摘要:make a difference的字面含義甚為簡單,所以各家詞典對其收錄情況不一。本文從三個方面對其詞義進行探討,認為完全有必要將其作為短語收入詞典,并指出了不為各家詞典所收錄的兩個新的含義,以期引起詞典編撰者們的注意和重視。
關鍵詞:make a difference; 探討
Make a difference由三個極為普通、常見的單詞組成,從字面上看不就是“產(chǎn)生差異(區(qū)別、不同)”嗎?也許正因為如此,各家詞典對它的收錄也是“你有我無”,各不相同。
1. 詞典中的make a difference
Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs(Courtney et al., 1983)、Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary(Mish, 1988)、《英漢辭?!罚ㄍ跬瑑|, 1990)、《牛津英語大詞典》(簡編本)(特朗博等, 2004)和《最新中學生英漢詞典》(劉上扶等, 2002)等都沒有對此收錄;而這些工具書或為個人所有,或擺在圖書館、書店的書架上,供學習者使用或購買?!独饰漠敶h雙解詞典》第一版(朗文出版(遠東)有限公司詞典編譯出版部, 1988)在difference詞條下,雖沒有將其作為短語正式列出,卻列舉了一個包含make a difference的例句“Flowers make a difference to a room.房間里有沒有花有差別”; 該例句對make a difference的處理,正是本文開頭的字面直譯,給人一種深層意思沒有說出的感覺。《英漢技術詞典》(清華大學《英漢技術辭典》編寫組, 1985)將make a difference 作為短語收入,并翻譯為“起作用,發(fā)生影響;有差別,區(qū)別對待;很重要,關系重大”?!尔溈嗣讉惛唠A英漢雙解詞典》(麥克米倫出版公司, 2002)收入了該短語,并釋義為“1. to have an important effect on something, esp a good effect 產(chǎn)生重大影響(尤指好的影響)2. something that makes a lot of difference has a good effect on a person or situation 有關系;有好的影響”,可以看出,1、2義項有重復解釋之嫌。《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》第四版(Hornby, 1997)對該短語的釋義為“(a)have an effect (on sb/sth)(對某人[某事物])有作用或影響 (b) be important (to sb/sth); matter(對某人[某事物])重要;要緊”?!杜=蚋唠A英漢雙解詞典》第七版(縮印本)(Hornby, 2009)對該短語的釋義為“to have an effect on sb/sth 有作用,關系,影響”。《英漢大詞典》第二版(陸谷孫, 2007)的解釋為“1. 區(qū)別對待 2. 有關系;有影響;起(重要)作用”。
2. make a difference的常用詞義
詞典中的釋義當然應源于生活,不應是編輯者的杜撰和臆想。讓我們看一下具體篇章中的make a difference。 《大學英語》(修訂本)第三冊(李蔭華, 1997:149)生詞表中對make a /the difference的解釋為“have an effect or influence; matter有關系,有影響”。該單元課文是一篇題為《防空洞》的英語短劇?,F(xiàn)將make a difference所處的上下文(context)摘錄如下(下劃線為筆者所加):
……
Harlowe: Wait a minute, wait a minute. All of us couldnt fit in there. That would be crazy to even try.
Weiss: Why dont we draw lots? Pick out one family?
Harlowe: What difference would it make? He wont let us in.
Henderson: We can all march down there and tell him hes got the whole street against him. We could do that.
……
當Weiss提議, “Why dont we draw lots? Pick out one family?咱們何不抽簽?誰家中簽就讓誰家進去?”, Harlowe 答道, “What difference would it make? He wont let us in. 何必多此一舉呢?他不會讓咱們進去的?!?。撇開譯文貼切與否不議,此處“What difference would it make?”的英語釋義(paraphrase)應為“Would it matter or have any effect?”
在Http://www.time.com/中進行最新搜索,隨機選出兩篇含有make a difference的文章。一篇題目為“ 21st Century First Lady”, 其中包含make a difference的段落如下(下劃線為筆者所加):
……
Why are we unable to build up one woman, without comparing her to others? Comparing Michelle's style with Hillary Clinton's style of sending emissaries to key policy meetings does a disservice to both. Both embrace their roles fully. Calling some First Lady traditions "baggage" diminishes the important work that previous First Ladies have done. Collectively, the First Ladies have made a difference for their country. Perhaps it is time for us to appreciate them for what they are — many different women, all of them remarkable.
……
根據(jù)上下文, 劃線部分應該釋義為“have been important”。另一篇文章的題目為“Too fat? Read Your E-Mail”。為方便理解,將上文段落一同示意如下(下劃線為筆者所加):
……
"These quick alerts remind your brain of the goals you've set for yourself," says Barbara Sternfeld, senior research scientist at Kaiser Permanente and the study's lead investigator. "So instead of standing around talking to a co-worker for 10 minutes, you may decide to take a lap around the parking lot and back."
