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      右美托咪啶預處理經(jīng)AMPK/SIRT1通路抑制大鼠腦缺血再灌注損傷的炎性反應

      2018-03-07 18:10:56董海平周薇王震虹
      中國醫(yī)藥導報 2018年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:再灌注損傷右美托咪啶腦缺血

      董海平+周薇+王震虹

      [摘要] 目的 探討右美托咪啶(Dex)預處理對大鼠大腦缺血再灌注(I/R)損傷后炎性反應的作用機制。 方法 72只SD大鼠隨機分為6組,每組12只。①假手術(shù)組(Sham組),大鼠經(jīng)腹腔注射3%戊巴比妥鈉(50 mg/kg)麻醉后,只游離右側(cè)頸內(nèi)動脈,不制作成大腦中動脈閉塞(MCAO)模型;②腦缺血組(IR組):造模后,大鼠腦缺血90 min后再灌注;③Dex10組及Dex50組:造模后,缺血前30 min分別腹腔內(nèi)注射10、50 μg/kg Dex;④Dex50+Yoh組:造模后,在給予50 μg/kg Dex前10 min腹腔內(nèi)注射育亨賓(Yoh)0.5 mg/kg;⑤Yoh組:造模后,缺血前30 min腹腔注射Yoh 0.5 mg/kg。對各組大鼠進行神經(jīng)功能損傷評估、梗死面積評估、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)及白介素-1β(IL-1β)水平測定、TUNEL染色及SIRT1蛋白檢測和神經(jīng)運動功能評分(TMS)檢測。 結(jié)果 IR組的神經(jīng)功能評分、梗死面積、TUNEL(+)細胞數(shù)、TNF-a和IL-1β水平及SIRT1蛋白表達量均明顯高于Sham組,再灌注后第1、2、5天時TMS評分均明顯低于Sham組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。Dex10組、Dex50組的神經(jīng)功能評分、梗死面積、TUNEL(+)細胞數(shù)、腦勻漿中TNF-a和IL-1β水平均明顯低于IR組、Dex50+YOH組、YOH組;TMS評分、SIRT1蛋白表達量均明顯高于IR組、Dex50+YOH、YOH組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。Dex50組神經(jīng)功能評分、梗死面積、TUNEL(+)細胞數(shù)、腦勻漿中TNF-a和IL-1β水平均明顯低于Dex10組;再灌注后第1、2、5天時TMS評分、SIRT1蛋白表達量明顯高于Dex10組(P < 0.01)。Dex50+YOH、YOH組間各項檢測指標比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 Dex預處理可激活α2受體通過AMPK/SIRT1通路抑制大鼠腦缺血再灌注損傷,減輕炎性反應并發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護作用。

      [關(guān)鍵詞] 右美托咪啶;炎癥;再灌注損傷;腦缺血

      [中圖分類號] R734 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)01(a)-0004-06

      [Abstract] Objective To investigate the mechanism of Dexmedetomidine (Dex) pretreatment on inflammation after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods Seventy-two SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=12). In sham group, after anesthesia by 3% Pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg), the rates were isolated the right internal carotid artery, but they were not made into the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. In IR group, after the molding, the rat brain was received reperfusion at 90 min after ischemia. In Dex10 and Dex50 groups, after the molding, they were intraperitoneal injected Dex (10 μg/kg or 50 μg/kg) at 30 min before ischemia. In Dex50+Yoh group, after the molding, they were intraperitoneal injected Yoh (0.5 mg/kg) before 50 μg/kg of Dex. In Yoh group, after the molding, they were intraperitoneal injected Yoh (0.5 mg/kg) before ischemia. The neurofunctional damage assessment, infarct area assessment, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, TUNEL staining, SIRT1 protein detection and Neuro-motor function score (TMS) in each group were detected respectively. Results In the IR group, neurofunctional scores, infarction area, TUNEL (+) cell count, levels of TNF-a and IL-1 β and SIRT1 protein expression were significantly higher than those in the sham group, while the TMS scores at 1, 2 and 5 days after reperfusion were lower than those in the sham group, with highly statistically significant difference (P < 0.01). The neurofunctional scores, infarction area, TUNEL (+) cell count, and TNF-a and IL-1 β levels in the Dex10 group and Dex50 group were significantly lower than those in the IR, Dex50+YOH and YOH group, while the TMS score and SIRT1 protein expression were higher than those in the IR, Dex50+YOH and YOH group, with highly statistically significant difference (P < 0.01). The nerve function scores, infarction area, TUNEL (+) cell count, and TNF-a and IL-1 β levels in the Dex50 group were significantly lower than those in the Dex10 group, TMS score and SIRT1 protein expression were significantly higher than those in the Dex10 group (P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between the test indexes of Dex50+YOH group and YOH group (P > 0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine preconditioning can activate α2 adrenergic receptor through AMPK/SIRT1 pathway to inhibit cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats, and reduce the inflammation.endprint

