劉榮,趙國(guó)棟
(中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院 肝膽外二科,北京 100853)
胰腺良性疾病發(fā)病率高于惡性疾病,以囊性疾病、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌腫瘤和實(shí)性假乳頭狀腫瘤最為常見(jiàn)[1-3],多數(shù)需手術(shù)治療,理想的手術(shù)方式是剜除或局部切除。當(dāng)病變體積稍大、與主胰管稍近(<2~3 mm安全距離)[3-4],或術(shù)中損傷主胰管時(shí),眾多國(guó)內(nèi)外新舊指南[5-9]均推薦節(jié)段性切除、胰腸吻合或胰十二指腸切除術(shù)。這些手術(shù)方法對(duì)于胰腺良性疾病而言,目的性創(chuàng)傷過(guò)大,犧牲過(guò)多胰腺組織,改變正常生理解剖。
傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為主胰管無(wú)法修復(fù)、無(wú)法重建和無(wú)法替代,因此只能通過(guò)擴(kuò)大切除或消化道重建去處理主胰管缺損,筆者對(duì)此一直存有質(zhì)疑,胰腺、空腸、胃壁可以吻合,為什么胰腺與胰腺、胰管與胰管不能重建呢?受一個(gè)偶然的成功病例啟發(fā),筆者創(chuàng)新采用橋梁對(duì)攏理論進(jìn)行胰腺良性疾病新術(shù)式的臨床探索性研究,手術(shù)方式主要以主胰管架橋修復(fù)[10]和選擇胰腺端端對(duì)吻重建術(shù)[11]為基礎(chǔ),對(duì)良性疾病切除后缺損的胰腺進(jìn)行整形修復(fù)術(shù),還原正常解剖,恢復(fù)主胰管連續(xù)性,初步臨床結(jié)果較好地證實(shí)了該理論和技術(shù)方法的可行性和安全性,有望徹底改變胰腺良性疾病的外科治療的方法。
2016年10月—2018年1月間中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院共收治17例胰腺單發(fā)占位性病變,男:女=8:9,年齡22~62歲,影像學(xué)檢查提示腫瘤均緊靠或推移主胰管(圖1),術(shù)后病理提示實(shí)性假乳頭狀腫瘤7例,黏液性囊腺瘤1例,漿液性囊腺瘤6例,慢性腫塊性胰腺炎1例,2例腎透明細(xì)胞癌術(shù)后胰腺轉(zhuǎn)移,病變直徑0.7~4.1 cm,17例患者中4例采用剜除術(shù)切除腫瘤,13例采用中段胰腺切除移除腫瘤,主胰管術(shù)中缺損0~6 cm(主胰管僅前壁損傷、后壁完整的病例,損傷距離計(jì)0 cm),筆者創(chuàng)新性應(yīng)用橋梁對(duì)攏修復(fù)理論對(duì)主胰管和胰腺實(shí)質(zhì)進(jìn)行整形修復(fù),其中剜除術(shù)后2例主胰管架橋修復(fù),2例主胰管架橋修復(fù)+胰管包埋,中段胰腺切除術(shù)后11例主胰管架橋修復(fù)+胰腺端端對(duì)吻重建,2例主胰管架橋修復(fù)+胰管曠置,所有患者術(shù)后均發(fā)生胰瘺,多為BL和B級(jí)胰瘺[12],無(wú)C級(jí)胰瘺發(fā)生,術(shù)后13 d至10個(gè)月均順利拔除腹腔引流管,無(wú)1例形成胰管皮膚瘺,隨訪1~16個(gè)月,影像學(xué)檢查提示3例主胰管架橋修復(fù)+胰管曠置術(shù)后患者胰腺支撐管未脫落,其余胰腺支撐管均自行脫落。
圖1 胰腺腫瘤與主胰管關(guān)系密切Figure 1 Pancreatic tumor with close relation to the main pancreatic duct
