Journal of Japanese Invation ofChina and Nanjing Massacre

No. 1, 2018

1.NationalMemorialDayfortheNanjingMassacreVictimsandVictoryMemorialDayfortheChinesePeople’sWarofResistanceagainstJapaneseAggressioninGlobalPerspective

TangChongnan(4)

It is a legal expression to establish National Memorial Day and designate Victory Memorial Day for the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, which conforms to the trend of the times and safeguards world peace. This is not only of great realistic significance and profound historical meanings, but also of vital world significance. National Memorial Day for the Nanjing Massacre Victims not only belongs to China, but also belongs to the world! Victory Memorial Day for the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is more of the world than of China; Victory Memorial Day for the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression belongs more to the world than to China!

2. “SevenW”inHistoricalWriting:TakingtheHistoricalWritingoftheNanjingMassacreasanExample

ZhangSheng(13)

The historical writing needs to focus on seven key points with W at the beginning of all the corresponding seven English words. The observations and studies on these seven aspects namely Who, What, Where, When, How, Why and For whom will help to clear up the mists of history, approach the historical truth and grasp the essence of the implications beyond historical events. Reviewing the history of Nanjing Massacre from the perspective of “Seven W” will bring us new findings and reflections.

3.OntheImpactofBattleofNanjingonNanjingMassacre

SunZhaiwei(21)

Both the Battle of Nanjing and the Nanjing Massacre are two historical events of great significance, which happened eighty years ago. These two events are mutually connected with each other with the Nanjing Massacre starting soon after the failure of Battle of Nanjing and the fall of Nanjing, while the Battle of Nanjing ended up with the beginning of the Nanjing Massacre. However, their relationship is far more complicated than that, within which there are multiple and rich internal connections. The Battle of Nanjing has exerted various multi-layered impact on the following Nanjing Massacre. Close analysis on this impact will bring a new perspective for the in-depth study on the Nanjing Massacre.

4.NanjingHero:AustrianMachinistRupertR.HatzduringtheNanjingMassacre

ZhangLianhong(27)

On the eve of the Japanese occupation of Nanjing, over 20 westerners from the United States and Germany risked their lives to stay in Nanjing voluntarily. They initiated and set up the International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone to house, protect and succour more than 200,000 refugees in Nanjing, leaving behind a splendid page in the history of human civilization. Among these 20 westerners, Rupert R. Hatz was a machinist from Vienna, Austria. He, along with other westerners, not only bravely prevented the Japanese army from raping women many times, but also investigated and recorded a number of cases of Japanese army’s atrocities, which were then submitted to the Japanese Consulate in Nanjing. On February 27, 1938, Hatz left Nanjing for Shanghai after Nanking Safety Zone was forced to be dissolved. Since then, people knew little about him. During the Nanjing Massacre, he volunteered to stay in Nanjing and offered help for those in need. He is a hero in the eyes of Nanjing citizens.

5.EffortsbyJapaneseArmytoObstructWesterners’ReturntoNanjingaftertheFallofNanjing

YangXiaming(37)

After the Japanese army’s occupation of Nanjing in December 1937, the Japanese army adopted a policy of obstructing and delaying westerners’ return to Nanjing. Due to the intervening by foreign countries like the United States, this policy was progressively loosened till July 1938 when it came to an end. Those affected by this policy include diplomats, medical staff, missionaries and businessmen. On the excuse of Nanjing being unsafe, the Japanese authorities had the real intention to prevent the dissemination of the Nanjing atrocities. In terms of restricting businessmen’s return, they also aimed to protect the Japanese commercial profits. This policy showed that the Japanese military authorities was not only aware of the atrocities in Nanjing, but also attempted to cover up their crimes.