      [Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Inflammation; Reperfusion injury; Brain ischemia

      腦卒中包括缺血性腦卒中和出血性腦卒中,有60%~80%是腦血管供血不足,即缺血性卒中或腦梗死[1]。腦缺血再灌注成為腦卒中發(fā)病及治療過程中必然病理過程造成嚴重的腦損傷。右美托咪啶(Dex)是一種高選擇性的α2-受體激動劑,為圍術(shù)期和ICU中常用的鎮(zhèn)靜藥物[2]。近年來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Dex同樣具有腦保護功能[3-5],可能是通過改善腦缺血后的腦氧供平衡[6],減輕過氧化反應[7],調(diào)節(jié)HIF等基因表達[4],減少炎性因子的釋放,緩解炎性反應等機制發(fā)揮作用[8-9]。炎性反應涉及很多方面的機制,其中細胞能量代謝異常已成為近年來研究炎性反應的重要環(huán)節(jié)[10]。腺苷酸激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)是真核生物廣泛存在的能量敏感性蛋白激酶,既往研究表明,AMPK的激活保護了全腦缺血和局灶性缺血[11-15]。本研究擬探討Dex預處理經(jīng)AMPK/SIRT1通路對大鼠腦缺血再灌注損傷炎性反應的影響。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1 動物

      本實驗采用72只成年健康雄性SD大鼠,體重200~250 g,購自上海交大動物實驗中心,動物合格證號:SYXK(滬)2008-0106。

      1.2 材料

      Dex、育亨賓(Yoh,α受體拮抗劑)均購自江蘇新晨醫(yī)藥有限公司(中國);TTC、戊巴比妥購自Sigma–Aldrich(St. Louis,MO,美國);AMPK抗體和ELISA試劑盒等購自R&D Germany(德國)。鼠抗SIRT1單克隆抗體購于美國Abcam公司。

      1.3 動物處理與分組

      1.3.1 大腦中動脈閉塞(MCAO)模型 大鼠腹腔內(nèi)注射3%戊巴比妥鈉(50 mg/kg)麻醉后,經(jīng)頸部游離右側(cè)頸內(nèi)動脈,將線栓經(jīng)頸內(nèi)動脈入顱插入大腦前動脈,制作大腦中動脈閉塞(MCAO)模型[16]。缺血90 min后取出線栓,整個手術(shù)過程中使用加熱毯和加熱燈維持直腸溫度為37°C左右。MCAO模型成功的入選標準參照文獻[17]。

      1.3.2 分組 72只SD大鼠隨機分為6組,每組12只。①假手術(shù)組(Sham組):腹腔注射3%戊巴比妥鈉(50 mg/kg)麻醉后,經(jīng)頸部游離右側(cè)頸內(nèi)動脈,但不制作MCAO模型,其他手術(shù)過程同“1.3.1”;②腦缺血組(IR組):造模后,大鼠腦缺血90 min后再灌注;③Dex10組,造模后,缺血前30 min給予大鼠10 μg/kg Dex腹腔內(nèi)注射;④Dex50組:造模后,缺血前30 min給予大鼠50 μg/kg Dex腹腔內(nèi)注射;⑤Dex50+Yoh組:造模后,在給予50 μg/kg Dex前10 min,腹腔內(nèi)注射Yoh 0.5 mg/kg;⑥Yoh組:造模后,缺血前30 min腹腔注射Yoh 0.5 mg/kg。所用藥物劑量均參照文獻[18-19]使用。

      1.4 觀察指標

      每組分別取6只大鼠于缺血再灌注后24 h先進行神經(jīng)功能損傷評估,處死后進行梗死面積評估、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)及白介素-1β(IL-1β)水平測定、TUNEL染色及SIRT1蛋白檢測。每組另取6只大鼠于再灌注后第1、2、5天進行神經(jīng)運動功能評分(TMS)。

      1.4.1 神經(jīng)功能損傷評估 缺血再灌注后24 h對大鼠進行神經(jīng)功能損傷評估(Longa評分)[17],評分標準:0分=無神經(jīng)損傷,1分=左前肢伸展障礙,2分=向左打圈,3分=行走時向左側(cè)傾倒,4分=意識昏迷,5分=死亡。