所有手術(shù)均采用達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)(Si-HD)完成?;颊呷∑脚P位,參考胰十二指腸切除術(shù)或遠(yuǎn)端胰腺切除術(shù)布孔,5孔法操作。首先超聲刀大范圍打開(kāi)胃結(jié)腸韌帶,顯露胰腺體部,打開(kāi)胰腺下緣結(jié)腸系膜前葉,顯露腸系膜上靜脈,選擇性打通胰頭隧道,將腫瘤兩側(cè)胰腺完整游離,根據(jù)胰腺病變的大小,采用剜除或節(jié)段性切除方法切除腫瘤,其后根據(jù)主胰管損傷長(zhǎng)度和周?chē)认贇埩羟闆r,采用3種方法對(duì)胰腺進(jìn)行一期整形修復(fù)術(shù):⑴ 主胰管架橋修復(fù)+選擇性胰腺支撐管包埋術(shù)(圖2),適用于剜除術(shù)后主管損傷或缺損≤3 cm的病例。術(shù)中找到主胰管兩側(cè)斷端,選擇適宜直徑的胰腺支撐管分別放入主胰管近端和遠(yuǎn)端,使用5-0可吸收線將胰管和主胰管固定,外源性胰腺支撐管取代主胰管,修復(fù)主胰管的連續(xù)性,根據(jù)胰腺創(chuàng)面情況選擇性對(duì)攏縫合胰腺創(chuàng)面,包埋胰管。⑵ 主胰管架橋修復(fù)+胰腺端端對(duì)吻重建術(shù)(圖3),適用于胰腺中段切除術(shù)后主胰管缺損≤5 cm。術(shù)中同樣選擇適宜直徑胰腺支撐管放入主胰管,修復(fù)主胰管連續(xù)性,遠(yuǎn)端5-0可吸收線固定,近端不固定,胰腺兩端斷面上下緣4-0 Prolene垂直八字縫合,中間U型縫合,待兩側(cè)胰腺創(chuàng)面處理完畢后,使用4-0或3-0 Prolene間斷或連續(xù)縫合將胰腺端端對(duì)吻,胰腺支撐管內(nèi)置。⑶ 主胰管架橋修復(fù)+胰管曠置術(shù)(圖4),適用于中段胰腺切除術(shù)后主胰管缺損>5 cm。術(shù)中選擇適宜直徑胰腺支撐管放入主胰管,修復(fù)主胰管的連續(xù)性,遠(yuǎn)端和近端均采用可吸收線固定,兩側(cè)胰腺斷端U型縫合,閉合斷面小的胰管斷端。
圖2 腫瘤剜除術(shù)后根據(jù)主胰管缺損情況行主胰管架橋修復(fù)術(shù)(主胰管缺損≤3 cm,左),選擇性胰腺支撐管包埋術(shù)(主胰管缺損3~5 cm,右)Figure 2 According to the defect dimension after tumor excision, performing main pancreatic duct bridging repair (defect of the main pancreatic duct ≤3 cm, left), and selective pancreatic stent embedment (defect of the main pancreatic duct within 3–5 cm,right)
圖3 中段胰腺切除術(shù)后主胰管缺損≤5 cm,行主胰管架橋修復(fù)+胰腺端端對(duì)吻重建術(shù)Figure 3 Bridging repair of the main pancreatic duct plus end-to-end pancreatic anastomosis reconstruction for defect of the main pancreatic duct ≤5 cm after central pancreatectomy
圖4 中段胰腺切除術(shù)后主胰管缺損>5 cm,行主胰管架橋修復(fù)+胰腺支撐管曠置術(shù)Figure 4 Bridging repair of the main pancreatic duct pluspancreatic stent exclusion for defect of the main pancreatic duct >5 cm after central pancreatectomy