6.TheConstitutionoftheLegalChainofEvidenceofNanjingMassacreanditsValueandEffect

ZhuTianleZhuChengshan(48)

Ever since Nanjing Massacre happened eighty years ago, more and more evidence about this Massacre has been continuously discovered, making this period of historical truth clearer and clearer. However, someone always put forward various absurd arguments from time to time, challenging the historical judgment and the final verdict of the post-World War II International Military Tribunal for the Far East and the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal. Based on the recognized chain of evidence by means of legal instruments during the trial of the above-mentioned two tribunals, this paper focuses on analyzing the origin, value and effect of the most original, fundamental and convincing evidence of the Nanjing Massacre, trying to explain that the Nanjing Massacre is an ironclad fact which can never be negated.

7.ThePost-MassacreLifeofNanjingCitizens

ZhangHuiqing(56)

After the Nanjing Massacre, a series of disastrous effect continued with the economic and social environment deterioration caused by the Japanese troops’ atrocities, making Nanjing civilians trapped in great difficulties. This paper is based on the special collection of letters and documentations of Mr. and Mrs. John Horton Daniels after the Nanjing Massacre kept in the Burke Library of Columbia University of the United States. Mr. John Horton Daniels used to be Dean of University Hospital. This paper focuses on the real post-massacre life of Nanjing citizens and the situation that PTSD symptoms generated during the Massacre was hard to be overcome under the terror of the Japanese puppet regime. Though Nanjing citizens struggled in despair during this post-massacre period, they still survived with an unyielding will. This strong sense of survival itself is an unyielding resistance against the Japanese puppet regime.

8.AStudyontheJapaneseInvaders’ComfortStationsinNanjing

SuZhiliang(63)

After the Japanese army occupied Nanjing, as planned by the Headquarters of Shanghai Expeditionary Army, Fuhougang Comfort Station opened on December 22 of 1937, merely nine days after the Japanese army occupied Nanjing. Moreover, as the Japanese soldiers recalled, the comfort station appeared in Tangshan even before the Japanese occupation of nanjing. The comfort stations of the Japanese army could be categorized into the following types, such as Anle Hotel and Matsushita Fuguilou(松下富貴樓)opened by the Japanese army, Langhualou(浪花樓)and Wuqilou(吾妻樓)by the Japanese diasporas, and the comfort stations of Dahualou(大華樓)， Huangnigang(黃泥崗) and Huayuelou(華月樓)by the puppet government. According to the current research results, there were at least over 60 comfort stations of the Japanese army in Nanjing with a total of tens of thousands of “Comfort Women”. Many “Comfort Women” are young girls such as the 13-year old Lei Guiying who at Tangshan was forced to be a sex slave. Within six months of the Japanese invasion of Nanjing, the Japanese army continuously improved the comfort station system, and Nanjing was one of the cities with the most perfect system of the Japanese army’s “Comfort Women”.

9.YangChunpuandtheComfortStationSiteinNanjingLijiLane——TextualResearchon“PuqingNewResidentialQuarter”

LiuGuangjianYuanZhixiu(81)

With both the record of historical documents and on-site identification by the survivors of the former “Comfort Women”, the site of the comfort station in Liji Lane is one of the largest such comfort stations of the Japanese army within China, which is an ironclad evidence of Japanese invaders’ crimes. Many achievements have been made on the textual research about the “Puqing New Residential Quarter”, the site of the comfort station in Liji Lane, such as the owners of the buildings on this site and the type of the comfort station. However, according to the newly-discovered historical documents and interviews of the site-related people, much more information about the comfort station site in Liji Lane needs to be digged out. Based on the latest materials and memories of those people involved, this paper seeks to restore some details of this site and make necessary corrections of previous research achievements.

10.TheJapaneseNavy’sAirAttacksonNanjingandUSSPanayIncident

[Japan]KasaharaTokushiTranslatedbyLuPeng(88)

In terms of the history on the war of aggression against China launched by the Japanese troops and their attacks on Nanjing, scholars have put more attention on the military operations of many divisions of Japanese army and their crimes committed in the Nanjing Massacre, while generally speaking, the Japanese navy’s actions haven’t received enough attention. However, to improve their own discourse power, the Japanese navy actually is not only the prime culprit which provoked the Japanese full-scale war of aggression against China, but also launched indiscriminated air attacks including transoceanic bombing and strategic bombardment on Nanjing, the wartime capital of China, on which Japan had not yet declared war. These attacks brought a huge fear and disaster to Nanjing citizens. Other than that, it even caused the international incident of USS Panay’s sinking, which made Japanese wartime atrocities condemned by the whole world.