      1.4.2 梗死面積評估 再灌注24 h后處死大鼠并取出腦組織,將大腦切成五個冠狀切片(2 mm),置于1%氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)溶液中染色20 min后,用4%多聚甲醛固定。將TTC染色切片拍攝并數(shù)字圖像進行分析,使用圖像分析軟件(Image-Pro Plus 6.0)。大腦半球病灶體積百分比[HLV(%)]由以下公式計算(tatlisumak,1998):HLV(%)=[總梗死體積-(體積完整的同側(cè)半球-完整的對側(cè)大腦半球的體積)]/對側(cè)大腦半球的體積×100%。

      1.4.3 TNF-α和IL-1β測定 取梗死灶腦組織,采用ELISA試劑盒檢測腦組織勻漿中TNF-α和IL-1β的含量。

      1.4.4 TUNEL染色 取腦組織用4%多聚甲醛固定后石蠟包埋切片,TUNEL染色后,陽性細胞發(fā)出綠色熒光。在40倍光鏡下量化的TUNEL陽性細胞,缺血區(qū)域選取5個視野,通過規(guī)模校準對TUNEL陽性細胞平均百分比測定。

      1.4.5 SIRT1蛋白檢測 取腦組織勻漿,使用蛋白質(zhì)免疫印跡法(Western Blot)檢測SIRT1蛋白的表達。采用二喹啉甲酸(BCA)法進行蛋白定量。首先將標準蛋白加入96孔板中,再分別加入樣品蛋白,及BCA工作液。酶標儀測定A562 nm處吸光光度值。取樣品蛋白,加入緩沖液,水浴、冷卻。將變性蛋白加入SDS-PAGE凝膠進行電泳。電泳完成后,根據(jù)參照蛋白marker指示相應蛋白分子量切取目的膠段后進行轉(zhuǎn)膜。轉(zhuǎn)膜完成后加入小鼠抗SIRT1單克隆抗體(1∶1000),4℃孵育過夜,次日TBST緩沖液洗滌,經(jīng)Odyssey FC成像系統(tǒng)進行顯影,應用Lab Work軟件進行SIRT1蛋白定量分析。

      1.4.6 TMS評分 再灌注后第1、2、5天進行TMS評分,檢測項目包括:抓屏試驗、平衡木試驗及抓繩試驗,評分范圍0~9分,分數(shù)越高代表神經(jīng)運動功能越完善[17]。

      1.5 統(tǒng)計學方法

      采用GraphPad Prism 5統(tǒng)計學軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用Tukey檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。endprint

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 各組神經(jīng)功能評分、梗死面積、TUNEL染色結(jié)果比較

      IR組的神經(jīng)功能評分、梗死面積、TUNEL(+)細胞數(shù)均明顯高于Sham組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。Dex10組、Dex50組的神經(jīng)功能評分、梗死面積、TUNEL(+)細胞數(shù)均明顯低于IR組、Dex50+YOH組、YOH組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。Dex50組神經(jīng)功能評分、梗死面積、TUNEL(+)細胞數(shù)均明顯低于Dex10組(P < 0.01)。Dex50+YOH、YOH組間神經(jīng)功能評分、梗死面積、TUNEL(+)細胞數(shù)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。見圖1。

      2.2 各組再灌注后不同時間點的TMS評分比較

      IR組再灌注后第1、2、5天TMS評分均明顯低于Sham組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。Dex10、Dex50組再灌注后TMS評分均明顯高于IR組、Dex50+YOH、YOH組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。Dex50組再灌注后第1、2、5天時TMS評分明顯高于Dex10組(P < 0.01)。Dex50+YOH、YOH組間TMS評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。見圖2。

      2.3 各組腦勻漿中TNF-a和IL-1β含量比較

      IR組腦勻漿中TNF-a和IL-1β水平均明顯高于Sham組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。Dex10組、Dex50組腦勻漿中TNF-a和IL-1β水平均明顯低于IR組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。Dex50組腦勻漿中TNF-a和IL-1β水平明顯低于Dex10組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。見圖3。

      2.4 各組SIRT1蛋白表達量比較

      IR組SIRT1蛋白表達量明顯高于Sham組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。Dex10組、Dex50組SIRT1蛋白表達量明顯高于IR組、Dex50+YOH組、YOH組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。Dex50組SIRT1蛋白表達量明顯高于Dex10組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01)。Dex50+YOH、YOH組間SIRT1蛋白表達量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。見圖4。

