìn)展為癡呆更高危的人群,即使出現(xiàn)輕微的抑郁情緒,也會(huì)進(jìn)一步損害MCI患者的認(rèn)知功能,伴有抑郁情緒的MCI患者是非抑郁MCI患者進(jìn)展為癡呆的2倍[20]。
有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MCI合并抑郁患者在認(rèn)知功能上有更加嚴(yán)重的缺陷[21]。本研究結(jié)果提示,老年aMCI合并抑郁障礙患者的認(rèn)知功能在視空間和執(zhí)行能力、注意力、即刻回憶及延遲回憶方面比非抑郁障礙的aMCI患者明顯降低。老年aMCI患者的認(rèn)識(shí)功能中注意力和延遲回憶與HAMD中焦慮/軀體化、阻滯及睡眠障礙的評(píng)分呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。認(rèn)知功能與抑郁障礙在評(píng)分上表現(xiàn)為負(fù)相關(guān),而其臨床實(shí)際意義為患者抑郁障礙越嚴(yán)重,其認(rèn)知功能越差的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。
目前多數(shù)研究顯示抑郁癥狀加速了MCI向臨床AD的進(jìn)展,但機(jī)制仍不明確[22]。其可能共同的致病機(jī)制有β-淀粉樣蛋白增多、腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子調(diào)節(jié)紊亂、炎性因子激活、氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、海馬萎縮等[23-24]。更有學(xué)者提出假設(shè)[7],認(rèn)為抑郁、MCI、癡呆可能是癡呆進(jìn)展過程中沒有明顯界限的三部曲,是同一疾病在不同階段的表現(xiàn)。該假設(shè)指出,早期識(shí)別老年人的抑郁問題,有可能減少M(fèi)CI的發(fā)生,延緩或防止MCI轉(zhuǎn)化為癡呆[25]。在老年人群中,應(yīng)對(duì)認(rèn)知功能及抑郁問題給予高度的關(guān)注和重視[26]。
對(duì)老年aMCI合并抑郁障礙的患者,在認(rèn)知功能尚能逆轉(zhuǎn)的階段,應(yīng)及時(shí)識(shí)別與干預(yù),建立良好醫(yī)患關(guān)系,糾正不良生活習(xí)慣,預(yù)防心腦血管疾病,增強(qiáng)患者信心,給予適當(dāng)?shù)男睦碇委焄27]。積極采取抗抑郁治療也可有效地幫助aMCI患者在盡可能長的時(shí)間內(nèi)認(rèn)知功能保持穩(wěn)定,延緩其向癡呆進(jìn)一步進(jìn)展,對(duì)于提高老年aMCI合并抑郁障礙的患者的生活質(zhì)量具有重要意義。
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