11.TheJapaneseInvaders’DestructionandExploitationofBuddhisminNanjing

MengGuoxiang(97)

The destruction and exploitation of Buddhism in Nanjing by the Japanese invaders are part of the history of the Japanese invasion of China. It is the object of study about both the Nanjing Massacre and the Japanese cultural invasion. Based on the historical materials, this paper focuses on the analysis of many aspects such as the Japanese army’s destruction of ancient Buddhist architectures in Nanjing, the slaughter and persecution of the Buddhist followers, looting of the Buddhist relics, destruction of the cultural undertakings of Buddhism, incorporating the Japanese religion to the wartime system, propping up the pseudo-religion and planning the farce of “Buddhism ceremonies”,etc. This paper reveals the essence of Japanese army’s destruction and exploitation of the Buddhism in Nanjing as well as the related damage, and will deepen our understanding about the history of Japanese invasion of China.

12.PerceivingtheInternationalResponsetoMukdenIncidentfromthePerspectiveofForeignPressReports

LiuYuliangLiShujuan(108)

On the basis of reports from all the countries concerned, this paper aims to analyze the responses of every main international political entity after the Manchurian Incident from both the official view and the perspective of public opinions. From the official view, Soviet Russia stayed “neutral” while big powers like the United States, United Kingdom and France were either in favor of Japan or assumed an ambiguous attitude. From the perspective of public opinions, there were various attitudes and positions with mixed opinions including reports and remarks of keeping the correct and sensible views and the distorted ones, and there was no consensus. This paper seeks to restore the relatively comprehensive and real responses of the international community dominated by big powers of the United States, Soviet Russia, United Kingdom and France, hoping to look beyond the obvious and analyze the international factors of the quickened Japanese invasion of China and their interconnections.

13.APreliminaryStudyontheExpansionofJapanese“NorthernChinaGarrisonArmy”beforetheJuly7thIncidentandGreatPowers’Responses

LongHonghao(118)

The Japanese “Northern China Garrison Army” was formed on 1901 as a result of the Boxer Protocol. In 1911, taking the occasion of China’s Xinhai Revolution and civil strife, Japan attempted to augment forces to North China and expand the strength of its garrison army, which, however, was opposed by the great powers. During China’s National Revolution in 1927, Japan seized the opportunity of defending North China jointly with great powers and increased troops to its Northern China Garrison Army with the support of countries like the United States and United Kingdom. In 1935, Japan provoked the North China Incident, conspiring to segregate North China from China. Then with the acquiescence of great powers, Japan upgraded the military formation of the North China Garrison Army in the following year and expanded the number of troops. Moreover, the Japanese army continuously made military provocations in areas of Fengtai and Beiping towards Chinese military and political authorities, which finally caused the outbreak of the July 7thIncident.

14.ThoughtsonBuildingInternationalCityofPeacefromthePeaceStudiesPerspective

LiuChengBaiShuang(128)

Nanjing was a war-torn city historically and its history must be firmly remembered. The pursuit of peace is the best way to commemorate the suffering history. It is an international consensus to build peace in today’s world. Along with Nanjing of China, Coventry of United Kingdom and Hiroshima of Japan all belong to the “City of Martyrdom” during WWII. Their experiences of building City of Peace are of great reference value to Nanjing. It is a preservation and utilization of Nanjing’s war history heritage to build “International City of Peace”, and also an active response to both building the community of a shared future for mankind and United Nation’s “Declaration on the Rights of Peoples to Peace”.

15.AComprehensiveExpressionoftheDiaoyuIslands-relatedMaterials——AReviewonDocumentationCollectionoftheDiaoyuIslandsIssue

XieBizhen(137)