      3 討論

      Dex作為常用的鎮(zhèn)靜藥,通過激活α2腎上腺素受體發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護的作用。本實驗中,在MCAO術(shù)前30 min給予Dex,提示其能有效緩解MCAO導致的腦損傷,減輕了缺血導致的神經(jīng)細胞凋亡,同時改善了再灌注后的行為等級,且有一定的劑量依賴性。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同劑量(10、50 μg/kg)Dex能有效緩解大腦皮質(zhì)區(qū)的損傷,減少皮質(zhì)細胞凋亡、減輕腦組織炎癥的影響。Dex能明顯改善缺血再灌注運動功能。α2腎上腺素能受體拮抗劑的Yoh能抑制Dex的作用。局部的腦缺血再灌注損傷嚴重損害了大腦皮層功能,大鼠的運動功能在損傷后第1、2、5天逐漸減退。經(jīng)Dex預處理的大鼠的運動功能在損傷后有明顯改善,這種神經(jīng)保護作用可被α2腎上腺素受體拮抗劑育亨賓逆轉(zhuǎn)。

      Dex腦保護作用機制目前已有初步進展,在缺血發(fā)生時作為神經(jīng)保護劑為后續(xù)的治療提供保障[8]。既往研究表明,在腦缺血再灌注損傷中,炎性反應與細胞凋亡參與了主要機制[20]。動物實驗和離體細胞實驗均證實α2腎上腺素受體激動劑對感染及非感染引起的炎性反應均有一定的抑制作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)接受Dex治療的膿毒血癥患者的病死率,呼吸機輔助呼吸天數(shù)均下降,腦功能恢復也較好顯示Dex有一定的抗炎作用[21]。應用α2-AR激動劑后膿毒血癥大鼠肝臟的病理明顯改善[22],肺組織損傷減輕,減少炎癥介質(zhì)TNF-α和IL-6的釋放[23]。研究證實Dex在肺組織、腎臟組織及腸道組織缺血損傷中起到一定的抗炎作用[24-26]。本實驗結(jié)果提示,在大鼠腦缺血后Dex也發(fā)揮了抗炎的作用,Dex預處理的大鼠腦缺血再灌注后TNF-α和IL-1β水平明顯下降,大劑量的Dex(50 μg/kg)的抗炎作用比低劑量(10 μg/kg)更加明顯。

      有研究提示,心肌缺血后應用α2腎上腺素受體激動劑可以刺激AMPK表達,而使用α2-受體阻斷劑后拮抗了Dex的作用,明顯抑制了AMPK的表達水平[27]。AMP被認為是細胞能量代謝過程中的關(guān)鍵酶,AMPK是能量敏感的蛋白激酶,其廣泛存在于真核細胞中,在炎癥過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,激活AMPK(Thr172磷酸化)能明顯抑制炎性反應[28-29]。SIRT1除了調(diào)節(jié)代謝、衰老、凋亡外,還可以在炎癥中發(fā)揮重要作用[30]。一系列體內(nèi)外的實驗證實,SIRT1對炎癥基因表達及組織炎性損傷具有顯著的抑制效應[31];激活SIRT1可以減輕腦缺血后的炎性反應[32]。本實驗中,不同劑量的Dex均能有效激活AMPK/SIRT1通路,大劑量的Dex對AMPK/SIRT1的激活程度明顯高于小劑量Dex,然而α受體拮抗劑育亨賓有效地阻斷了這個作用。最近的研究證實,cAMP-PKA通路可抑制AMPK,PKA抑制劑H89可有效增加AMPK的活性[33],Dex能夠抑制PKA的產(chǎn)生。因此,推測Dex可激活AMPK,通過抑制PKA的產(chǎn)生減輕MCAO術(shù)后的炎性反應,降低炎性因子的水平。

      綜上所述,Dex可激活α受體通過AMPK/SIRT1通路抑制炎性因子生成,減輕腦損傷發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護作用。但是,目前的研究仍存在一定的局限性:首先,Dex的劑量有待進一步研究,包括缺血后及靜脈注射劑量;其次,Dex對AMPK/SIRT1下游的激活的機制尚不清楚。今后的研究中將進一步探討。

      [參考文獻]

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      [14] Venna VR,Li J,Hammond MD,et al. Chronic metformin treatment improves post-stroke angiogenesis and recovery after experimental stroke [J]. Eur J Neurosci,2014,39(12):2129-2138.

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      (收稿日期:2017-10-08 本文編輯:李岳澤)endprint

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