Might not seem like much, but the truth is, small changes can make a big difference in your health. Studies show that switching from butter to soft margarine reduces your bad cholesterol — and by extension your risk of getting heart disease — 10%. ……
根據(jù)上下文,劃線部分可以解釋為“small changes can be very important to or have a big effect on your health”。
由此可見,make a difference 的含義并不像其字面所示意的那樣簡單,其常用詞義應該為《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》第四版所注解的那樣。
3. make a difference 的詞典外含義
問題并未到此結(jié)束,除了上述兩個釋義外,筆者在教學中發(fā)現(xiàn)make a difference還有另外一個含義。 《全新版大學英語綜合教程》第四冊(李蔭華等, 2003:78)生詞表中將其第一個含義解釋為“change the situation or outlook”。再看一下該make a difference在具體篇章中的運用。課文Text A講述了被雇用的四條關鍵要素,其中第四條小標題便是“4. Find a way to make a difference”;該部分首先陳述了紐約出租車司機給人留下的壞印象, “unfriendly”、“rude”、“filthy”等等; 接著描述了一位名叫Wally的司機,其所作所為給人耳目一新之感,并因此多賺了不少小費。現(xiàn)將該部分課文摘錄如下(下劃線為筆者所加):
……
4. Find a way to make a difference. In my opinion, the majority of New York cabdrivers are unfriendly, if not downright rude. Most of the cabs are filthy, and almost all of them sport an impenetrable, bulletproof partition. But recently I jumped into a cab at LaGuardia Airport and guess what? It was clean. There was beautiful music playing and no partition.
“Park Lane Hotel, please,” I said to the driver. With a broad smile, he said, “Hi, my name is Wally,” and he handed me a mission statement. A mission statement! It said he would get me there safely, courteously and on time.
As we drove off, he held up a choice of newspapers and said, “Be my guest.” He told me to help myself to the fruit in the basket on the back seat. He held up a cellular phone and said, “Its a dollar a minute if youd like to make a call.”
Shocked, I blurted, “How long have you been practicing this?” He answered, “Three or four years.”
“I know this is prying.” I said, “but how much extra money do you earn in tips?”
“Between $12,000 and $14,000 a year!” he responded proudly.
He doesnt know it, but hes my hero. Hes living proof that you can always shift the odds in your favor.
作者在該部分最后一段寫了兩句話“He doesnt know it, but hes my hero. Hes living proof that you can always shift the odds in your favor.”。筆者認為最后一句話中“you can always shift the odds in your favor” 是對小標題的照應和詮釋?,F(xiàn)做簡單分析:設make a difference=A, shifts the odds in your favor=B. 再將兩者所在句子中譯,即為:想辦法做到A和你總能做到B,從而可以推斷A=B,即make a differnce 在該篇章中的含義為“shift the odds in ones favor 讓機會變得對某人有利,爭取成功”。
無獨有偶,在《漢譯英求疵錄—從中式英語到準確英語》一書(曾凱民, 2008:10)有這樣一句漢語“上帝啊,再給我一次機會,我不會再這樣了”。其“中式英語”為“My God, please give me a chance again. I wont do this again.” 。在“求疵筆記”中作者這樣分析道:““不再這樣”可以理解成“不再做這事了”,譬如賭博輸了錢,害己害人,以后絕不再干了。也可以理解成“不再這樣做了”,譬如炒股虧了本,換一種思路重新入市操作。譯文譯作“不再做這事了”,失之偏頗。應該保留原文兩可的原意。” 。在“修改建議”中作者采用如下譯文“My God, please grant me another chance, and Ill make a difference.(廣南子譯)”。該書作者的分析和“修改建議”不無道理,make a difference 在此處又衍生出一個新的含義,即“change anew 重新開始,不再這樣”。
綜上所述,make a differnce 從字面上看很易看懂,但“有差別”的漢語解釋有時相當模糊,必須根據(jù)上下文挖掘其深層含義,所以完全有必要將其作為短語收入詞典并進行釋義,而且甚至應增添它的第三個釋義“shift the odds in ones favor”和第四個釋義“change anew”。語言是不斷發(fā)展變化的,它絕不是一潭死水,也許在不久的將來,make a difference還會在具體語境中演繹出新的含義,等待著詞典編撰者們?nèi)ヒ灰话l(fā)現(xiàn)、收錄。
參考文獻:
[1]A S Hornby. 牛津高階英漢雙解詞典第七版(縮印本)[Z]. 北京:商務印書館,2009.
[2]A S Hornby. 牛津高階英漢雙解詞典第四版[Z]. 北京:商務印書館,1997.
[3]朗文出版(遠東)有限公司詞典編譯出版部. 朗文當代英漢雙解詞典第一版[Z]. 香港:朗文出版有限公司,1988.
[4]李蔭華. 大學英語(修訂本)第三冊[M]. 上海:上海外語教育出版社,1997.
[5]李蔭華等. 全新版大學英語綜合教程第四冊[M]. 上海:上海外語教育出版社,2003.
[6]劉上扶等. 最新中學生英漢詞典[Z]. 南寧:廣西教育出版社,2002.
[7]陸谷孫. 英漢大詞典第二版[Z]. 上海:上海譯文出版社,2007.
[8]麥克米倫出版公司. 麥克米倫高階英漢雙解詞典[Z]. 北京:外語教學與研究出版社,2002.
[9]清華大學《英漢技術辭典》編寫組. 英漢技術辭典[Z]. 北京:國防工業(yè)出版社,1985.
[10]特朗博等. 牛津英語大詞典(簡編本)[Z]. 上海:上海外語教育出版社,2004.
[11]王同億. 英漢辭海[Z]. 北京:國防工業(yè)出版社,1990.
[12]曾凱民. 漢譯英求疵錄—從中式英語到準確英語[M]. 北京:中國水利水電出版社,2008.
[13]Courtney, Rosemary. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs[Z]. Hong Kong: Dai Nippon Printing Co. Ltd, 1983.
[14]Frederick C. Mish. Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary[Z]. Beijing: World Publishing Corporation, 1988.
[15]Http://www.time.com/
作者簡介:劉剛義,山東大學威海分校大學外語教學部講師,研究方向:英語教學。