例談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的教學(xué)問(wèn)題與對(duì)策

河南 武學(xué)哲（特級(jí)教師）

強(qiáng)調(diào)句式在英語(yǔ)中使用十分廣泛，舉不勝舉。同時(shí)，歷年的全國(guó)各?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）高考試卷也有考查或涉及強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的考題。但由于教師在教學(xué)中存在一些問(wèn)題、學(xué)生本身的學(xué)習(xí)方法不當(dāng)，再加上強(qiáng)調(diào)句式本身牽涉的問(wèn)題較多，學(xué)生對(duì)這一句式的掌握比較困難。所以，要讓學(xué)生熟練掌握強(qiáng)調(diào)句式，在高考中取得好成績(jī)，就必須明確教學(xué)中存在的問(wèn)題并找到解決問(wèn)題的對(duì)策。

一、近五年高考試卷中有關(guān)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的考題

（一）2013年全國(guó)各?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）高考試卷中對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的考查

1. It was only after he had read the papers ______ Mr.Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete. （全國(guó)大綱卷，30題改編）

2. It was not until near the end of the letter ______ she mentioned her own plan. （天津卷，11題改編）

3. It couldn’t be the vocabulary ______ caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words. （安徽卷，34題改編）

4. It was with the help of the local guide _______ the mountain climber was rescued. （重慶卷，27題改編）

【答案】1. that 2. that 3. that 4. that

（二）2014年全國(guó)各省（自治區(qū)、直轄市）高考試卷中對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的考查

1. It’s not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do ____ makes life happy.（湖南卷，33題改編）

2. It was John ______ broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I had done it? （重慶卷，13題改編）

3. It was the culture，rather than the language，______made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.（福建卷，29題改編）

4. Was it because Jack came late for school _____ Mr.Smith got angry?（四川卷，3題改編）

【答案】1. that 2. who/that 3. that 4. that

（三）2015年全國(guó)各?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）高考試卷中對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的考查

1. It was when we were returning home______ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.（湖南卷，21題改編）

2. Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century____ his musical gift was fully recognized.（重慶卷，9題改編）

【答案】1. that 2. that

（四）2016年全國(guó)各?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）高考試卷中對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的考查

You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel______the coach picks up tourists.（天津卷，13題改編）

【答案】that

（五）2017年全國(guó)各?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）高考試卷中對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的考查

It was when I got back to my apartment ______ I first came across my new neighbors.（天津卷，11題改編）

【答案】that

二、教學(xué)中存在的問(wèn)題

1. 教師的講解抓不住強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的關(guān)鍵

學(xué)生對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式掌握不好，首先是因?yàn)榻處煹闹v解不能使學(xué)生抓住關(guān)鍵。掌握強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的關(guān)鍵在于（1）了解強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的基本形式是：“It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that/who +其他”。（2）知曉強(qiáng)調(diào)句式中連接詞that是萬(wàn)能詞，適用于任何情況。（3）教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握一些特定句式變強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的方法。如：陳述句、一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、“not...until...”句型等。

2.教師不能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生探究規(guī)律

一般句式變強(qiáng)調(diào)句式是有規(guī)律可循的，如“not...until...”句型變強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的基本形式是：“It is/was not until...that...”，且until后面的部分就是原句中until后面的部分。但教師在講解時(shí)，卻不能引導(dǎo)學(xué)生一起發(fā)現(xiàn)這些規(guī)律，也不能幫助學(xué)生掌握句式轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，從而導(dǎo)致學(xué)生對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句句式轉(zhuǎn)換的學(xué)習(xí)只靠死記硬背。

3.學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)方法不當(dāng)

學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式時(shí)，一味地接受老師授予的知識(shí)，不求甚解，不去尋找規(guī)律，又不能及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)和鞏固，所以學(xué)過(guò)之后很快遺忘，總也掌握不好。

三、解決問(wèn)題的對(duì)策

其實(shí)，學(xué)生只要了解了強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的變化規(guī)律，掌握了特定句型變強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的方法和要點(diǎn)，各個(gè)擊破，也就抓住了問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。這樣一來(lái)，再輔以及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)、練習(xí)鞏固，掌握強(qiáng)調(diào)句式就不再是什么難事了。就強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的要點(diǎn)，筆者歸納如下：

1.強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的基本形式是：“It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who +其他”。