手術(shù)操作要點(diǎn):⑴ 胰管多可自行脫落,因此胰管應(yīng)選用可吸收線固定為主;⑵ 胰管固定時(shí),遠(yuǎn)端主胰管與胰管應(yīng)固定嚴(yán)密,減少主胰管與胰管間胰液外漏的可能,胰管附近U型縫合不失為一種好方法;⑶ 剜除術(shù)后主胰管缺損>3 cm病例,應(yīng)采用中段胰腺切除,選擇胰腺端端對(duì)吻重建或主胰管曠置術(shù);⑷ 胰腺端端對(duì)吻重建時(shí),5 cm以下距離對(duì)攏拉合一般沒(méi)有問(wèn)題,前提做到兩端充分游離,以遠(yuǎn)端胰腺游離為主;⑸ 術(shù)后引流應(yīng)充分,常規(guī)建議2根粗乳膠,分別置于胰腺上緣和下緣;⑹ 術(shù)后建議常規(guī)給予生長(zhǎng)抑素,臨床觀察提示可顯著減少胰瘺引流量,減少胰管皮膚瘺的發(fā)生幾率。
新術(shù)式中主要內(nèi)容與工程建筑中的橋梁建造過(guò)程相近,因此筆者用橋梁合攏理論來(lái)描述該技術(shù)方法。胰腺質(zhì)地松軟,單純胰端端拉合過(guò)程中極易切割胰斷端,筆者首先采用上下垂直8字、中間U型縫合的方法處理胰腺斷端,止血、縫閉胰腺斷端小的分支胰管同時(shí),為后續(xù)胰腺拉合做好“橋樁”,再以“橋樁”為基點(diǎn)將胰端端縫合、拉攏,如兩端距離較長(zhǎng),可分次拉合。兩側(cè)游離好的胰腺斷端,有如的橋梁兩端,最后在門(mén)靜脈上方形成橋梁的合攏,主胰管猶如橋梁表面的交通道路,因此橋梁合攏后也需形成道路,胰腺端端對(duì)吻也需恢復(fù)主胰管連續(xù)性。剜除術(shù)后相當(dāng)于道路受損,主要修復(fù)“道路”即可,主胰架橋修復(fù)即可;中段切除術(shù)后修復(fù)“道路”的同時(shí)還應(yīng)合攏“橋梁”,當(dāng)”橋梁”缺損過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)無(wú)法合攏,只能將橋梁兩端封死,中間做簡(jiǎn)易架橋,連接“橋梁”兩端。新術(shù)式3種方法均可用橋梁合攏理論作為基礎(chǔ)來(lái)類比。
近20例成功的病例讓筆者看到了新術(shù)式的巨大潛力,但也引來(lái)較多思考。如術(shù)后如何生長(zhǎng)抑素使用規(guī)范、主胰管缺損段胰腺組織外分泌功能如何實(shí)現(xiàn)、長(zhǎng)期外源性胰管內(nèi)置的遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥、胰腺支撐管曠置后胰腺能否再生。此外,臨床手術(shù)適應(yīng)證還需明確等等,眾多問(wèn)題有待進(jìn)一步基礎(chǔ)和臨床研究論證。
隨著經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累和技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,目前胰腺良性疾病幾乎均采用微創(chuàng)方法進(jìn)行[13-21],機(jī)器人或腹腔鏡手術(shù),但前述微創(chuàng)手術(shù)均減少的是手術(shù)入路創(chuàng)傷,胰腺腫瘤切除的手術(shù)方式一直沒(méi)有變化,即目的性創(chuàng)傷沒(méi)有得到任何的減少,筆者借助橋梁合攏理論應(yīng)用主胰管架橋修復(fù)和胰腺端端對(duì)吻重建術(shù)改變了胰腺良性疾病傳統(tǒng)外科方法,該理論適用于近乎所有胰腺良性疾病。胰腺良性疾病可以采用目的性創(chuàng)傷最小的剜除或節(jié)段性切除方法去除,其后進(jìn)行主胰管和胰腺實(shí)質(zhì)整形修復(fù),最大程度的保留正常胰腺組織,保證生理解剖的完整性,初步臨床療效極佳,推薦同行們推廣應(yīng)用。
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