2.對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的綜合概括：

（1）該強(qiáng)調(diào)句式用來(lái)突出句子的某一部分，在意義上起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，通常翻譯為“是……”“正是……”。（2）該句式在任何情況下都可以使用連接詞that引導(dǎo)從句，當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分指人時(shí)，還可用who（作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)）。即使在強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，也不使用其他連接詞（如：when，where，why，because等），強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的連接詞不可省略。（3）該句式中的it沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，只是用來(lái)改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)，使某一成分得到強(qiáng)調(diào)。（4）該句式可以強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)，但不能用它來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。（5）強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的時(shí)態(tài)只用兩種：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。原句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，用It was... ；原句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)則用It is...（6）從形式上講，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的可以是單詞、短語(yǔ)，也可以是從句。

例如，對(duì)句子：We met him in the street yesterday. 中的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，則分別為：

It was we that/who met him in the street yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)了主語(yǔ)we）

It was him that/who we met in the street yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)了賓語(yǔ)him）

It was in the street that we met him yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)了地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)in the street）

It was yesterday that we met him in the street. （強(qiáng)調(diào)了時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)yesterday）

3.強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的一般疑問(wèn)句形式是把is/was提至it之前，其形式為：“Is/Was it +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+...?”。例如：

Was it him that/who we met in the street yesterday?

Is it in the park that he is skating?

4.強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)從句的情況

此結(jié)構(gòu)可以強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、方式、原因狀語(yǔ)和由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。但不能強(qiáng)調(diào)由since或as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，也不能強(qiáng)調(diào)由although和whereas引導(dǎo)的句子。例如：

It was because of his carelessness that the fire broke out.

It was because he was ill that we decided to return home.

It was when he was in China that I got to know him.

5.該句式根據(jù)意義需要有時(shí)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。例如：

It must have been his father that you saw there.

It might be Lily that you are thinking of.

6.特殊疑問(wèn)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式

在特殊疑問(wèn)句中，只有特殊疑問(wèn)詞可以被強(qiáng)調(diào)，特殊疑問(wèn)句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式形式為：“特殊疑問(wèn)詞+is/was it that+...?”。例如：

Who cut down the tree?→Who was it that cut down the tree?

What are you doing?→What is it that you are doing?

Where was your watch stolen?→Where was it that your watch was stolen?

7.“not...until...”句式的強(qiáng)調(diào)句式

“not...until...”句式的強(qiáng)調(diào)句形式也是固定的，其形式為：“It is/was not until +原句中until后面的部分+that+...”。例如：

We didn’t get home until 11 o’clock last night. →It was not until 11 o’clock last night that we got home.

I didn’t realize that he was the famous singer Liu Huan until he took off his dark glasses.→It was not until he took off his dark glasses that I realized that he was the famous singer Liu Huan.

注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，till和 until可通用；因?yàn)榫湫虸t is/was not...已經(jīng)是否定句了，that后面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。

8.強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的驗(yàn)證方法

若判斷一個(gè)句子是否是強(qiáng)調(diào)句式，可以把句中的It is/was和that去掉，如果句子的剩余部分能夠組成一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子，則是強(qiáng)調(diào)句式，否則就不是。例如：

（1）It was here that I met an old friend yesterday.本句若去掉It was和that，剩余部分可構(gòu)成句子：I met an old friend here yesterday.意為：昨天我在這里見(jiàn)到一位老朋友。這說(shuō)明句子“It was here that I met an old friend yesterday.”是強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。

（2）It is clear that you are wrong. 本句若去掉It is和that，剩余部分無(wú)法構(gòu)成結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子，所以“It is clear that you are wrong.”不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。這里的it應(yīng)是形式主語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句。

9. “It is/was... that...”這一強(qiáng)調(diào)句式不能強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)，如果需要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)，則需借助助動(dòng)詞do，does或did。例如：

Be careful.→Do be careful.

He came yesterday.→He did come yesterday.

She lives here.→She does live here.

綜上所述，掌握強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的關(guān)鍵在于：

1.掌握該強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的基本形式。

2.掌握強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的一般疑問(wèn)句形式。

3.掌握特殊疑問(wèn)句變強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的方法和規(guī)律。

4.掌握“not...until...”句式變強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的方法和規(guī)律。

5.學(xué)會(huì)驗(yàn)證強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的方法。

只要抓住上述關(guān)鍵，輔以及時(shí)的復(fù)習(xí)和適當(dāng)?shù)木毩?xí)，學(xué)生對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的掌握便會(huì)水到渠成。